14 Xazina — Bayt al-Mol - Xalifalik davlatining qoralama konstitutsiyasi

14 Xazina — Bayt al-Mol - Xalifalik davlatining qoralama konstitutsiyasi | Quran Course

Rashidun xalifalari davrida mablag'lar saqlanadigan joy Bayt al-Mol nomi bilan mashhur bo'ldi. Ibn Sa'd "At-Tabaqat" kitobida Sahl ibn Abu Hasma va boshqalardan rivoyat qilib aytadi: "Abu Bakr as-Sanhda hech kim qo'riqlamaydigan uyga ega edi. Unga: "Nega uni qo'riqlash uchun birovni qo'ymaysiz?" deyishdi. U: "Uning qulfi bor", dedi. U ichidagi narsalarni tarqatib yuborar, shu tariqa u bo'shab qolardi. Madinaga ko'chib kelganida, u narsalarni ko'chirib, o'z uyiga joylashtirdi." Hinod "Az-Zuhd" kitobida Anasdan yaxshi isnod bilan rivoyat qilib aytadi: "Bir kishi Umarning oldiga kelib dedi: "Ey mo'minlar amiri! Menga yordam bering, chunki men jihodga bormoqchiman." Umar javob berdi: "Uning qo'lidan ushlab, Bayt al-Molga olib boringlar, u xohlagan mablag'ni olsin." Al-Bayhaqiyning "As-Sunan al-Kubro" kitobida, uni Ibn Hajar Abdullah ibn Vadi'adan sahih deb tasdiqlagan holda, aytilgan: "Abu Hudayfaning xizmatkori Salim bizning bir ayolimizning xizmatkori edi. Uni Johiliyat davrida Salma bint Ya'r ozod qilgan edi. U al-Yamomada o'ldirilganida, uning merosi Umar ibn al-Xattobga olib kelindi. U Vadi'a ibn Xidhomni chaqirib dedi: "Bu sizning xizmatkoringizning merosi, siz unga ko'proq haqlisiz." U dedi: "Ey mo'minlar amiri! Alloh bizni undan ehtiyojsiz qildi. Bizning ayolimiz uni cheklovsiz ozod qilgan; shuning uchun uning ishidan bizga sharmandalik (yoki zarar) keltirishni istamaymiz." Shunda Umar uning meros mablag'ini Bayt al-Molga qo'ydi." Al-Bayhaqiy va ad-Doromiy rivoyat qilgan, Ibn Hazm esa uni sahih deb tasdiqlagan: "Sufyon ibn Abdulloh ibn Rabi'a as-Saqafiy bir charm xaltani topib, Umar ibn al-Xattobga olib keldi. U dedi: "Uni bir yil davomida e'lon qil; agar kimdir uni tanisa, unga ber, aks holda u sening bo'lади." Uni hech kim tanimadi. Keyingi yili u Umarni uchratib, bu haqda aytdi. Umar dedi: "U sening, chunki Allohning Elchisi ﷺ bizga shunday qilishni buyurganlar." U dedi: "Men uni istamayman." Umar uni olib, Bayt al-Molga qo'ydi. Ad-Darimiy va Ibn Abu Shaybah ‘Abdulloh ibn ‘Amr dan rivoyat qilishdi, u aytdi: “Ustoz Usmon davrida bir xizmatkor vafot etdi, uning hech qanday qarindoshi yo‘q edi. Shunda u (Usmon) uning molini Bayt al-Mol’ga topshirishni buyurdi.” Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr “Al-Istidkor” kitobida Anas ibn Sirindan rivoyat qildi: “Ali mablag‘larni taqsimlar edi, to Bayt al-Mol bo‘shab qolguncha; so‘ng u uni yuvib, ichida o‘tirar edi.”

