Davom etib, Ilohiy xabarni targ'ib qilar ekan, Payg'ambar ﷺ ularga Xudoga sherik keltirish va Uning xabarini rad etish orqali sodir etayotgan gunohlarining og'irligini ko'rsatadi. U avvalo koinotga ishora qiladi, uning yonida ular juda ojiz va mo'rt mavjudotlardir. U ularga bu koinotning tabiatida namoyon bo'lgan Xudoning qudratini ko'rsatadi, ular esa bu koinotning kichik bir qismidir. U ularni Ilohiy xabarga qaraydigan tor doiradan chiqarmoqchi. Shu tor doiradan qaraganda ular o'zlarini buyuk, muhim mavqega ega deb biladilar.
Continuing to advocate the Divine message, the Prophet puts before them the enormity of the offence they commit by associating partners with God and rejecting His message. He points first to the universe, in relation to which they are tiny and flimsy creatures. He shows them Gods power as reflected in the nature of this universe of which they constitute only a small part. He wants to draw them out of the narrow angle through which they look at the Divine message. From that angle, they see themselves as large, occupying important positions.
Ўз нафслари, мавқеълари ва манфаатлари билан банд бўлган ҳолда, Муҳаммад ﷺнинг Худо томонидан уларга нисбатан афзал қилиб танлангани ҳақиқатини эътиборсиз қолдирадилар. Қуръонда баён этилган ва Муҳаммад ﷺ томонидан уларга тақдим этилган улкан ҳақиқатни ҳам эътибордан соқит қиладилар. Бу улкан ҳақиқат коинотга, инсониятнинг барча авлодларига тегишли бўлиб, замон, макон ва одамлардан устун турадиган мутлоқлик хусусиятига эга:
Preoccupied with their own selves, positions and interests, and the fact that Muhammad was chosen by God in preference to them, they overlook the great truth expounded in the Qur’an and set before them by Muhammad. This great truth relates to the universe, to all generations of humanity, and carries absolutism that transcends time, place and people:
Ayting: Haqiqatan ham sizlar Yerni ikki kunda yaratgan Zotni inkor qilasizlarmi? Va Unga tengdosh deb boshqalarni da'vo qilasizlarmi? U — barcha olamlarning Rabbidir. U Yerda ustidan baland turgan mustahkam tog'larni joylashtirdi, unga berekatlarini ato etdi va talab qiluvchilar uchun adolat bilan, to'rt kun ichida uning turli rizqlarini o'lchab berdi. So'ngra U osmonga e'tibor qaratdi, u esa tutun edi; unga va Yerga dedi: «Ikkingiz ham xohlab yoki istamay kelinglar». Ikkisi ham dedi: «Biz xohlab kelamiz». Shunda U ikki kunda ularni yetti osmon qildi va har bir osmonga o'z vazifasini belgilab berdi. Yerga eng yaqin osmonni chiroqlar bilan zinatlantirdik va uni saqlanadigan qildik. Bu qudratli, bilimli Zotning tadbiridir. (Oyatlar 9-12)
Say: Do you indeed disbelieve in Him who has created the earth in two days? And do you claim others to be His equals? It is He who is the Lord of all the worlds. He it is who placed on the earth firm mountains towering above it, and bestowed His blessings on it, and measured out its varied provisions in four days, ensuring equity for all who seek [such provisions]. Then, He applied His design to the sky, which was but smoke; and said to it and to the earth: 'Come, both of you, willingly or unwillingly. ’ They both said: 'We do come willingly. ’ So He decreed that they become seven heavens in two days, and assigned to each heaven its task. We adorned the sky nearest to the earth with lights, and made them secure. Such is the design of the Almighty, the All-Knowing. (Verses 9-12)
Kufr e'lon qilganingizda, siz beparvo, qo'pol va ayni paytda johil bo'lib qolasiz. Siz yerni yaratgan, uning ustiga mustahkam inshootlar qo'ygan, unga baraka bergan va turli rizqlarini belgilagan Zotni inkor etyapsiz. Darhaqiqat, U koinot tizimlarini boshqaradi, eng yaqin osmonni mustahkam chiroqlar bilan bezagan. Osmonlar va yerdagi barcha narsalar o'z xohishi bilan Unga bo'ysunadi, siz esa yerdagi oddiy bir yashovchi bo'lib, takabburlik bilan haqiqatni qabul qilishdan bosh tortasiz. Surada bu haqiqatlarning bayon etilishi odatda har bir qalbni silkitadi.
When you declare disbelief, you are being nothing other than careless, gross and vulgar. You are denying the One who created the earth and placed firm structures over it, blessing it and assigning its varied provisions. He has indeed operated the systems of the universe, adorned the nearest sky with secure lights. Everything in the heavens and the earth willingly submit themselves to Him, while you, a mere single inhabitant on earth, arrogantly refuses to accept the truth. The presentation of these facts in the surah typically shakes every heart:
“De: Haqiqatan ham Uni inkor etasizmi, Yerni ikki kunda yaratgan Zotni? Va Unga teng keltirasizmi (boshqalarni)? U — barcha olamlarning Rabbidir. U Yerga undan yuqori turgan mustahkam tog'larni joylashtirdi, unga barakot ato etdi va (unda yashovchilar) uchun uning turli rizqlarini to'rt kunda o'lchab berdi — izlovchilar uchun teng (adolatli) tarzda”. (9-10-oyatlar)
“Say: Do you indeed disbelieve in Him who has created the earth in two days? And do you claim others to be His equals? It is He who is the Lord of all the worlds. He it is who placed on the earth firm mountains towering above it, and bestowed His blessings on it, and measured out its varied provisions in four days, ensuring equity for all who seek [such provisions]” (Verses 9-10)
Sura shu oyatda avval yerning ikki kunda yaratilgani haqida so'z boradi va bu yaratilishning birinchi bosqichi sharhlanadi, shundan keyin esa qissaning qolgan qismi bayon qilinadi. Sharhda aytiladi: "U – olamlarning Parvardigoridir". Shunga qaramay, siz Unga teng keladigan boshqalarni da'vo qilasiz, holbuki yashab turgan yeringizni yaratgan Aynan Uzdir. Qanday bema'nilik va dahshat!
Endi, bu kunlar qaysilar? Yerni yaratgan ikki kun, unga tog'larni joylashtirgan, unda rizqlarni o'lchagan va ne'matlarini yog'dirgan ikki kun – bular Allohning kunlaridir (ya'ni, Xudoning kunlari), ularning uzunligini faqat Uzining O'zi biladi. Ular biz biladigan yer kunlari emas, chunki yer kunlari yer yaratilganidan keyin vujudga kelgan vaqt o'lchov birligidir. Xuddi yerning o'z kuni bor – u quyosh atrofida to'liq bir marta aylanib chiqishi uchun ketadigan vaqt – shuningdek, boshqa sayyoralarning ham o'z kunlari bor, ularning ba'zilari yer kunidan uzunroq, ba'zilari qisqaroq.
Demak, yerning yaratilishi va uning rizqlari haqidagi to'rt kun bizga noma'lum boshqa birlik bilan o'lchanadi. Bizning cheklangan bilimimiz doirasida eng yaqin taxmin shuki, ular yerning turli bosqichlarini, ya'ni yer qobig'i qotib, hozirgi shaklini olib, bizga ma'lum bo'lgan turdagi hayotni qo'llab-quvvatlay oladigan holatga kelguncha o'tgan bir necha davrlarga bo'lingan davrlarni anglatadi.
The surah begins here by mentioning the fact of creating the earth in two days and comments on this first stage of creation before telling us the rest of the story. The comment says: “It is He who is the Lord of all the worlds,” and yet you claim others to be His equals when it is He who created the earth you live on. How absurd and ghastly! Then, what are these days: the two in which God created the earth and the two in which He placed the mountains above it, measured its provisions and showered His blessings? These are days of God, the length of which is known to Him alone. They are not the earthly days we know, because earth days are a time-measuring unit that came into existence after the creation of the earth. Just like the earth has its day, which is the length of time it takes to complete one full rotation of the sun, other planets have their days, some of which are longer and some shorter than an earth day. This means that those four days of the earths creation and its provisions are measured by some other unit unknown to us. The closest we can surmise given our limited knowledge, is that they refer to the different stages the earth went through, divided into several eras, until its crust solidified and it settled into its present shape able to support the type of life we know.
