Bank ochish mutlaqo taqiqlangan, faqat davlat banki ruxsat etiladi va foiz bilan bog'liq hech qanday amaliyot bo'lmaydi. Bu ishni Bayt al-Mol tarkibidagi alohida bo'lim olib boradi. Moliyaviy qarzlar Shari'at qoidalariga muvofiq beriladi va moliyaviy hamda valyuta operatsiyalari osonlashtiriladi.

It is completely prohibited to open banks, and the only one permitted will be the State bank, and there are no transactions upon interest. This will be dealt with by a particular department of the Bayt Al-Mal. Financial loans will be undertaken in accordance with the rules of the Shari’ah and the financial and currency transactions will be facilitated.

Bankning faoliyati uch turga bo'linadi: obligatsiyalar va kreditlar kabi foizli operatsiyalar, cheklar va depozitlar kabi o'tkazma operatsiyalari.

The work of the bank falls under three types: interest based transactions such as bonds and credits, transferral transactions such as cheques and deposits.

Ko'chirish operatsiyalari va omonatlar (depozitlar) Shariat nuqtai nazaridan ikkalasi ham ruxsat etilgan bo'lib, ularning dalili ko'chirish (hawala) haqidagi dalillar hamda omonat (amonat) haqidagi dalillardir. Shuning uchun musulmon kishi ko'chirish operatsiyalari va omonatlar uchun xizmatlar hamda Shariat ruxsat bergan, valyuta operatsiyalari kabi o'xshash boshqa narsalarni taqdim etish maqsadida bank ochishi joizdir. Bunday holda bank ochish harom deb hisoblanmaydi, chunki harom faqat foiz bilan ishlaydigan bankdir. Biroq, bu operatsiyalar katta foyda keltirmaydi yoki uning foydasi faqat valyuta savdogarlarining do'konlariga o'xshash narsani tashkil etishga yordam berishi mumkin. Bunday pul bilan hech kim bank ocha olmaydi, chunki unga yetarli foyda keltira oladigan imkoniyat yo'q. Ko'chirish, omonat va valyuta ayirboshlash operatsiyalaridan olinadigan foyda foizdan olinadigan foydaga nisbatan juda kichikdir, katta foyda esa foizga asoslangan operatsiyalardagi investitsiyalardan olinadi, shuning uchun aynan shular foydali investitsiyalardir. Demak, ko'chirish, omonat va valyuta ayirboshlash operatsiyalaridan olinadigan foyda bugungi dunyoda ma'lum bo'lgan ma'nodagi banklarni ochish uchun yetarli bo'lmaydi, balki faqat cheklangan xizmatlarga ega do'konlarni, masalan valyuta savdogarlarining do'konlarini ochish uchun yetarli bo'ladi, bu esa bugungi kundagi banklarga tatbiq etilmaydi. Bank ochish faqat foizga asoslangan operatsiyalar orqali mumkin bo'ladi, bank faqat foizli operatsiyalar uchun ochiladi, foiz esa aniq Qur'on matni bilan harom qilingan: {…}.

The transferral transactions and deposits are both permitted according to the Shari’ah and the evidence for that are the evidences for transfers and the evidences for trusts. So it is permitted for a Muslim to open a bank in order to provide transferral transactions and services for deposits and whatever else that are similar from whatever are permitted by the Shari’ah such as currency transactions. In such a case, opening a bank would not be considered forbidden, since only the bank which operates with interest is forbidden. However, these transactions do not make large profits or its profits could only help in establishing something similar to the shops for currency traders. It would not be possible for anyone to open a bank with such money due to the lack of capability to make enough profits for it, since the profits from transfers and deposits, and the profits from currency exchange transactions are very small compared to the profits from interest, and the large profits are the profits which are from investments in interest based transactions and so these are the profitable investments. Accordingly the profits from transfers, deposits and currency exchange transactions would not be sufficient to open banks in the meaning they are known as in the world today, but rather it would only be sufficient to open shops with limited services, such as the shops of currency traders, which is not applicable to what are known as banks today. The opening of banks could not occur except with interest based transactions, and the bank is only opened for the sake of interest based transactions, and interest is forbidden (Haram) according to decisive Qur’anic text:

"Va u (Alloh) riboni (foizni) harom qildi", shu sababli bankni hozirgi tushunilishi bo'yicha ochish harom hisoblanadi.

“And has forbidden interest (usury)”, and for that reason opening a bank according to its current understanding is forbidden.

Biroq, qarz berish cheklovsiz ruxsat etilgan, chunki Elchi ﷺ shunday deganlar:

However, the giving of loans is permitted without restriction, due to the words of the Messenger (pbuh) :

. » مَا مِنْ مُسْلِمٍ يقُْرِضُ مُسْلِماً قَرْضاً مَرَّتَيِْ إِلاَّ كَانَ كَصَدَقَتِهَا مَرَّة «.