At the time of the righteous Khulafaa’, the place in which funds were kept came to be known as Bayt Al-Mal. Ibn Sa‘d mentioned in Al-Tabaqat from Sahl Ibn Abu Hathmah and others: “Abu Bakr used to have a house in Al-Sanh not guarded by anybody. So it was said to him, ‘Why do you not put somebody to guard it?’ He said, ‘It has a lock.’ He used to give out that which was in it until it became empty. When he moved to Madinah, he moved it and placed it in his house.” Hinad narrated in Al-Zuhd with a good chain from Anas, he said: “A person came to Umar and said, ‘O Leader of the Believers! Support me for I want to go in Jihad. Umar replied, ‘Hold his hand and take him to Bayt Al- Mal so he can take the funds he wants.” In Al-Sunan Al-Kubra by Al-Bayhaqi, which was authenticated by Ibn Hajar from ‘Abd Allah b. Wadi‘ah, said: “Salim, the servant of Abu Hudhayfah, was a servant to a woman from us called Salma bint Ye’ar, she freed him in her days of Jahiliyyah. When he was killed in Al- Yamamah, his heritage was brought to Umar Ibn Al-Khattab. So he called upon Wadi‘ah Ibn Khidham and said, ‘This is the heritage of your servant, and you deserve it more.’ He said, ‘O Leader of the Believers. Allah has made us of no need to him. Our woman has freed him unrestricted; so we do not want to bring disgrace to ourselves, (or to bring loss upon us) from his matter.’ So, Umar put his inheritance wealth in the Bayt Al-Mal.” Al- Bayhaqi and Al-Darimi narrated, and Ibn Hazm authenticated it: “Sufyan b. ‘Abd Allah b. Rabi’ah Al-Thaqafi found a leather bag and brought it to Umar b. Al-Khattab. He said, ‘Announce it for one year; and if it was recognised (by someone) then give it (to them), otherwise it is yours.’ No body recognised it, so he met him the next year and mentioned it to him. Umar said, ‘It is yours, for the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) ordered us to do that.’ He said, ‘I do not want it.’ Umar took it and put it in the Bayt Al-Mal.” Al- Darimi and Ibn Abi Shaybah narrated from ‘Abd Allah b. Amr who said: “A servant passed away at the time of Uthman without having a relative. So, he ordered that his wealth be put in Bayt Al- Mal.” Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr narrated in Al-Istidhkar from Anas Ibn Sirin “Ali used to divide the funds until the Bayt Al-Mal became empty, then he would wash it and sit inside.”.

Bayt al-Mal ning birinchi ma'nosi, ya'ni joy haqida. Ikkinchi ma'nosi, ya'ni mas'ul idora haqida esa, bu shu sababga ko'ra zarurki, mablag'lar ba'zan biror joyda saqlanmaydi, masalan, yerlar, neft quduqlari, gaz quduqlari, konlar va molu-mulkdan olinib, o'z haqdor kishilariga joyida saqlanmasdan berilgan xayriya mablag'lari. Bayt al-Mal ba'zan mas'ul idora ma'nosida ham ishlatiladi, buni Al-Bayhaqiy "Sunan"da, Ahmad "Al-Musnad"da va 'Abd al-Razzoq o'zining "Musannaf"ida Lahiq ibn Hamiddan rivoyat qilganlar: "Ibn Mas'ud sudlov va Bayt al-Mal ishlariga boshliq etib yuborildi." Bu Umar (roziyallohu anhu) uni Bayt al-Mal eshigini qo'riqchisi sifatida yuborgani degani emas, balki u mablag'larni yig'ish va sarflash uchun mas'ul ekanligini nazarda tutgan. Bu Ibn al-Mubarak "Az-Zuhd"da al-Hasandan rivoyat qilgan ma'noning o'zi bo'lib, Basra rahbarlari Abu Muso al-Ash'iriy bilan kelib, unga ularga oziq-ovqat belgilab berishni so'raganlarida, u ularga so'zini yakunlab shunday degan: "Ey rahbarlar! Men sizlarga Bayt al-Maldan ikki qo'y va ikki bo'lak ekin yeri belgiladim." Demak, bu so'z mas'ul idora ma'nosini ham anglatishi mumkin.

