Modda 102

Bayt al-Mal (xazina) — bu Shariat qoidalariga muvofiq daromadlarni va xarajatlarni ularni yig'ish, saqlash va sarflash jihatidan boshqaradigan ma'muriyatdir. Xazina idorasining boshlig'i Xazina xazinachisi (Xazin Bayt al-Mal) deb ataladi. Viloyatlardagi idoralar unga bo'ysunadi, har bir idoraning boshlig'i esa Xazina mas'uli (Sohib Bayt al-Mal) deb ataladi.

The treasury (Bayt Al-Mal) is the administration responsible for the revenues and expenditure in accordance with the Shari’ah rules in terms of their collection, storage and spending. The head of the office of the treasury is called the Treasurer of the Treasury (Khazin Bayt Al-Mal). The offices in the provinces fall under it and the head of each office is called the Trustee of the Treasury (Sahib Bayt Al-Mal).

Bayt al-mal — bu izofali tuzilmadan hosil bo'lgan ot bo'lib, davlat daromadlari sarflanguncha saqlanadigan joyni anglatadi. Shuningdek, musulmonlarga tegishli mablag'larni qabul qilish va sarflash uchun mas'ul bo'lgan idoraga ham nisbatan ishlatilishi mumkin.

Bayt Al-Mal is a noun made from a genitive construction. It is used to mean the place where the state’s revenues are kept until they are spent. It could mean the authority responsible for receiving and spending the funds entitled for Muslims.

Biz yuqorida tushuntirganimizdek, hokimga shunday maxsus vakolat berilishini qabul qildik, bu vakolat armiyani, sud tizimini va mablag'larni o'z ichiga olmaydi. Shunday qilib, butun armiya markaziy bo'lim bo'ladi (uni Jihod amiri boshqaradi). Sud tizimi markaziy bo'lim bo'ladi (sud nomi bilan ma'lum), butun mablag'lar esa markaziy bo'lim tashkil etadi (bayt al-mol nomi bilan ma'lum), u Davlatdagi boshqa har qanday tashkilotdan ajratilgan bo'lib, boshqa tashkilotlar kabi Xalifaga bo'ysunadi.

We have adopted – as we explained earlier - that the governor is given a special authority that excludes the army, judiciary and funds. Thus, the whole army will be a central department (presided over by the Amir of Jihad). The judiciary will be a central department (known as judiciary) and the entire funds form a central department (known as the treasury), which is separate from any other organisation in the State, and is subordinate to the Khalifah as are the other organisations.

Bundan tashqari, xazina Payg'ambar (alayhissalom) yoki Xalifaning bevosita nazoratida bo'lganligiga, yoki u tayinlagan, uni boshqarishga mas'ul shaxsning nazoratida bo'lganligiga ko'plab dalillar mavjud. Allohning Elchisi (alayhissalom) ba'zan mablag'lar bilan bevosita o'zi shug'ullanar, ularni qabul qilar, taqsimlar va o'z o'rnida sarflar edi, va uning seyfi bor edi. Boshqa hollarda esa u bu ishga boshqa birovni tayinlardi. Uning vafotidan keyin solih Xulafolar ham xuddi shunday qilishgan: ular xazinani o'zlari boshqarishgan yoki boshqalarni ularning nomidan bu ishga mas'ul etib tayinlashgan.

This is in addition to the fact that there are abundant evidences that the treasury was under the direct authority of the Messenger (pbuh) or the Khalifah, or whoever he appointed to preside over it. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) would sometimes deal directly with the funds and he had a safe. He used to receive the funds, distribute them, and spend them in their due place. On other occasions he used to appoint somebody to take care of that. This is what the righteous Khulafaa’ used to do after him , where they either took charge of the treasury by themselves, or they delegated others to do that on their behalf.

Allohning Elchisi ﷺ mablag'larni masjidga qo'yardilar, Al-Buxoriy Anasdan rivoyat qilganidek, u shunday dedi:

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) used to place the funds in the mosque, as Al-Bukhari narrated from Anas, he said:

. » يبَِالٍ يمنَ الْبَحْرَيْ ي ن فَ قَالَ: انْ ثُ رُوهُ فِي الْمَسْجِدِ أُيتَِ النَّيبُِّ « .

“Bahraindan Payg‘ambarga ﷺ bir miqdor mol-mulk olib kelindi. U zot: ‘Uni masjidga yoyib qo‘yinglar’, dedilar.”

“Some funds were brought to the Prophet (phuh) from Bahrain. He said: ‘Spread it out in the mosque.’”.

U'qbah rivoyat qilgan holda Al-Buxoriy naql qilganidek, u ba'zan buni xotinlaridan birining xonalaridan birida saqlar edi.

He would sometimes put it in one of the rooms of his wives, as it was narrated by Al-Bukhari from Uqbah, he said:

. بيالْمَ ي دينَية الْعَصْرَ، فَسَلَّمَ ثُمَّ قَامَ مُسْيرعًا، فَ تَخَطَّى يرقَابَ صَلَّيْتُ وَرَاءَ النَّيبِِّ « النَّا ي س إيلَى ب عَْ ي ض حُجَير نيسَائييه، فَ فَيزعَ النَّاسُ يمنْ سُرْعَتييه، فَخَرَجَ عَلَيْيهمْ، فَ رَأَى أَن هَُّمْ عَ ي جبُوا يمنْ » سُرْعَتييه، فَ قَالَ: ذكََرْتُ شَ يْئًا مِنْ تِ بْرٍ عِنْدَنَا، فَكَرِهْتُ أَنْ يَحْبِسَنِي، فَأَمَرْتُ بِقِسْمَتِهِ .