. » مَا مِنْ مُسْلِمٍ يقُْرِضُ مُسْلِماً قَرْضاً مَرَّتَيِْ إِلاَّ كَانَ كَصَدَقَتِهَا مَرَّة «.

“Har qanday musulmon boshqa bir musulmonga ikki marta qarz bersa, bu bir marta sadaqa berishga teng bo‘ladi”, deydi. (Ibn Moja ‘Abdulloh (SWT) ibn Mas‘uddan rivoyat qilgan.) Shuningdek, Anas (roziyallohu anhu)dan rivoyat qilinishicha, u aytgan:

“There is no Muslim who gives a loan twice to another Muslim, but it will be like giving charity once.” (reported by Ibn Maja from ‘Abd Allah (swt) b. Mas’ud), and it is reported from Anas who said:

. رَأَيْتُ لَيْلَةَ أُسْرِيَ بِِ عَلَى بَابِ الجَْنَّةِ مَكْتُوباً: الصَّدَقَةُ بِعَشْرِ أَمْثَالَِاَ، وَالْقَرْضُ « بِثَمَانِيَةَ عَشَرَ، فَقُلْتُ: يَا جِبِْْيلُ، مَا بَالُ الْقَرْضِ أَفْضَلُ مِنْ الصَّدَقَةِ؟ قَالَ: لأَنَّ السَّ ائِلَ يَسْأَلُ » وَعِنْدَهُ، وَالْمُسْتَقْرِضُ لا يَسْتَقْرِضُ إِلاَّ مِنْ حَاجَةٍ .

. رَأَيْتُ لَيْلَةَ أُسْرِيَ بِِ عَلَى بَابِ الجَْنَّةِ مَكْتُوباً: الصَّدَقَةُ بِعَشْرِ أَمْثَالَِاَ، وَالْقَرْضُ « بِثَمَانِيَةَ عَشَرَ، فَقُلْتُ: يَا جِبِْْيلُ، مَا بَالُ الْقَرْضِ أَفْضَلُ مِنْ الصَّدَقَةِ؟ قَالَ: لأَنَّ السَّ ائِلَ يَسْأَلُ » وَعِنْدَهُ، وَالْمُسْتَقْرِضُ لا يَسْتَقْرِضُ إِلاَّ مِنْ حَاجَةٍ .

"Mi'roj kechasi meni olib ketilgan paytda, Jannat darvozasida yozilgan holda ko'rdim: "Sadaqa o'n barobar savob keltiradi, qarz esa o'n sakkiz barobar savob keltiradi." Men dedim: "Ey Jibril! Qarz nima uchun sadaqadan afzal?" U dedi: "Chunki gado biror narsasi bor paytda so'raydi, qarz so'ragan esa faqat muhtoj bo'lgani uchun so'raydi"" (Ibn Moja rivoyat qilgan).

“On the night on which I was taken on the Night of ascent (Isra), I saw written at the gate of Paradise: 'Charity brings a tenfold reward and a loan brings an eighteen fold reward.' I said: 'O Jibril! Why is a loan better than charity?' He said: 'Because the beggar asks when he has something, but the one who asks for loan does so only because he is in need” (reported by Ibn Maja).

Shuningdek, omonatlar (depozitlar) ham ruxsat etilgan, chunki Alloh (SWT) shunday deydi:

Likewise, deposits are permitted due to the words of Allah (swt):

Haqiqatan, Alloh (swt) sizlarni amanatlarni egalariga topshirishga buyuradi” (TMQ 4:58). Va U (swt) aytdi: “Agar biringiz boshqasiga ishonsa, unda ishonib topshirilgan kishi amanatni [sadoqat bilan] ado etsin” (TMQ 2:283). Shuningdek, Rasululloh ﷺ ning so‘zlariga ko‘ra:

“Indeed, Allah (swt) commands you to render trusts to whom they are due.” (TMQ 4:58), and He (swt) said: “And if one of you entrusts another, then let him who is entrusted discharge his trust [faithfully].” (TMQ 2:283), and due to the words of the Messenger (pbuh) :

. » أَدِّ الأَمَانَةَ إِلَى مَنْ ائْتَمَنَكَ، وَلا تََُنْ مَنْ خَانَكَ «.

. » أَدِّ الأَمَانَةَ إِلَى مَنْ ائْتَمَنَكَ، وَلا تََُنْ مَنْ خَانَكَ «.

