Modda 151 - Xalifalik davlatining qoralama konstitutsiyasi | Quran Course

Modda 151 - Xalifalik davlatining qoralama konstitutsiyasi | Quran Course

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Modda 151

Article 151

by Sheikh Taqiuddin An-Nabahani2 min readViewed 208 times

Davlat chegaralarida bojxona boji sifatida olingan pullar, davlat yoki jamoat mulkidan olinadigan daromad, vorisi bo‘lmagan meros hamda murtadlarning mol-mulki — bularning barchasi Bayt al-Molning daromad manbalariga kiradi deb hisoblanadi.

Money taken at the borders of the State from custom duties, income derived from public or State property, inheritance for which there is no inheritor and the assets of the apostates are all considered to be part of the revenue of the Bayt Al-Mal.

Maqola dalili sifatida Umar (ra) dan xabar qilingan rivoyat keltiriladi: musulmonlar harbiy raqiblari savdogarlaridan, ular musulmon savdogarlardan nima olsa, shunga teng miqdorda olishlari haqida. Buni Ibn Abu Shayba "Al-Musannaf" kitobida rivoyat qilgan: "Abu Mijliz dan: Umar Usmon ibn Hunayfni yubordi, u zimmiylarning mollaridan, ular ixtilof qilgan narsadan, har yigirmadan bir dirham solig'ini oldi va Umarga yozdi, Umar rozi bo'lib unga ruxsat berdi. Umar aytdi: Agar harbiy raqiblar bizning oldimizga kelsalar, ulardan qancha olamiz? U javob berdi: Agar siz ularning oldiga borsangiz, ular sizdan qancha oladilar? Ular dedilar: Ondan bir. U dedi: Unda ulardan ham shunchasini ol."

The evidence for the article is what has been reported from Umar (ra) regarding the Muslims taking from the traders of those they were at war with according to what they took from the Muslim traders; it is reported by Ibn Abu Shayba in Al-Musannaf: “from Abu Mijliz – that Omar sent Uthman Bin Hanif who imposed upon the wealth of people of Dhimma that they differed over, a tax of one Dirham from every twenty and wrote to Omar who was content and gave him permission, and he said Omar: How much should we take from the people of war if they come to us? He said: How much do they take from you if you go to them? They said: A tenth. He said: So take the same from them”.

Bu soliqlarga nisbatan aytilgan. Ammo jamoat mulki orqali hosil bo'ladigan boylikka kelsak, halifa musulmonlarning manfaatlarini boshqarishda ularning vakili etib qo'yilgan. Shuning uchun jamoat boyligidan barcha fuqarolar birgalikda foydalana oladigan narsalar, masalan, sug'orish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan daryolar va quduq suvlari, fuqarolarning o'ziga qoldiriladi va ular o'z xohishlariga ko'ra undan foydalanadilar. Ammo baʼzilarning foydalanishi boshqalarning foydalanishiga to'sqinlik qilsa, masalan, po'lat rudalari kabi, bunda qodir kishi uni egallab oladi, qobiliyatsiz esa undan hech narsa olmaydi. Bunday hollarda halifa bu resursni boshqarish va undagi bor narsani qazib olish mas'uliyatini o'z zimmasiga oladi, toki barcha fuqarolar uni sotishdan foyda ko'ra olsinlar. Shunga ko'ra, bu boylik Bayt al-mol'ga joylashtiriladi va uning daromad manbalaridan hisoblanadi, chunki uni boshqaruvchi halifadir. Ammo u halifaning har bir narsadagi fikri va ijtihodi bo'yicha sarflanmaydi, chunki u umumiy fuqarolar uchun mo'ljallangan. Uning fikri va ijtihodi esa sarflashdagi teng yoki teng bo'lmaslik masalasiga oid bo'lib, kimga to'lanishiga emas, chunki bu davlat mulki emas.