Men Madina shahrida Payg'ambar ﷺ ortidan `Asr namozini o'qidim. U Taslim bilan namozni tugatgach, shoshilib o'rnidan turdi va odamlar safidan o'tib, xotinlaridan birining hujrasiga chiqib ketdi. Uning tezligidan odamlar cho'chib ketdilar. Payg'ambar ﷺ qaytib kelganida, odamlar uning shoshilishidan hayratda qolganini ko'rdi va ularga dedi: "Uyimda bir bo'lak oltin yotganini esladim va u Allohga ibodatdan mening e'tiborimni chalg'itishini istamadim, shuning uchun uni (sadaqa sifatida) taqsimlashni buyurdim."

“I offered the `Asr prayer behind the Prophet (phuh) at Medina. When he finished the prayer with Taslim, he got up hurriedly and went out by crossing the rows of the people to one of the dwellings of his wives. The people got scared at his speed . The Prophet (phuh) came back and found the people surprised at his haste and said to them, "I remembered a piece of gold lying in my house and I did not like it to divert my attention from Allah's worship, so I have ordered it to be distributed (in charity)”.

Muslim Umar (ra) dan rivoyat qilib aytadi, u shunday degan:

With respect to keeping it in a safe - Muslim narrated from Umar (ra) that he said:

. قَالَتْ: هُوَ يفي ي خزَانَتييه يفي الْمَشْرُبَية ... ؟ فَ قُلْتُ لهَاَ: أَيْنَ رَسُولُ اللهي ...« فَيإذَا أَنَا بيقَبْضَةٍ يمنْ شَعييرٍ نََْيو الصَّاي ع، وَيمثْليهَا قَ رَظًا فَ نَظَرْتُ بيبَصَيري يفي ي خزَانَية رَسُويل اللهي يفي نَا ي حيَية الْغُرْفَية وَإيذَا أَفييقٌ مُعَلَّقٌ. قَالَ: فَابْ تَدَرَتْ عَيْ نَايَ قَالَ: مَا ي بُْكِيكَ يَا ابْنَ الْخَطَّابِ ؟ قُ لْتُ: يَا نَيبَِّ اللهي، وَمَا يلَ لاَ أَبْ ي كي وَهَذَا الَْْ ي صيرُ قَدْ أَث رََّ يفي جَنْبيكَ، وَهَ ي ذهي ي خزَان تَُكَ لا أَرَى »... ؟ فييهَا إيلاَّ مَا أَرَى .

“..Shunda men unga dedim: ‘Allohning Elchisi ﷺ qayerda?’ U dedi: ‘U o‘zining yog‘och ayvonidagi xonasida.’ Men Allohning Elchisi ﷺ ning xonasiga qaradim va to‘satdan bir tomonda xonaning burchagida bir sa' (kichik o‘lchov birligi) miqdoridagi arpa va sharbat uchun ishlatiladigan meva danaklari to‘plangan holda ko‘rdim. Shuningdek, xonada ishlov berilmagan teri osilgan edi. Ko‘zlarimdan yosh oqdi. Payg‘ambar ﷺ dedilar: ‘Ey Xattobning o‘g‘li, nima seni yig‘latyapti?’ Men dedim: ‘Ey Allohning Payg‘ambari ﷺ! Bu gilam sizning yonboshingizga iz qoldirgan, bu sizning xonangiz, unda men ko‘rganimdan boshqa narsani ko‘rmayapman, qanday qilib yig‘lamay turaman…’.”

“..So I said to her, ‘Where is the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) ?’ She said ‘He is in his safe in the wooden oriel.’ I gazed in the safe of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and I suddenly saw an amount of barley of about one sa' (a small cubic measure) and equal to that of tree fruits used for juice on one side of the room. I saw as well an un-tanned skin hanging in the room. My eyes wept. The Prophet (phuh) said ‘What makes you weep, son of Al- Khattab?’ I said ‘O Prophet (phuh) of Allah! Why I should not weep when this mat has influenced your side and this is your safe in which I do not see except that which I see…’.”.

Adolatli xalifalar davrida mablag‘lar saqlanadigan joy Bayt al-Mol deb ata bo‘la boshlandi. Ibn Sa‘d “At-Tabaqat” kitobida Sahl ibn Abu Xasma va boshqalardan rivoyat qilgan: “Abu Bakrning Al-Sanh nomli joyda hech kim qo‘riqlamaydigan uyi bor edi. Unga: ‘Nega uni qo‘riqlash uchun birovni qo‘ymayapsiz?’ deyishdi. U: ‘Uning qulfi bor’, dedi. U ichidagi narsalarni tarqatardi, to u bo‘shab qolguncha. Madinaga ko‘chib kelganida, uni ko‘chirib, o‘z uyiga joylashtirdi.” Hinad “Az-Zuhd” kitobida Anasdan yaxshi isnod bilan rivoyat qilgan: “Bir kishi Umarning huzuriga kelib dedi: ‘Ey mo‘minlarning amiri! Menga yordam bering, chunki men jihodga bormoqchiman.’ Umar javob berdi: ‘Uning qo‘lidan ushlab, Bayt al-Molga olib boringlar, u xohlagan mablag‘ni olsin.” Al-Bayhaqiyning “As-Sunan al-Kubro” kitobida, uni Ibn Hajar Abdulloh ibn Vadi‘adan to‘g‘ri deb tasdiqlagan holda rivoyat qilingan: “Abu Huzayfaning xizmatkori Solim bizning qabiladan bo‘lgan Salma bint Ye’ar ismli ayolning xizmatkori edi; u uni johiliyat davrida ozod qilgan edi. U Al-Yamomada o‘ldirilganida, uning merosi Umar ibn al-Xattobning oldiga keltirildi. U Vadi‘a ibn Xidhomni chaqirib dedi: ‘Bu sizning xizmatkoringizning merosi, sizga u boshqalardan ko‘ra haqliroqdir.’ U dedi: ‘Ey mo‘minlarning amiri! Alloh bizni uning merosiga muhtoj qilmagan. Bizning ayolimiz uni shartsiz ozod qilgan; shuning uchun uning ishidan o‘zimizga sharmandalik (yoki zarar) keltirishni istamaymiz.’ Shunda Umar uning merosini Bayt al-Molga qo‘ydi.” Al-Bayhaqiy va Ad-Doramiy rivoyat qilgan, Ibn Hazm esa uni to‘g‘ri deb tasdiqlagan: “Sufyon ibn Abdulloh ibn Rabi‘a as-Saqafiy bir charm xaltani topib, Umar ibn al-Xattobning oldiga olib keldi. U dedi: ‘Bir yil davomida e’lon qiling; agar kimdir uni tanisa, unga bering, aks holda u sizniki bo‘ladi.’ Uni hech kim tanimadi. Keyingi yili u Umar bilan uchrashib, bu haqda gapirdi. Umar dedi: ‘U sizniki, chunki Allohning Elchisi ﷺ bizga shunday qilishni buyurganlar.’ U dedi: ‘Men uni istamayman.’ Umar uni olib, Bayt al-Molga qo‘ydi.” Ad-Darimiy va Ibn Abu Shayba ‘Abdulloh ibn ‘Amrdan rivoyat qilishadi, u shunday degan: “Usmon davrida bir qul vafot etdi, uning hech qanday qarindoshi yo‘q edi. Shunda u (Usmon) uning molini Bayt al-Molga topshirishni buyurdi.” Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr “Al-Istidhkar” kitobida Anas ibn Sirindan rivoyat qiladi: “Ali (roziyallohu anhu) mol-dunyoni taqsimlar edi, to Bayt al-Mol bo‘shab qolguncha. So‘ng uni (Bayt al-Molni) yuvib, ichida o‘tirardi.”