Ilmiy nazariyaga ko'ra, bunday bosqichlar taxminan ikki milliard yer yilini oldi.
According to scientific theory, such stages took around two billion earth years.
Bular faqat geologik tadqiqotlar hamda tuproq va tog' jinslarini tahlil qilishga asoslangan ilmiy taxminlardir. Qur'onni o'rganganimizda biz bunday taxminlarni isbotlangan haqiqat sifatida qabul qilmaymiz, chunki ular shunday emas. Ular shunchaki o'zgartirilishi va almashtirilishi mumkin bo'lgan postulatlardir. Shu sababli biz Qur'onni ularga tayanib talqin qilmaymiz. Biz shunday xulosaga kelamizki, ular Qur'on matniga mos kelsa va uni majburlamasdan izohlashga xizmat qilsa, to'g'ri bo'lishi mumkin. Biz nazariya yoki bir qator farazlar Qur'on matnining ma'nosiga yaqinroq bo'lgani uchun haqiqatga yaqinroq, deymiz.
These are only scientific estimates based on geological studies and soil and rock analyses. When we study the Qur’an, we do not take such estimates as proven facts, for they are not. They are simply postulations open to amendment and change. Therefore, we do not interpret the Qur’an on their basis. We conclude that they may be true if they are in agreement with the Qur’anic text and serve to explain it without coercion. We say that a theory or a set of assumptions is closer to the truth because it is closer to the meaning of the Qur’anic text.
Olimlarning aytishicha, Yer dastlab Quyosh kabi gazsimon olovli massa bo‘lgan, va ehtimol qandaydir sabab bilan Quyoshdan ajralib chiqqan qismi bo‘lgan. Uning qobig‘i sovib, qotishi uchun uzoq davrlar kerak bo‘lgan. Uning markazi hatto eng qattiq toshlarni ham eritadigan kuchli issiqlik tufayli hanuzgacha erigan holatda qolgan. Dastlabki davrda qobiq qotganida, u ko‘plab tog‘ jinslari qatlamlaridan tashkil topgan edi. Keyin boshqa bir dastlabki bosqichda okeanlar paydo bo‘ldi, suv esa ikki molekula vodorodning bir molekula kislorod bilan birikishidan hosil bo‘ldi.
Scientists now say that most probably the earth was originally a gas- like mass of flame just like the sun, and most probably it was once part of the sun before splitting away from it for some reason. It took long periods until its crust cooled down and solidified. Its centre remains in melting form because of the intense heat that melts even the hardest of rocks. In the early period when the crust solidified, it was composed of many layers of rock strata. Then at some other early stage, the oceans came into existence with water forming by the combination of two molecules of hydrogen with one molecule of oxygen.
Bizning sayyoramizdagi havo va suv birgalikda ishlab, toshli yuzani parchalab, uni olib yurib, turli joylarga cho'ktirdi va shu tariqa o'simliklar o'sishi uchun imkon beradigan tuproq hosil qildi. Ikkalasi birgalikda tog' va tepaliklarning qismlarini o'yib oldi hamda vodiylarni to'ldirdi. Yer yuzida qayerga qarasangiz, qurish va vayron qilishning uzluksiz jarayoni izlarini ko'rasiz.1
The air and the water on this planet of ours worked together to break the rocky surface, carry it and deposit it in different places so as to make a soil that allows plants to grow. The two of them thus managed to carve out portions of hills and mountains, and to fill valleys. Wherever you turn your eyes on earth, you will see the effects of a continuous process of construction and destruction.1
Yer qobig'i doimiy o'zgarish jarayonida. Dengiz to'lqinlarini silkitib, quruqlikka ta'sir ko'rsatadi. Dengiz suvi quyosh issiqligida bug'lanib, osmonga ko'tariladi va u yerda bulutlarni hosil qiladi; bulutlar esa toza suvdan yomg'ir yog'diradi, u sel bo'lib pastga tushib, daryolarni hosil qiladi. Daryolar oqar ekan, yer yuzasiga ta'sir qiladi: uning toshlarining bir qismini olib ketadi, ularni o'zgartiradi va boshqa joylarga yotqizadi. Yuzlab va minglab yillar davomida yer yuzasi butunlay o'zgaradi. Muz holatiga qattiqlashgan qor yer yuzasiga yana bir ta'sir ko'rsatadi. Shuningdek, yer yuzasiga shamol ta'sir qiladi, quyosh ham o'zining issiqligi va yorug'ligi bilan yerga ta'sir qiladi. Yerda yashovchi jonzotlar ham o'zgarishlarni yanada kuchaytiradi, xuddi lavani yer yuzasiga olib chiqadigan vulqonlar kabi.