“Omonatni sanga omonat qo‘ygan kishiga topshir, sanga xiyonat qilgan kishiga xiyonat qilma” (at-Termiziy Abu Hurayradan rivoyat qilgan va u: “Bu rivoyat hasan g‘arib”, dedi). Va u haqda rivoyat qilinadi:

“Give the trust to the one who entrusted you, and don't betray who betrays you” (reported by Al-Tirmidhi from Abu Hurayrah, and he said: that the narration is Hasan Gharib). And it is reported about him :

. أَنَّهُ كَانَتْ عِنْدَهُ وَدَائِعُ، فَلَمَّا أَرَادَ الَِجْرَةَ أَوْدَعَهَا عِنْدَ أُمِّ أَيََْنَ، وَأَمَرَ عَلِيّاً أَنْ ي رُدَّهَا « » عَ لَى أَهْلِهَا .

. أَنَّهُ كَانَتْ عِنْدَهُ وَدَائِعُ، فَلَمَّا أَرَادَ الَِجْرَةَ أَوْدَعَهَا عِنْدَ أُمِّ أَيََْنَ، وَأَمَرَ عَلِيّاً أَنْ ي رُدَّهَا « » عَ لَى أَهْلِهَا .

“uning qo‘lida ba’zi omonatlar bor edi va u hijrat qilmoqchi bo‘lganida, ularni Ummu Ayman’ga berdi va Aliyga ularni egalariga qaytarishni buyurdi” (Ibn Qudomaning “Al-Mug‘niy” kitobida rivoyat qilingan).

“that he had some deposits with him, and when he wanted to make migration (Hijrah), he gave them to Um Ayman and ordered Ali to return them to their owners.” (as reported by Ibn Qudamah in Al-Mughni).

Qarzlarni o'tkazish (ko'chirish) ruxsat etilgan, chunki Payg'ambar ﷺ shunday deganlar:

Transfer of loans is permitted due to the words of the Messenger (pbuh) :

. » مَطْلُ الْغَنِِِّ ظُلْمٌ، وَإِذَا أُتْبِعَ أَحَدُكُمْ عَلَى مَلِيءٍ فَلْيَتْبَعْ «.

. » مَطْلُ الْغَنِِِّ ظُلْمٌ، وَإِذَا أُتْبِعَ أَحَدُكُمْ عَلَى مَلِيءٍ فَلْيَتْبَعْ «.

“Boy odamning (to‘lovni) kechiktirishi zulmdir, ammo sizlardan biringiz boy odamga to‘lovga yo‘naltirilsa, u yo‘naltirilsin”, deb Muslim rivoyat qilgan. Ahmad “Al-Musnad”da keltirgan boshqa variantda esa: «وَمَنْ أُحِيلَ عَلَى مَلِيءٍ فَلْيَحْتَلْ» — “kimki boy odamga to‘lovga yo‘naltirilsa, uni qabul qilsin”, deyilgan.

“The delay (of payment) by a rich person is injustice, but when one of you is referred for payment to a wealthy man, let him be referred.” (reported by Muslim), and in a version by Ahmad in Al-Musnad: .» وَمَنْ أُحِيلَ عَلَى مَلِيءٍ فَلْيَحْتَلْ «. “whoever is referred for payment to a wealty man, then accept it.”.

Ushbu bank amalga oshiradigan uchta operatsiya Shariat tomonidan ruxsat etilgan bo‘lib, faqat qarzlardan foiz olish taqiqlangan. Bank foizsiz ishlamasdan turib ochilishi va faoliyat yuritishi mumkin emas. Shuning uchun bu xizmatlarni odamlarga foizsiz taqdim etish zarur, chunki ular odamlarning hayotiy ishlariga aylangan. Shu sababli Davlat Bayt al-Molning filiali sifatida bank ochishi lozim. Shunda bank bu uchta operatsiyani Imomning rayi va ijtihodiga muvofiq amalga oshiradi, chunki ular ruxsat etilgan masalalar qatoriga kiradi va ularning boshqaruvi Imomning rayi va ijtihodi asosida yuritiladi. Demak, bu dalil shuni ko‘rsatadiki, Davlat odamlarning ishlarini hal qiluvchi bank ochishi shart.

These three transactions which the bank undertakes are permitted by the Shari’ah and the only thing forbidden is taking interest upon loans. The bank cannot be opened and operate except with interest, so, therefore, it is imperative to provide these services to people without interest, since they have become part of peoples’ affairs and accordingly it is necessary for the State to open a bank as a branch of the Bayt Al-Mal. Then it would undertake these three transactions according to the opinion and Ijtihad of the Imam, because they are part of the permitted issues whose management is run according to his opinion and Ijtihad, and so this is the evidence that the State must open a bank which would undertake the settling of peoples’ affairs.