At the time of the righteous Khulafaa’, the place in which funds were kept came to be known as Bayt Al-Mal. Ibn Sa‘d mentioned in Al-Tabaqat from Sahl Ibn Abu Hathmah and others: “Abu Bakr used to have a house in Al-Sanh not guarded by anybody. So it was said to him, ‘Why do you not put somebody to guard it?’ He said, ‘It has a lock.’ He used to give out that which was in it until it became empty. When he moved to Madinah, he moved it and placed it in his house.” Hinad narrated in Al-Zuhd with a good chain from Anas, he said: “A person came to Umar and said, ‘O Leader of the Believers! Support me for I want to go in Jihad. Umar replied, ‘Hold his hand and take him to Bayt Al- Mal so he can take the funds he wants.” In Al-Sunan Al-Kubra by Al-Bayhaqi, which was authenticated by Ibn Hajar from ‘Abd Allah b. Wadi‘ah, said: “Salim, the servant of Abu Hudhayfah, was a servant to a woman from us called Salma bint Ye’ar, she freed him in her days of Jahiliyyah. When he was killed in Al- Yamamah, his heritage was brought to Umar Ibn Al-Khattab. So he called upon Wadi‘ah Ibn Khidham and said, ‘This is the heritage of your servant, and you deserve it more.’ He said, ‘O Leader of the Believers. Allah has made us of no need to him. Our woman has freed him unrestricted; so we do not want to bring disgrace to ourselves, (or to bring loss upon us) from his matter.’ So, Umar put his inheritance wealth in the Bayt Al-Mal.” Al- Bayhaqi and Al-Darimi narrated, and Ibn Hazm authenticated it: “Sufyan b. ‘Abd Allah b. Rabi’ah Al-Thaqafi found a leather bag and brought it to Umar b. Al-Khattab. He said, ‘Announce it for one year; and if it was recognised (by someone) then give it (to them), otherwise it is yours.’ No body recognised it, so he met him the next year and mentioned it to him. Umar said, ‘It is yours, for the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) ordered us to do that.’ He said, ‘I do not want it.’ Umar took it and put it in the Bayt Al-Mal.” Al- Darimi and Ibn Abi Shaybah narrated from ‘Abd Allah b. Amr who said: “A servant passed away at the time of Uthman without having a relative. So, he ordered that his wealth be put in Bayt Al- Mal.” Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr narrated in Al-Istidhkar from Anas Ibn Sirin “Ali used to divide the funds until the Bayt Al-Mal became empty, then he would wash it and sit inside.”.

Bayt al-Mal ning birinchi ma'nosi, ya'ni joy haqida. Ikkinchi ma'no, ya'ni mas'ul organ haqida esa, bu shu sababli zarurki, mablag'lar ba'zan bir joyda saqlanmaydi, masalan, yerlar, neft quduqlari, gaz quduqlari, konlar hamda mol-mulkdan olinib, o'z haqdor kishilariga beriladigan sadaqa mablag'lari bir joyda saqlanmasdan tarqatiladi. Bayt al-Mal ba'zan mas'ul organ ma'nosida ishlatiladi, bu al-Bayhaqiy "Sunan"da, Ahmad "al-Musnad"da va 'Abd al-Razzoq "al-Musannaf"ida Lahiq ibn Hamid rivoyatida keltirilgan: "Ibn Mas'ud sudlov va Bayt al-Mal ishlariga mas'ul etib yuborildi." Bu degani Umar (roziyallohu anhu) uni Bayt al-Mal darvozabони sifatida yuborgan, degani emas, balki u mablag'larni yig'ish va sarflashga mas'ul ekanligini anglatadi. Bu ma'no Ibn al-Muborak "az-Zuhd"da al-Hasan rivoyatida keltirgan voqea bilan ham bir xil: Basra amirlari Abu Muso al-Ash'ariy bilan kelib, ulardan o'zlariga oziq-ovqat belgilab berishni so'raganlarida, u ularga gap yakunida shunday dedi: "Ey amirlar! Men sizlarga Bayt al-Mal'dan ikkita qo'y va ikkita ekin yeri ajratdim." Demak, bu so'z mas'ul organni ham anglatishi mumkin.