This is in regards to the first meaning of Bayt Al-Mal, which is the place. With regards to the second meaning, which is the responsible authority, this is necessitated by the fact that the funds are sometimes not kept in a place, such as the lands, oil wells, gas wells, mines, and the charity funds that are taken from the wealth and paid to its deserving people without being kept in a place. The Bayt Al-Mal is sometimes used to mean the responsible authority as narrated by Al-Bayhaqi in Sunan, Ahmad in Al- Musnad, and ‘Abd Al-Razzaq in His Musannaf, from Lahiq Ibn Hameed “Ibn Mas’ood was sent to preside over the judiciary and Bayt Al-Mal.” It would not mean that Umar (ra) sent him as a doorman to the Bayt Al-Mal, but rather he meant that he was responsible to collect and spend the funds. This is the same meaning as narrated by Ibn Al-Mubarak in Al-Zuhd from Al- Hasan, when the leaders of Basra came with Abu Musa Al- Ash‘ari and requested him to assign food for them. He said, in concluding his words to them: ‘O Leaders! I have assigned two sheep and two patches of arable land to you from the Bayt Al- Mal’; thus it can mean the responsible authority.

Yuqoridagi Sufyon as-Saqafiy rivoyatidagi, u topib Umar (roziyallohu anhu)ga xabar bergan charm xalta haqida: «Umar uni olib, Bayt al-Molga qo'ydi». Ash-Shofi'iy «Al-Umm» kitobida xabar qilgan: «Bir necha olim bizga aytdiki, Iroqning o'ljalari Umar ibn al-Xattobga yetib kelganda, Bayt al-Mol mutavalliysi unga: "Ularni Bayt al-Molga qo'yay", dedi. U: "Yo'q! Ka'baning Robbi bilan qasamki, ular men ularni taqsim qilmagunimcha biron uyda saqlanmaydi", dedi. So'ng ularni masjidga qo'yishni buyurdi, ustiga charm gilamlar tashlandi va Muhojirlar hamda Ansordan erkaklar ularni qo'riqladi. Tong otganda al-Abbos ibn Abdulmuttalib va Abdurrahmon ibn Avf u bilan birga chiqdilar; u ularning birining qo'lidan ushlab olgan yoki ulardan biri uning qo'lidan ushlab olgan edi. Ular uni ko'rganlarida, charm gilamlarni mablag'lar ustidan olib tashladilar. Shunda u avval hech ko'rmagan manzarani ko'rdi: oltin, yoqut, kristall va marvarid yaraqlab turardi, va u yig'lab yubordi. Ulardan biri unga dedi: "Alloh haqqi! Bu yig'lash kuni emas, balki maqtov va xursandchilik kunidir." U dedi: "Alloh haqqi! Men buni sizning nazaringizdan qaramadim. Balki bunday mablag'lar biron xalq orasida ko'paymaydi, faqat ularning zarari o'rtalarida tushadi." So'ng u qiblaga yuzlandi, qo'llarini ko'tarib dedi: "Ey Robbim! Men Sendan o'ziga jalb qilinib qolishdan panoh so'rayman, chunki men Seni (subhanahu va taolo) aytayotganingni eshitaman:"

In the narration mentioned above of Sufyan Al-Thaqafi regarding the leather bag which he found and announced to Umar (ra): “Umar took it and put it in the Bayt Al-Mal”. Al-Shafi‘i reported in Al-Umm “More than one of the scholars told us that when the spoils of Iraq reached Umar Ibn Al-Khattab, the trustee of the Bayt Al-Mal told him, ‘let me put them in the Bayt Al-Mal’. He said: ‘No! By the Lord of the Ka’bah, it will not be kept in any house until I have divided it.’ So he ordered it should be put in the mosque, and leather mats were put on top of it and men from the Muhajir and Al-Ansar guarded it. In the morning, Al-‘Abbas b. ‘Abd Al-Muttalib and ‘Abd Al-Rahman b. ‘Awf went out with him, he was either holding the hand of one of them, or one of them was holding his hand. When they saw him, they removed the leather mats away from the funds. So, he saw a scene he never saw before. He saw the gold, sapphire, crystals, and pearl sparkling and he cried. One of them said to him, ‘By Allah! This is not a day of crying, rather a day of praising and delight.’ He said ‘By Allah! I did not think of it your way. Rather, such funds will not increase in any people except their harm falls between them.’ Then he turned to the Qiblah, rose up his hands and said, ‘O my Lord! I seek protection with you from being allured, for I hear You (swt) saying:

“Lekin Bizning oyatlarimizni inkor etganlarni, bilmagan tomonlaridan asta-sekin (halokatga) yetaklaymiz”. (TMQ 7:183). Keyin u: «Suroqa ibn Ja‘sham qayerda?» — dedi. Uni huzuriga olib kelishdi, qo‘llari tuklari ko‘p va ingichka edi. U unga Kisroning ikki bilagizugini berdi va: «Bularni taqing», — dedi. U ham taqdi. Keyin u: «Allohu akbar», — dedi. U: «Allohu akbar», — dedi. U: «Hamd Allohga xosdir, U bularni Kisro ibn Hirmizdan olib, Bani Mudlij qabilasidan bo‘lgan badaviy Suroqa ibn Ja‘shamga kiydirdi», — dedi. Keyin u tayoq bilan molni ag‘darib tekshira boshladi va dedi: «Albatta, buni topshirgan kishi amonatdor ekan». Bir kishi unga dedi: «Ey, sizga aytaman, siz Allohning amin bandasisiz, ular sizga nimani topshirgan bo‘lsa, Allohga topshirgandek topshiradilar. Agar siz yashirsangiz, ular ham yashirar edilar». U: «Sen to‘g‘ri aytding», — dedi. So‘ng u uni taqsimladi. Biz oldin Ad-Doriyning ‘Abdulloh ibn Amr rivoyat qilgan hadisini ham zikr qilgan edik: «Usmon davrida bir quli vafot etdi, uning hech qanday qarindoshi yo‘q edi. Shunda u (Usmon) uning molini Bayt al-mol (xazinaga) topshirishni buyurdi». Bundan tashqari, Al-Istidkorda Anas ibn Sirindan rivoyat qilinishicha: «Ali molni taqsimlar edi, to Bayt al-mol bo‘shab qolguncha. So‘ng uni yuvar va ichida (yerda) o‘tirardi».

“But those who deny Our signs - We will progressively lead them [to destruction] from where they do not know.”. (TMQ 7:183). Then he said, ‘Where is Suraqah Ibn Ja’sham?’ He was brought to him while his arms were hairy and slim. He gave him the two bracelets of Kisra. He said, ‘Wear them’ and he did. He then said, ‘Allah is great.’ He said, ‘Allah is Great’ He said, ‘Say all Praise is to Allah, who wrested them from Kisra Ibn Hirmiz and dressed Suraqah b. Ja‘sham with them, a Bedouin from Bani Midlij.’ He started to turn over the funds with a stick and said, ‘Indeed the one that rendered that is honest.’ A man said to him, ‘Let me tell you, you are the trustee of Allah (ameen), and they render to you that which you rendered to Allah. So, if you reveled they would revel.’ He said, ‘You said the truth.’ then he distributed it”. We mentioned before also the narration of ‘Abd Allah b. Amr as reported by Al-Darimi “A servant passed away at the time of Uthman without having a relative. So, he ordered that his wealth be put in Bayt Al-Mal”. This is aside from the narration of Anas Ibn Sirin in Al-Istidhkar that “Ali used to divide the funds until the Bayt Al-Mal became empty, then he would wash it and sit inside (on the floor).”.