The earths crust is in a process of constant change. The sea shakes its waves to bring its effect on the land. Sea water evaporates by the heat of the sun and it goes up into the sky where it forms clouds which produce rain of fresh water, falling down in torrents to form rivers. As the rivers run, they affect the surface of the earth, carrying some of its rocks, changing them and depositing them elsewhere. Over centuries counted in hundreds and thousands, the surface of the earth changes completely. Snow that has solidified into ice brings another effect on the surface of the earth. Likewise, its surface is affected by the wind as also by the sun, with the heat and the light it sends to the earth. The creatures living on earth cause further changes, as do the volcanoes that bring lava to the surface.
Agar siz geologdan yer qobig'ini tashkil etuvchi toshlar haqida so'rasangiz, u sizga uzun ro'yxat beradi, lekin uch asosiy turni ajratib ko'rsatadi. U avval magmatik toshlar haqida gapiradi, ular yerning pastki qatlamlaridan erigan holda yer yuzasiga chiqqan, so'ngra sovib qotgan toshlardir. Misol tariqasida granit va bazaltni keltirishi mumkin. U namunani ko'rsatib, uning kristall tarkibini, oq, qizil va qora kristallarini ta'kidlaydi va ularning har biri turli kimyoviy birikma saqlashini aytadi. Shunday qilib, u bu toshlar aslida qattiq aralashma ekanini ta'kidlaydi. Geolog yana shuni e'tiboringizga havola qilishi mumkinki, yer yuzasi dastlab yerning shakllanishining ilk bosqichlarida aynan shunday magmatik toshlardan hosil bo'lgan. Keyin turli omillar ta'sir o'tkaza boshlagan: osmondan yog'ayotgan suv, daryolarda oqayotgan yoki muz shaklida yotgan suv, havo, shamol va quyosh.
Should you ask a geologist about the rocks forming the earth’s crust, he will give you a long list, but he will highlight three major types. He will tell you first about the igneous rocks which came out from the lower reaches of the earth to its surface in melted form, and then cooled down and solidified. He may cite as examples granite and basalt. He may show you a sample, indicating its crystalline composition, with white, red and black crystals, saying that each one of these contains a different chemical compound. Thus, he points out that these rocks are in fact a solid mix. The geologist may further draw your attention to the fact that it was out of such igneous rocks that the surface of the earth was originally made in the early stages of its formation. Then different factors came into play: water falling from the sky or running in rivers or lying in the form of ice, air, wind and sun.
Ular hammasi yer yuzasining tabiatini va kimyosini o‘zgartirishda qattiq mehnat qilib, asl jinslarga hech o‘xshamaydigan butunlay yangi jinslarni vujudga keltirdilar.
They all worked hard changing the nature and the chemistry of the earths surface, bringing into existence totally different rocks that have no similarity to the original ones.
Geolog keyin sizga ikkinchi va eng katta turdagi tog' jinslari bo'lgan cho'kindi jinslar haqida gapirib beradi. Bular tabiiy omillar yoki inson tomonidan qattiqroq va mustahkamroq jinslardan yo'nilgan jinslardir. Ularni cho'kindi deb atashadi, chunki ular endi o'zlarining asl joylarida emas. Ular suv yoki shamol tomonidan ko'tarilib, olib ketilgan va keyin yer yuzining boshqa biror joyida cho'kib qolgan.