This is in regards to the first meaning of Bayt Al-Mal, which is the place. With regards to the second meaning, which is the responsible authority, this is necessitated by the fact that the funds are sometimes not kept in a place, such as the lands, oil wells, gas wells, mines, and the charity funds that are taken from the wealth and paid to its deserving people without being kept in a place. The Bayt Al-Mal is sometimes used to mean the responsible authority as narrated by Al-Bayhaqi in Sunan, Ahmad in Al- Musnad, and ‘Abd Al-Razzaq in His Musannaf, from Lahiq Ibn Hameed “Ibn Mas’ood was sent to preside over the judiciary and Bayt Al-Mal.” It would not mean that Umar (ra) sent him as a doorman to the Bayt Al-Mal, but rather he meant that he was responsible to collect and spend the funds. This is the same meaning as narrated by Ibn Al-Mubarak in Al-Zuhd from Al- Hasan, when the leaders of Basra came with Abu Musa Al- Ash‘ari and requested him to assign food for them. He said, in concluding his words to them: ‘O Leaders! I have assigned two sheep and two patches of arable land to you from the Bayt Al- Mal’; thus it can mean the responsible authority.

Bayt al-Mal'ning daromadlarini boshqaradigan va xarajatlari bilan shug'ullanadigan shaxs Xalifadir.

The one that disposes of the revenues and deals with the expenses of Bayt Al-Mal is the Khalifah.

Allohning Elchisi ﷺ Usrah (qiyin kunlar) lashkari uchun Usmon (roziyallohu anhu) xayriya qilgan mollarni o‘z qo‘ynida qabul qilgan edilar. Ahmad rivoyat qilgan va at-Termiziy ham rivoyat qilgan, u uni hasan g‘arib deb hisoblagan; al-Hokim uni sahih deb tasdiqlagan, az-Zahabiy esa unga qo‘shilgan. Rivoyat Abdurrahmon ibn Samuradan bo‘lib, u aytadi:

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) was the one that received the donations of ‘Uthman (ra) to the army of hardship (‘Usrah) in his lap. Ahmad narrated and Al-Tirmidhi reported a narration - they considered it to be Hasan Gharib, and Al-Hakim authenticated it and Al-Dhahabi agreed with him - from ‘Abd al Rahman b. Samrah that he said:

. بيأَلْ ي ف يدينَارٍ يفي ث وَْبييه ي حينَ جَهَّزَ النَّيبُِّ )جَاءَ عُثْمَانُ بْنُ عَفَّانَ إيلَى النَّيبِِّ مَا « : ي قَُلِّ بُ هَا بييَ ي دهي وَي قَُولُ فَجَعَلَ النَّيبُِّ جَيْشَ الْعُسْرَةي قَالَ فَصَ بَّ هَا يفي ي حجْير النَّيبِِّ ي رَُدِّدُهَا يمرَارًا( » ضَرَّ ابْنَ عَفَّانَ مَا عَمِلَ بَ عْدَ الْيَ وْمِ “ .

‘Usmon Tabuk jangi uchun lashkar tayyorlagan paytda Payg‘ambar (ﷺ) huzuriga ming dinor bilan keldi va ularni Payg‘ambar (ﷺ)ning domaniga to‘kdi. Rivoyat qilinishicha, Payg‘ambar (ﷺ) ularni aylantirib ko‘rar va: “Bugundan keyin ‘Usmon qilgan hech bir amal tufayli zarar ko‘rmaydi”, deb bir necha marta takrorlar edi. U ba’zan ularni o‘zi taqsimlar edi. Al-Buxoriy Anas (roziyallohu anhu) dan rivoyat qilgan.

‘Uthman came to the Prophet (phuh) with one thousand dinars when he prepared the Army of the Hardship (Tabuk) and he emptied it in the lap of the Prophet (phuh) . He said the Prophet (phuh) started to turn them around and say: ‘Uthman will not be harmed by any work he does after today, and he repeated it many times”. He used sometimes to divide them by himself. Al-Bukhari narrated from Anas:

. يبَِالٍ يمنَ الْبَحْرَيْ ي ن فَ قَالَ: انْ ثُ رُوهُ فِي الْمَسْجِدِ ... فَ لَمَّا قَضَى أُيتَِ النَّيبُِّ « وَثَمَّ الصَّلاةَ جَاءَ فَجَلَسَ إيلَيْيه، فَمَا كَانَ ي رََى أَحَدًا إيلاَّ أَعْطَاهُ ... فَمَا قَامَ رَسُولُ اللَّيه » يمنْ هَا يدرْهَمٌ.

“Bahraindan mablag'lar Payg'ambarga ﷺ olib kelindi. U: «Ularni masjidga yoyinglar», dedi. Namozni tugatgach, u ularning yoniga o'tirdi va ko'rgan hech kimni berilmay qoldirmadi… Allah Elchisi ﷺ o'rnidan turganda, ular yonida bitta dirham ham qolmagan edi.”

“Funds from Bahrain were brought to the Prophet (phuh) . He said ‘spread them out in the mosque’. When he finished the prayer, he sat down close to them and left nobody he saw without giving him… when the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) stood up, there was not a single dirham left with them”.

Abu Bakr (ra) Bahraindan kelgan mablag'larni o'zi taqsimlash mas'uliyatini o'z zimmasiga oldi. Al-Buxoriy Jobirdan rivoyat qilib, u shunday degan:

Abu Bakr (ra) took responsibility of dividing by himself the funds coming from Bahrain. Al-Bukhari narrated from Jabir who said:

. لَوْ قَدْ جَاءَنِي مَ الُ الْبَحْرَيْنِ، لَقَدْ أَعْطَي تُكَ هَكَذَا « : )قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّيه فَ لَمَّا جَاءَ مَالُ الْبَحْرَيْ ي ن أَمَرَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ، فَ لَمْ يَ يَئْ حَ تََّّ قُبيضَ النَّيبُِّ ،» وَهَكَذَا وَهَكَذَا دَيْنٌ أَوْ ي عدَةٌ فَ لْيَ أْتينَا، فَأَتَ يْ تُهُ فَ قُلْتُ: إينَّ مُنَايديًا فَ نَادَى: مَنْ كَانَ لَهُ ي عنْدَ رَسُويل اللَّيه قَالَ: يلَ كَذَا وَكَذَا، فَحَثَا يلَ ثَلاَثاً ...( رَسُولَ اللَّيه “ .

Allohning Elchisi ﷺ aytdilar: “Bahraindan mol-dunyo kelsa, sizga shunday-shunday va shunday beraman.” Allohning Elchisi ﷺ vafot etib, Bahraindan mol-dunyo kelganida, Abu Bakr kishi yuborib e’lon qildirdi: “Allohning Elchisi ﷺ zimmasida qarzi yoki biror narsasi bor kishi bizning oldimizga kelsin.” Men uning oldiga borib dedim: Allohning Elchisi ﷺ menga shunday-shunday deb va’da qilganlar. Shunda u menga (pul) uch marta berdi...

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: ‘If funds come from Bahrain, I will give you thus and thus and thus. When the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) died and the funds came from Bahrain, Abu Bakr ordered somebody to call: Whoever has some debt or something with the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) let him come to us. I went to him and said: the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: ‘for me is thus and thus, so he gave me (of money) three times...’”.

Yuqoridagi Sufyon as-Saqafiyning Umar (r.a.) ga topib bergan charm xalta haqidagi rivoyatida: "Umar uni olib, Bayt al-Molga qo'ydi". Ash-Shofi'iy "Al-Umm" kitobida xabar qilgan: "Bizga bir necha olimlar aytishdi: Iroq o'ljasi Umar ibn al-Xattobga yetib kelganda, Bayt al-Mol xazinachisi unga dedi: 'Ularni Bayt al-Molga qo'yishimga ruxsat bering'. U dedi: 'Yo'q! Ka'baning Rabbi haqi, to men uni taqsimlamaguncha hech bir uyda saqlanmaydi'. Shunda u uni masjidga qo'yishni buyurdi, ustiga charm gilamlar yopildi va muhojirlar hamda ansorlardan kishilar uni qo'riqladilar. Tong otganda al-Abbos ibn Abdulmuttalib va Abdurahmon ibn Avf u bilan birga chiqdilar; u ularning birining qo'lini ushlab yoki ulardan biri uning qo'lini ushlab olgan edi. Ular uni ko'rib, mablag'lardan charm gilamlarni olib tashladilar. Shunda u hech ko'rmagan manzarani ko'rdi: oltin, yoqut, kristallar va marvarid yaltirab turardi, va u yig'ladi. Ulardan biri unga dedi: 'Alloh haqi! Bu yig'lash kuni emas, balki maqtov va quvonch kunidir'. U dedi: 'Alloh haqi! Men buni sizning nazaringizdek tushunmadim. Aksincha, bunday mablag' biror xalqda ko'paymaydi, faqat ularning orasiga ziddiyat tushadi'. Keyin u qiblaga yuzlanib, qo'llarini ko'tarib dedi: 'Ey Rabbim! Men Sendan aldanib qolishdan panoh so'rayman, chunki men Seni (subhanahu va taolo) shunday deyayotganini eshitaman:"

In the narration mentioned above of Sufyan Al-Thaqafi regarding the leather bag which he found and announced to Umar (ra): “Umar took it and put it in the Bayt Al-Mal”. Al-Shafi‘i reported in Al-Umm “More than one of the scholars told us that when the spoils of Iraq reached Umar Ibn Al-Khattab, the trustee of the Bayt Al-Mal told him, ‘let me put them in the Bayt Al-Mal’. He said: ‘No! By the Lord of the Ka’bah, it will not be kept in any house until I have divided it.’ So he ordered it should be put in the mosque, and leather mats were put on top of it and men from the Muhajir and Al-Ansar guarded it. In the morning, Al-‘Abbas b. ‘Abd Al-Muttalib and ‘Abd Al-Rahman b. ‘Awf went out with him, he was either holding the hand of one of them, or one of them was holding his hand. When they saw him, they removed the leather mats away from the funds. So, he saw a scene he never saw before. He saw the gold, sapphire, crystals, and pearl sparkling and he cried. One of them said to him, ‘By Allah! This is not a day of crying, rather a day of praising and delight.’ He said ‘By Allah! I did not think of it your way. Rather, such funds will not increase in any people except their harm falls between them.’ Then he turned to the Qiblah, rose up his hands and said, ‘O my Lord! I seek protection with you from being allured, for I hear You (swt) saying:

“Lekin Bizning oyatlarimizni inkor etganlarni Biz ular bilmagan tarafdan asta-sekin (halokatga) yetaklaymiz”. (TMQ 7:183). Keyin u: “Suroqa ibn Ja’sham qayerda?” – dedi. Uning qo‘llari tukli va ingichka bo‘lgan holda uni olib kelishdi. U unga Kisroning ikki bilagiklarini berdi. U: “Bularni taqing”, – dedi, va u taqdi. So‘ng u: “Alloh buyukdir”, – dedi. U: “Alloh buyukdir”, – dedi. U: “Hamd Allohga xosdir, U bularni Kisro ibn Hirmizdan olib, Bani Mudlij qabilasidan bo‘lgan badaviy Suroqa ibn Ja’shamga kiydirgan”, – deb aytdi. U tayoq bilan pullarni ag‘darishni boshladi va dedi: “Albatta, buni topshirgan kishi amonatdordir”. Bir kishi unga dedi: “Sizga aytay, siz Allohning ishonchli kishisiz (amin), ular sizga Allohga topshirganlarini topshiradilar. Agar siz yashirsangiz, ular ham yashiradilar”. U dedi: “Sen to‘g‘ri gapirding”. So‘ngra u (pullarni) taqsimladi. Biz oldin Ibn Abbos rivoyat qilgan, Ad-Doriymiy tomonidan naql qilingan hadisni ham zikr qilgan edik: “Usmon davrida bir quli vafot etdi, uning qarindoshi yo‘q edi. U buyurdiki, uning mol-mulki Bayt al-Molga topshirilsin”. Bundan tashqari, Anas ibn Sirin al-Istidkorda rivoyat qilgan: “Ali pullarni taqsimlar edi, to Bayt al-Mol bo‘shab qolguncha; so‘ng u uni yuvar va ichiga (yerga) o‘tirardi”.