To‘g‘ri yo‘lda ularga ergashgan Khulafo’ Roshidin xazina ishlarini boshqarish uchun boshqa kishilarni tayinlar edilar. Ibn Ishoq va Xalifa aytdilar: “Abu Bakr Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrohni Bayt al-Molga mas’ul qilib tayinladi, so‘ngra uni Shomga yubordi”. Az-Zahabiy Mu’ayqib haqida so‘z yuritib dedi: “Abu Bakr va Umar uni Bayt al-Molga mas’ul qilib tayinladilar”. Ibn Kasirning “Al-Bidoya va’n-nihoya” asarida u Abdulloh ibn Zubayrdan rivoyat qiladi: “Allohning Elchisi ﷺ Abdulloh ibn al-Arqam ibn Abdu Yag‘utni kotib sifatida ishlatardilar va u podshohlarga ularning nomidan javob yozardi. Shuningdek, u ba’zi podshohlarga xat yozishni buyurar, o‘qib berilganini esa u bilan bo‘lgan ishonch tufayli muhr bilan tasdiqlardi. U Abu Bakrga xat yozdi va uni Bayt al-Molga mas’ul qildi, Umar ibn al-Xattob esa bunga rozi bo‘ldi”. Ibn Sa’d “At-Tabaqot”da, Ibn Hajar esa “Al-Isoba”da rivoyat qilishicha, Umarning (roziyallohu anhu) xazinachisi uning xizmatkori Yasir ibn Numayr bo‘lgan. Ahmad “Musnad”ida va Abdurrazzoq “Al-Musannaf”ida Lohiq ibn Hamiddan rivoyat qiladilar, u dedi: “U Ibn Mas’udni qozilik va Bayt al-Molga mas’ul qilib yubordi”, ya’ni Kufaga. Xalifa Molik ibn Anasdan, u Zayd ibn Aslamdan rivoyat qiladi: “Umar Abdulloh ibn al-Arqamni Bayt al-Molga mas’ul qilib tayinladi”. Ibn Xuzayma o‘zining “Sahih”ida Urva ibn az-Zubayrdan rivoyat qiladi: “Abdurrahmon ibn Abdul Qori dedi: ‘Umar ibn al-Xattob davrida men Bayt al-Molga mas’ul edim’”. Ibn Hajar “Al-Fath”da Abdulloh ibn Mas’udning fazilatlari haqida so‘z yuritganda rivoyat qiladi: “U Umar va Usmon tomonidan Kufadagi Bayt al-Molga mas’ul qilib tayinlangan edi”. Al-Jahshayariy “Al-Vuzaro’ va’l-kuttob”da zikr qiladi: “Abdulloh ibn Arqam ibn Abdu Yag‘ut, Payg‘ambarning ﷺ kotiblaridan biri, uning nomidan Bayt al-Molni boshqarardi”, ya’ni Usmon (roziyallohu anhu) nomidan. Al-Hakim zikr qilgan al-Mustadrakda Az-Zubayr ibn Bakkordan rivoyat qilinadi: "Abdulloh ibn al-Arqam ibn Abdu Yag'ut Umar davrida va Ustoz Usmonning xalifaligi boshida to vafotigacha Bayt al-Molga mas'ul bo'lgan; u Payg'ambar ﷺ bilan suhbatda bo'lgan". Ibn Abd al-Barr "al-Isti'ab"da shunday degan: "Zayd ibn Sobit Usmon xalifaligi davrida Bayt al-Molga mas'ul bo'lgan. Zayd Vahib ismli quli bor edi. Usmon uni Bayt al-Molda ularga yordam berayotganini ko'rib, so'radi: 'Bu kim?' Zayd javob berdi: 'Mening qulim.' Usmon dedi: 'Men ko'ryapman, u musulmonlarga yordam beradi va unga haqi bor, shuning uchun unga ulush ajratаман.' Shunda unga ikki ming ajratdi. Zayd dedi: 'Allohga qasamki, qulga ikki ming ajratib bo'lmaydi', shunda unga bir ming ajratdi". As-Sadfiy Misr olimlari va u yerga kirgan Alloh Rasulining ﷺ sahobalari haqidagi kitobda zikr qilgan: "Shundan so'ng Abu Rofe'ni Ali ibn Abu Tolibga yo'naltirishdi va u uni Kufadagi Bayt al-Molga mas'ul qilib qo'ydi". Ibn Abd al-Barr "al-Isti'ab"da degan: "Ubaydulloh ibn Abu Rofe' Alining xazinachisi va kotibi bo'lgan". Al-Ayniy "Umdat al-Qori"da zikr qilgan: "Abdulloh ibn Vahb as-Suvaiy — Ali uni hurmat qilar, sevar va ishonardi, shuning uchun uni Kufadagi Bayt al-Molga mas'ul qilib qo'ydi". Ali Ziyodni Basraga mas'ul qilib tayinladi. Al-Jahshiyariy aytdi: "U Basradan ketganda, uni al-Xaroj va Devon ishlariga mas'ul qilib qoldirdi". Bayt al-Mol ikki qismga bo'linishi mumkin:

The Righteous Khulafaa’ followed him in his method, so they used to appoint some other people to run the affairs of funds. Ibn Ishaq and Khalifah said: “Abu Bakr appointed Abu ‘Ubaydah b. Al-Jarrah in charge of Bayt Al-Mal, and then he sent him to Al-Sham”. Al-Dhahabi said commenting on the life of Mu’ayqib that “Abu Bakr and Umar appointed him in charge of the Bayt Al-Mal”. In Ibn Kathir’s Al-Bidayah wa ‘l- Nihayah he mentioned from ‘Abd Allah b. Zubayr “The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) used ‘Abd Allah b. Al-Arqam b. ‘Abdu Yaghuth as a scribe, and he used to reply to the Kings on his behalf, and it was mentioned that he used to order him to write to some of the Kings and would stamp what he read to him due to the trust he had with him, and he wrote to Abu Bakr and made him responsible for the Bayt Al-Mal and Umar b. Al-Khattab consented to that”. Ibn Sa‘d narrated in Al-Tabaqat and Ibn Hajar in Al-‘Isabah that the treasurer of Umar (ra) was his servant Yasar Ibn Numayr. Ahmad in his Musnad and ‘Abd Al-Razzaq in Al- Musannaf reported from Lahiq b. Hamid that he said, “And he sent Ibn Mas‘ud in charge of judiciary and Bayt Al-Mal”, meaning to Kufa. Khalifah reported from Malik Ibn Anas from Zayd b. Aslam that “Umar appointed ‘Abd Allah b. Arqam in charge of the Bayt Al-Mal”. Ibn Khuzymah reported in his Sahih from ‘Urwah b. Al-Zubaiyr that “‘Abd Al-Rahman b. ‘Abd Al-Qari said, ‘I was in charge of the Bayt Al-Mal at the time of Umar b. Al-Khattab”. Ibn Hajar narrated in Al-Fateh in the context of speaking about the virtues of ‘Abd Allah b. Mas‘ud: “And he was appointed by Umar and ‘Uthman in charge of the Bayt Al-Mal in Kufa”. Al-Jahshayari mentioned in Al-Wuzara’ wa ’l-Kuttab “that ‘Abdullah b. Arqam Ibn ‘Abdu Yaghuth, one of the scribes of the Prophet (phuh), used to run the Bayt Al-Mal to him”, meaning to ‘Uthman (ra). Al-Hakim mentioned in Al-Mustadrak from Al- Zubayr Ibn Bakkar that, “Abdullah Ibn Al-Arqam Ibn Abdu Yaghuth was in charge of Bayt Al-Mal at the time of Umar and the beginning of the authority of Uthman till he passed away; and he had some companionship (with the Messenger)”. Ibn ‘Abd Al- Barr said in Al-Isti’ab: “Zaid Ibn Thabit was in charge of the Bayt Al-Mal during the Khilafah of Uthman; Zaid used to have a slave called Wahib, Uthman saw him helping them in the Bayt Al-Mal, so he said: ‘Who is this?’ Zayd replied, ‘A slave to me.’ Uthman said, ‘I see that he helps the Muslims, and he is entitled for a right, and I allocate it to him.’ So he allocated to him two thousand. Zayd said, ‘By Allah, you cannot allocate two thousand to a slave’, so he allocated to him one thousand”. Al-Sadfi mentioned in the book about the scholars of Egypt and the companions of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) who entered it: “Abu Rafi‘ was referred after that to ‘Ali b. Abi Talib, so he put him in charge of Bayt Al-Mal in Al-Kufa”. Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr said in Al- Isti’ab: “‘Ubayd Allah b. Abu Rafi‘ was a treasurer and secretary to ‘Ali”. Al-‘Ayni mentioned in ‘Umdat Al-Qari': “‘Abd Allah b. Wahb Al-Suwa’i, ‘Ali used to honour him, love him and trust him, so he was put in charge of Bayt Al-Mal in Kufa”. ‘Ali appointed Ziyad in charge of Basra. Al-Jahshiyari said: “When he left Basra, he placed him in charge of Al-Kharaj and Diwan". The treasury (Bayt Al-Mal) can be divided into two parts:

14 Xazina — Bayt al-Mol

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