Geolog bunday cho'kindi jinslarga misol qilib ohaktoshni keltiradi. Ohaktosh tog'larni hosil qiladi, masalan, Qohiraning barcha binolari uchun qurilish materialini beradigan al-Muqattam tog'i. U sizga aytadiki, ohaktosh biologik yoki kimyoviy omillar ta'sirida hosil bo'ladigan, kaltsiy karbonatlar deb nomlanuvchi kimyoviy birikmadan tashkil topgan. Qum, loy va gilli tuproq ham cho'kindi jinslarning boshqa misollari bo'lib, ular barchasi turli manbalardan hosil bo'ladi.
The geologist will then speak to you about depository rocks, which make the second and largest type of rock. These are the ones which have been carved by natural factors or by man out of rocks that are firmer and more solid. They are called depository because they are no longer in their original places. They have been lifted and carried by water or wind and then settled somewhere else on earth. The geologist will cite limestone as an example of such depository rocks. Limestone forms mountains, such as al- Muqattam which provides the building material for all buildings in Cairo. He will tell you that limestone is made of a chemical compound known as calcium carbonates, produced by biological or chemical factors. Sand, clay and argillaceous earth are other examples of depository rocks and they are all formed from different origins.
Bu kelib chiqishlar haqida so'raganingizda, barcha cho'kindi jinslar magmatik jinslardan hosil bo'lgani aytiladi. Yer qobig'i uzoq o'tmishda shakllanganda, uning qotgan yuzasida magmatik jinslardan boshqa hech narsa yo'q edi. Keyin unga yomg'ir va dengiz suvi ta'sir qildi. So'ngra havo kimyoviy gazlar, shamollar va bo'ronlar, quyoshning issiqligi va yorug'ligi shaklida ishga tushdi va bu omillarning barchasi o'zlarining turlicha tabiatiga ko'ra bir-biriga ta'sir eta boshladi. Shunday qilib, ular foydasiz, qattiq magmatik jinsni uy qurishda foydalanish mumkin bo'lgan jinslarga va undan minerallar olish mumkin bo'lgan jinslarga aylantirdilar.
When you enquire about these origins you are told that all depository rocks come from igneous ones. When the crust of the earth formed in the distant past, there was nothing on its solidified surface except igneous rocks. Then rain and sea water interacted with it. The air then came into play in the form of chemical gases, winds and gales, heat and light from the sun and all these elements began to interact according to their different natures. They thus changed the useless, hard igneous rock into rocks that can be used to build houses and rocks from which minerals can be extracted.
Eng muhimi, U qattiq, qotib ketgan toshni yer yuzida hayotni ushlab turishga qodir bo‘lgan unumdor tuproqqa aylantirdi.
More importantly, it changed the hard solid rock to make depository soil that can support life.
Granit yer yuzasini o'simliklar yoki sug'orish uchun yaroqli qilib bermaydi. Bunday yuzani granit va shunga o'xshash toshlardan oxir-oqibat hosil bo'lgan tuproq ta'minlaydi. Bunday tuproq paydo bo'lgach, o'simliklar o'sdi va hayvonlarning yashashiga imkon berdi. Shundan so'ng yer bu mavjudotlarning boshi bo'lgan insonning yashashi uchun munosib makonga aylandi.2
Granite does not make the sort of earth surface fit for plants or irrigation. Such surface is provided by soil which ultimately came out of granite and similar rocks. When such soil was in place, plants grew allowing animals to exist. Then the earth became a fit abode for the head of all these creatures on earth, man.2
Ushbu sayohat zamonaviy olimlar tomonidan qanchalik uzoq deb o‘ylanmasin, yer yaratilgan kunlarning ma’nosini, unga mustahkam tog‘lar joylashtirilganini, so‘ngra unga barakot ato etilganini va to‘rt kun ichida uning turli rizqlarining miqdor bilan o‘lchab berilganini tushunishimizga yordam beradi. Bu to‘rt kunning uzunligini biz bilmaymiz, lekin ular shubhasiz yer kunlaridan farq qilishini bilamiz.
This journey long as it may be thought of by modern scientists, can help us to understand the meaning of the days in which the earth was created, firm mountains placed on it, then its blessing and the measuring of its different provisions in four days. We do not know the length of these four days, but we know that they are undoubtedly different from earth days.