“But those who deny Our signs - We will progressively lead them [to destruction] from where they do not know.”. (TMQ 7:183). Then he said, ‘Where is Suraqah Ibn Ja’sham?’ He was brought to him while his arms were hairy and slim. He gave him the two bracelets of Kisra. He said, ‘Wear them’ and he did. He then said, ‘Allah is great.’ He said, ‘Allah is Great’ He said, ‘Say all Praise is to Allah, who wrested them from Kisra Ibn Hirmiz and dressed Suraqah b. Ja‘sham with them, a Bedouin from Bani Midlij.’ He started to turn over the funds with a stick and said, ‘Indeed the one that rendered that is honest.’ A man said to him, ‘Let me tell you, you are the trustee of Allah (ameen), and they render to you that which you rendered to Allah. So, if you reveled they would revel.’ He said, ‘You said the truth.’ then he distributed it”. We mentioned before also the narration of ‘Abd Allah b. Amr as reported by Al-Darimi “A servant passed away at the time of Uthman without having a relative. So, he ordered that his wealth be put in Bayt Al-Mal”. This is aside from the narration of Anas Ibn Sirin in Al-Istidhkar that “Ali used to divide the funds until the Bayt Al-Mal became empty, then he would wash it and sit inside (on the floor).”.

Alloh elchisi (s.a.v.) ba'zan sahobalaridan birortasini mablag'larni taqsimlashga yoki mablag'larning ba'zi masalalariga mas'ul etib tayinlardi. Imom al-Buxoriy ‘Uqba rivoyat qilgan hadisni keltiradi: Alloh elchisi ﷺ shunday degan: «Uyimizda bir oz oltin (bo'lagi) esimga tushdi, u meni band qilib qo'yishidan xavotirlandim va uni taqsimlashni buyurdim».

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) would sometimes appoint one of his companions to preside over the division of the funds, or he used to appoint him over some of the issues of the funds. Al-Bukhari reported a narration from ‘Uqbah that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: .» ذكََرْتُ شَ يْئًا مِنْ تِ بْرٍ عِنْدَنَا، فَكَرِهْتُ أَنْ يَحْبِسَنِي، فَأَمَرْتُ بِقِسْمَتِهِ « .

“Men uyimda bir parcha oltin yotganini esladim va u Allohning ibodatidan meni chalg‘itishini istamadim, shuning uchun uni tarqatib berishni buyurdim.” Ibn Shihobning rivoyati bo‘lib, uni Ibn Abu Shaybah hasan deb hukm qilingan sanad orqali keltirgan; bu hukmni Al-Hofiz Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalaniy, Al-Mundiriy va Al-Haysamiy aytgan.

“I remembered a piece of gold Lying in my house and I did not like it to divert my attention from Allah's worship, so I have ordered it to be distributed (in charity).”The narration of Ibn Shihab, as reported by Ibn Abi Shaybah through a narration considered Hasan by Al-Hafiz Ibn Hajar Al-‘Asqalani, Al- Mundhiri and Al-Haythami says:

. دَخَلَ ي خزَانَةَ بيلاَلٍ الَّيتِ يَضَعُ فييهَا الصَّدَقَا ي ت، فَ وَجَدَ فييهَا أَنَّ رَسُولَ الله ي « صُبْ رَةً يمنْ تََْرٍ، فَ قَالَ: مَا هَذَا التَّمْرُ يَا بِلاَلُ ؟ قَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللهي، أَخَذْت هَُا لينَ وَائيبيكَ. قَالَ : أَفَأَمِنْتَ أَنْ تُصْبِحَ وَلَهَا فِي جَهَنَّمَ بُخَارٌ ؟ أَنْفِقْ وَلاَ تَخْشَ مِنْ ذِي الْعَرْشِ إَقْلاَلاً أَوْ » إِقْ تَار اً .

Rasulullah ﷺ Bilolning xazinasiga kirdilar, u erda sadaqani saqlar edi, va u yerda xurmolar uyumini topdilar. Shunda u zot: “Ey Bilol, bu xurmolar nima?” dedilar. U aytdi: “Ey Allohning Rasuli ﷺ, men ularni sizning og‘ir kunlaringiz uchun saqlab qo‘ydim.” U zot dedilar: “Ertalab uyg‘onib, ularning do‘zaxda alangalanayotganini ko‘rishdan xavfsiramisanmi? Sarf qil va arsh egasidan kamayib qolishdan yoki baxillikdan qo‘rqma.” Va rivoyatda ham: “Abdurrahmon ibn Avf Allohning Rasuli ﷺ zamonida tuya va qo‘ylarning sadaqasiga mas’ul edi, Bilol esa mevalarning sadaqasiga mas’ul edi; Mahmiyya ibn Juz’ esa Allohning Rasuli ﷺ va uning ahli uchun beshdan bir qismga mas’ul edi”. Xalifa esa dedi: “Bilol uning xarajatlariga mas’ul edi.”

“The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) entered the safe of Bilal in which he put the Sadaqah (charity) and found in it a heap of dates, so he said, ‘What are these dates, O Bilal?’ He said ‘O Messenger of Allah, I took it for your hard times.’ He said, ‘Do you feel safe from waking up and finding it fume in Hell? Spend and do not fear reduction or stinginess from the Owner of the Throne.’” And also in the narration: “Abd al Rahman b. ‘Awf used to take charge of the Sadaqah of camels and sheep at the time of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) , and Bilal used to take charge of the Sadaqah of fruits; while Mahmiyyah Ibn Juz’ used to take charge of the fifth (of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and his household)”. And Khalifah said: “And Bilal was responsible for his expenses”.

Ibn Hibbon o‘zining “Sahih” kitobida ‘Abdulloh ibn Lahiya al-Xuzaniydan rivoyat qiladi, u shunday degan: “Men Allohning Elchisi ﷺning muazzini Bilol bilan uchrashib, dedim: ‘Ey Bilol! Allohning Elchisi ﷺning xarajatlari qancha edi?’ U javob berdi: ‘Uning hech narsasi yo‘q edi. Elchi etib yuborilgan kundan to vafot etgan kunigacha bu ishni men bajarardim. Agar biror musulmon uning huzuriga kelib, uni kiyimsiz ko‘rsa, menga shoshilib pul qarz olib kelishni buyurardi, shunda u ﷺ uchun ridо sotib olib uni kiyintirardi va yana ovqat ham berardi’”. Muslim Abu Rofi‘dan rivoyat qiladi, u Allohning Elchisi ﷺning xizmatkori edi, u shunday degan:

Ibn Hibban reported in his Sahih from ‘Abd Allah b. Lahya Al-Huzani, who said: “I met with Bilal, the Mu’adhin of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and said, ‘O Bilal! How much were the expenses of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) ?’ He replied, ‘He did not have anything. I was the one that took care of that since he was sent as a Messenger till the day he passed away. If a Muslim came to him and he saw him not dressed he ordered me to rush and borrow some money so as to buy him a cloak to dress him and also feed him’”. Muslim reported from Abu Rafi‘, the servant of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) , who said:

اسْ تَسْلَفَ مِنْ رَجُلٍ بَكْرًا، فَ قَدِمَتْ عَلَيْهِ إِبِلٌ مِنْ إِبِلِ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ « الصَّدَقَةِ، فَأَمَرَ أَبَا رَافِعٍ أَنْ يَ قْضِيَ الرَّجُلَ بَكْرَه ، فَ رَجَعَ إيلَيْيه أَبُو رَافيعٍ فَ قَالَ: لََْ أَ ي جدْ فييهَا إيلاَّ » ي خيَارًا رَبَا ي عيًا، فَ قَالَ: أَعْطِهِ إِيَّاهُ، إِنَّ خِيَارَ النَّاسِ أَحْسَ نُ هُمْ قَضَاء .

Allohning Elchisi ﷺ bir yosh tuyani qarz oldilar. Keyin ularga sadaqa tuyalaridan bir qismi keldi. U zot Abu Rofi‘ga o‘sha kishiga yosh tuyasini qaytarishni buyurdilar. Men aytdim: tuyalar orasida to‘rt yoshli yaxshi tuyadan boshqasini topa olmadim. Allohning Elchisi ﷺ dedilar: uni unga bering, chunki eng yaxshi odamlar qarzini eng yaxshi qaytaradiganlardir.

“The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) borrowed a young camel. Then he received some camels of the Sadaqah. He ordered Abu Rafi‘ to repay the man his young camel. I said: I did not find in the camels except a four year old good camel. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: give it to him, for the best people are those who are best in repayment”.

It is also mentioned in the narration of Ibn Abbas, which is agreed upon: That when the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) sent Mu’adh to Yemen, he said: ليمُعَايذ بْ ي ن جَبَلٍ ي حينَ ب عََثَهُ إيلَى الْيَمَ ي ن: ... فَإِنْ هُمْ أَطَاعُوا قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهي « لَكَ بِذَلِكَ، فَأَخْبِرْهُمْ أَنَّ اللَّهَ قَدْ فَ رَضَ عَلَيْهِمْ صَدَقَةً تُ ؤْخَذُ مِنْ أَغْنِيَائِهِمْ فَ تُ رَدُّ عَلَى فُ قَرَائِهِمْ، فَإِنْ هُ مْ أَطَاعُوا لَكَ بِذَلِكَ، فَإِيَّاكَ وَكَرَائِمَ أَمْوَالِهِمْ، وَاتَّقِ دَعْوَةَ الْمَظْ لُومِ فَإِنَّهُ » لَيْسَ بَ يْ نَهُ وَبَ يْنَ اللهِ حِجَابٌ .

"Agar ular sizga shu ishda itoat etsalar, ularga Alloh har kuni va kechasida besh vaqt namozni farz qilganini ayting. Agar ular sizga shu ishda itoat etsalar, ularga Alloh ularning badavlatlaridan olinib, ularning kambag'allariga berilishi uchun zakotni to'lashni farz qilganini ayting. Agar ular sizga shu ishda itoat etsalar, ularning eng yaxshi mollaridan olishdan saqlaning va mazlumning duosidan qo'rqing, chunki uning duosi bilan Alloh o'rtasida hech qanday parda yo'qdir". Buni Muslim Abu Hurayradan ham rivoyat qilgan.

“And if they obey you in that, tell them that Allah has enjoined on them five prayers in each day and night. And if they obey you in that tell them that Allah has made it obligatory on them to pay the Zakat which will be taken from the rich among them and given to the poor among them. If they obey you in that, then avoid taking the best of their possessions, and be afraid of the invocation of an oppressed person because there is no screen between his invocation and Allah”. It is also reported in Muslim from Abu Hurayrah.

. » عُمَرَ عَلَى الصَّدَقَةِ بَ عَثَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ « .

“Allohning Elchisi ﷺ Umarni sadaqani yig‘ish uchun yuborgan”.

“that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) sent Umar to collect the Sadaqah”.

To‘g‘ri yo‘lda unga ergashgan Oqil Xulafo ham mablag‘lar ishlarini boshqarish uchun boshqa kishilarni tayinlar edilar. Ibn Ishoq va Xalifa aytdilar: “Abu Bakr Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrohni Bayt al-Molga mas’ul qilib tayinladi, so‘ngra uni Shomga yubordi”. Az-Zahabiy Mu’ayqib hayotiga izoh berib dedi: “Abu Bakr va Umar uni Bayt al-Molga mas’ul qilib tayinladilar”. Ibn Kasirning “Al-Bidoya va an-Nihoya” kitobida u Abdulloh ibn Zubayrdan quyidagini zikr qiladi: “Allohning Elchisi ﷺ Abdulloh ibn al-Arqam ibn Abdu Yag‘sni kotib qilib olgan edilar va u podshohlarga ularning nomidan javob yozar edi. Shuningdek, u ba’zi podshohlarga xat yozishni buyurar edilar va o‘qilgan narsani, unga bo‘lgan ishonchlari tufayli, muhr bilan tasdiqlar edi. U Abu Bakrga ham yozib, uni Bayt al-Molga mas’ul qildi, Umar ibn al-Xattob esa bunga rozi bo‘ldi”. Ibn Sa’d “At-Tabaqot”da, Ibn Hajar esa “Al-Isoba”da rivoyat qilishlaricha, Umar (roziyallohu anhu)ning xazinachisi uning xizmatkori Yasar ibn Numayr edi. Ahmad “Musnad”ida va Abdurrazzoq “Al-Musannaf”ida Lohiq ibn Hamiddan rivoyat qiladilar, u aytadi: “U Ibn Mas’udni qozilik va Bayt al-Molga mas’ul qilib yubordi”, ya’ni Kufaga. Xalifa Molik ibn Anasdan, u Zayd ibn Aslamdan rivoyat qiladi: “Umar Abdulloh ibn al-Arqamni Bayt al-Molga mas’ul qilib tayinladi”. Ibn Xuzayma o‘zining “Sahih”ida Urva ibn az-Zubayrdan rivoyat qiladi: “Abdurrahmon ibn Abdul Qori dedi: ‘Umar ibn al-Xattob davrida men Bayt al-Molga mas’ul edim’”. Ibn Hajar “Al-Fath”da Abdulloh ibn Mas’udning fazilatlarini so‘zlar ekan, rivoyat qiladi: “Uni Umar va Usmon Kufadagi Bayt al-Molga mas’ul qilib tayinladilar”. Al-Jahshiyoriy “Al-Vuzaro’ va al-Kuttob”da zikr qiladi: “Abdulloh ibn Arqam ibn Abdu Yag‘s, Payg‘ambar ﷺning kotiblaridan biri, unga Bayt al-Molni boshqarib turardi”, ya’ni Usmon (roziyallohu anhu)ga. Al-Hakim zikr qilgan, al-Mustadrak kitobida az-Zubayr ibn Bakkordan: "Abdulloh ibn al-Arqam ibn Abdu Yag'ut Umar davrida va Usmon hukmronligining boshidan to vafotigacha Bayt al-Mol ishlariga mas'ul bo'lgan; u Payg'ambar ﷺ bilan birga bo'lish sharafiga ham muyassar bo'lgan", deydi. Ibn Abd al-Barr al-Isti'ab kitobida shunday degan: "Zayd ibn Sobit Usmon xalifaligi davrida Bayt al-Mol ishlariga mas'ul edi. Zaydning Vahib ismli quli bor edi. Usmon uni Bayt al-Molda ularga yordam berayotganini ko'rib: 'Bu kim?' deb so'radi. Zayd javob berdi: 'Mening qulim.' Usmon dedi: 'Ko'ryapmanki, u musulmonlarga yordam beradi va unga haq bor, shuning uchun men unga ulush ajratаман.' Shunda unga ikki ming ajratdi. Zayd dedi: 'Alloh haqqi, qulga ikki ming ajratib bo'lmaydi', shunda unga ming ajratdi." as-Sadafi Misr ulamolari va u yerga kelgan Payg'ambar ﷺ sahobalari haqidagi kitobda zikr qilgan: "Shundan so'ng Abu Rofi' Ali ibn Abu Tolibga murojaat qilindi va u uni Kufadagi Bayt al-Mol ishlariga mas'ul qilib qo'ydi." Ibn Abd al-Barr al-Isti'abda aytadi: "Ubaydulloh ibn Abu Rofi' Alining xazinachisi va kotibi edi." al-Ayniy "Umdat al-Qori" kitobida zikr qilgan: "Abdulloh ibn Vahb as-Suvai'ni Ali hurmat qilar, sevar va unga ishonar edi, shuning uchun uni Kufadagi Bayt al-Mol ishlariga mas'ul etib tayinladi." Ali Ziyodni Basra ustidan mas'ul etib tayinladi. al-Jahshiyoriy aytadi: "U Basradan ketganda, uni xiroj va devon ishlariga mas'ul qilib qoldirdi." Bayt al-Molni ikki qismga bo'lish mumkin:

Daromadlar: U uchta devonni (Diwan) o‘z ichiga oladi:

Revenues: It includes three registers (Diwan):

Ganimat va xiroj ro'yxati: Bunga urush o'ljalari, xiroj, yerlar, jizya, o'ljalar va soliqlar kiradi.

• The register of the booty and Kharaj: This includes the spoils of war, Kharaj, lands, Jizya, booties and taxes.

Davlat mulkining reestri: Bunga neft, gaz, elektr energiya, ma'danlar, dengizlar, daryolar, ko'llar, buloqlar, o'rmonlar, yaylovlar va himo (qo'riqlanadigan yerlar) kiradi.

• The register of the public property: This includes oil, gas, electricity, minerals, seas, rivers, lakes, springs, forests, pastures and Hima (protected lands).

Sadaqa reyestri: Bunga pul, tovarlar, hosil va mevalar, tuya, sigir va qo'ylarning zakoti kiradi.

• The register of Sadaqah: This includes Zakah of money, merchandise, harvest and fruits, camels, cows and sheep.

Xarajatlar: Bu sakkiz ta registrni o'z ichiga oladi:

Expenditure: This includes eight registers:

Dar al-Xilofat reyestri. Davlat xizmatlari reyestri.

• The register of the Dar Al-Khilafah. • The register of the State’s services.