This is with respect to the taxes, as for the wealth which is produced by public property, the Khalifah has been made the representative of the Muslims in managing their interests, and so whatever is from the public wealth which all of the individual citizens are able to enjoy, then they are left to them to use as they please, such as rivers and well water which could be used for irrigation. But if the usage of some prevents others, such as steel minerals, which leads to the one who is capable taking it while the one incapable gets nothing of it, then the Khalifah takes responsibility for managing this resource and extracting whatever is there in order to enable all the citizens to benefit from its sale. Accordingly, this wealth is placed in the Bayt Al-Mal and is considered to be from its sources of income because the Khalifah is the one who manages it. However, it is not spent according to the opinion and Ijtihad of the Khalifah in everything, since it is for the general citizens, and his opinion and Ijtihad is regarding the equality and inequality in expenditure, and not upon who it is paid for, since it is not from the State property.

Murtadlarning mol-mulkiga kelsak, u musulmonlar uchun o'ljа hisoblanadi va Bayt al-Mol'ga, urush o'ljalari va xaroj ro'yxatiga kiritilib, qaysi maqsadlar uchun kerak bo'lsa, shu yo'nalishda sarflanadi. Uning mol-mulki meros bo'lib qolmaydi, chunki er-xotinning biri nikoh yakunlanishidan oldin murtad bo'lsa, nikoh shu zahoti bekor bo'ladi va ular o'rtasida meros bo'lmaydi; agar murtadlik nikohdan keyin sodir bo'lsa, ular o'rtasidagi nikoh shartnomasi bekor bo'ladi va ulardan biri vafot etsa, ikkinchisi unga meros bo'lmaydi, chunki biri musulmon, ikkinchisi esa kofirdir. Xuddi shuningdek, agar murtad musulmon vafot etgan kishining merosxo'ri bo'lgan bo'lsa, u meros olmaydi, chunki u kofir, meros qoldirgan esa musulmondir, kofir esa musulmondan meros olmaydi. Shunga ko'ra, uning merosning qolgan qismidagi ulushi, agar boshqa merosxo'rlar bo'lsa, ular o'rtasida taqsimlanadi, agar bo'lmasa, butun meros musulmonlar uchun o'lja hisoblanib, Bayt al-Mol'ga topshiriladi. Agar murtad vafot etgan bo'lib, uning o'g'illaridan, otasidan, onasidan yoki aka-ukalaridan musulmon bo'lgan merosxo'rlari bo'lsa, ular unga meros olmaydi, chunki musulmon kofirdan meros olmaydi, butun mol-mulk musulmonlar uchun o'lja hisoblanib, musulmonlar uchun Bayt al-Mol'ga topshiriladi. Usoma ibn Zayddan rivoyat qilinadi, u aytadi: Allohning Elchisi ﷺ aytdilar:

As for the wealth of the apostates, this is considered to be booty for the Muslims and is placed in the Bayt Al-Mal in the register of war spoils and Kharaj, and is spent upon what they are used for. His wealth is not inherited, since if one of the couple apostatised before consummating the marriage the contract is voided immediately and so there is no inheritance between them, and if the apostasy occurred after consummation then the marriage contract between them is voided, and if either of them die neither of them inherits from the other, since one of them is Muslim and the other a disbeliever. Similarly if the apostate was from those who inherit from a Muslim who died, the apostate does not inherit since he is a disbeliever and the one who left the inheritance is a Muslim, and a disbeliever does not inherit from a Muslim. Accordingly, his share of the remainder of the inheritance, if there were other inheritors, and if not then all of it is considered as booty for the Muslims, and it is placed in the Bayt Al-Mal. If the apostate died and he had inheritors from his sons, father, mother or siblings who were Muslim, they do not inherit from him, since a Muslim does not inherit from a disbeliever and it is all considered to be booty for the Muslims and is placed in the Bayt Al-Mal for the Muslims. From Usamah b. Zayd who said: the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: