Xalifa hokimlarning faoliyatini nazorat qilishi va ularning ishini qat’iy ravishda doimiy baholab borishi kerak. U ularning ahvolini kuzatish, tekshirish uchun vakillar tayinlashi, ularning barchasini yoki bir qismini vaqti-vaqti bilan to‘plashi va ular haqida fuqarolarning shikoyatlarini tinglashi lozim.

The Khalifah must examine the actions of the governors and continually assess their performance strictly. He must deputise people to monitor their situations, investigate them, and periodically gather all or some of them, and listen to the complaints of the subjects regarding them.

Sobit bo'lganki, Payg'ambar (ﷺ) hokimlarni tayinlaganida ularni sinab ko'rar edi, xuddi Mu'oz va Abu Muso bilan qilganidek, va ular qanday ish tutishlari kerakligini tushuntirar edi, xuddi Amr ibn Hazm bilan yuborgan, ilm ahli orasida mashhur bo'lgan maktubida qilganidek, buni Ibn Asokir "Tarixu Dimashq" kitobida zikr qilgan va Al-Hofiz "Al-Isaba" kitobida aytgan.

It is confirmed that the Prophet (phuh) used to test the governors when he appointed them as he did with Mu’adh and Abu Musa, and explained to them how they should proceed as he did with Amr b. Hazm in his message famous amongst the people of knowledge as mentioned by Ibn ’Asakir in Tarikh Damascus and Al-Hafiz said in Al-Isaba.

. » ... عمرو بن حزم على نج ران واس تعمل النبي ...«.

. » ... عمرو بن حزم على نج ران واس تعمل النبي ...«.

…va Payg‘ambar ﷺ Amr ibn Hazmni Najron ustiga tayinladilar…, va u kishidan rivoyat qilinadiki, unga yozgan xati farzlar, diya (qon puli) va boshqa masalalar haqida bo‘lgan, buni Abu Dovud, an-Nasoiy, Ibn Hibbon, ad-Doriy va boshqalar rivoyat qilganlar.

“…and the Prophet (phuh) appointed Amr Bin Hazam over Najran…” and it is reported from him that the message he wrote to him was regarding the obligations and blood money and other issues, as narrated by Abu Dawud and Al-Nasa’i, Ibn Hibban and Al-Darimi and others.

Shunga o'xshab, u zot (Payg'ambar ﷺ) ba'zi muhim masalalar haqida ularni xabardor qilar edi, xuddi Abon ibn Sa'id ni Bahrayn ustiga tayinlaganida qilganidek. Bu Ibn Sa'dning "At-Tabaqat" kitobida Al-Voqidiydan rivoyat qilingan, unga shunday deyilganda:

Likewise he would make them aware of some important issues as he did with Abaan Bin Said when he appointed him over Bahrain as has been mentioned in Al-Tabaqat of Ibn Sa’d from Al-Waqidi when it was said to him.

"Abd Qays qabilasiga yaxshilik qiling va ularning oqsoqollarini hurmatlang" deyilgan. Xuddi shunday, u (ﷺ) hokimlarni hisobdan o'tkazgani, ularning ahvolini tekshirgani va ular haqidagi xabarlarni tinglaganligi tasdiqlangan. U (ﷺ) hokimlarni soliq va xarajatlar yuzasidan ham hisobdan o'tkazar edi; buni Abu Hamid al-Sa'idiy rivoyat qilgan.

. » اسْ تَ وْصِ بَ عَ بْ دِ قَ يْسٍ خَيْراً، وَأَكْرِمْ سَرَاتَهِمْ « . “Take good care of ’Abd Qays and honour their leaders”. In the same way, it is confirmed that he used to account the governors, investigate their circumstances and listen to what was narrated to him regarding their news. He also used to account the governors over the taxation and expenditures; it is narrated by Abu Hamid Al-Sa’idi.

رَجُلاً مِنْ بَنِي أَسْدٍ ي قَُالُ لَهُ ابْنُ اللُّتَبِيَّةِ عَلَى صَ دَقَ ةٍ فَ لَمَّ ا اسْ تَ عْمَلَ النَّبِيُّ « عَلَى الْمِنْ بَرِ قَالَ سُفْيَانُ أَيْضًا قَ دِمَ قَ الَ هَ ذَا لَكُمْ وَهَ ذَا أُهْدِيَ لِي فَ قَامَ النَّبِيُّ فَصَعِدَ الْمِنْ بَ رَ فَحَمِدَ اللَّهَ وَأَثْ نَى عَلَيْهِ ثُمَّ قَالَ مَا بَالُ الْعَامِلِ نَ بْ عَ ثُ هُ فَ يَأْتِي. يَ قُولُ هَ ذَا لَكَ وَهَ ذَا لِي فَ هَلاَّ جَلَسَ فِي بَ يْتِ أَبِيهِ وَأُمِّهِ فَ يَ نْ ظُ رُ أَي هُْدَى لَهُ أَمْ لاَ وَالَّذِي نَ فْسِي بِيَدِهِ لاَ يَأْتِي بِشَيْءٍ إِلاَّ جَاءَ بِهِ يَ وْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ يَحْمِلُهُ عَلَى رَقَ بَ تِ هِ إِنْ كَانَ بَعِيرًا لَهُ رُغَاءٌ أَوْ ب قَرَةً لَهَا » خُوَارٌ أَوْ شَاةً تَ يْ عَرُ ثُمَّ رَفَعَ يَدَيْهِ حَتَّى رَأَيْ نَا عُفْرَتَيْ إِبْطَيْهِ أَلاَ هَلْ بَ لَّغْتُ ثَلاَث اً .

رَجُلاً مِنْ بَنِي أَسْدٍ ي قَُالُ لَهُ ابْنُ اللُّتَبِيَّةِ عَلَى صَ دَقَ ةٍ فَ لَمَّ ا اسْ تَ عْمَلَ النَّبِيُّ « عَلَى الْمِنْ بَرِ قَالَ سُفْيَانُ أَيْضًا قَ دِمَ قَ الَ هَ ذَا لَكُمْ وَهَ ذَا أُهْدِيَ لِي فَ قَامَ النَّبِيُّ فَصَعِدَ الْمِنْ بَ رَ فَحَمِدَ اللَّهَ وَأَثْ نَى عَلَيْهِ ثُمَّ قَالَ مَا بَالُ الْعَامِلِ نَ بْ عَ ثُ هُ فَ يَأْتِي. يَ قُولُ هَ ذَا لَكَ وَهَ ذَا لِي فَ هَلاَّ جَلَسَ فِي بَ يْتِ أَبِيهِ وَأُمِّهِ فَ يَ نْ ظُ رُ أَي هُْدَى لَهُ أَمْ لاَ وَالَّذِي نَ فْسِي بِيَدِهِ لاَ يَأْتِي بِشَيْءٍ إِلاَّ جَاءَ بِهِ يَ وْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ يَحْمِلُهُ عَلَى رَقَ بَ تِ هِ إِنْ كَانَ بَعِيرًا لَهُ رُغَاءٌ أَوْ ب قَرَةً لَهَا » خُوَارٌ أَوْ شَاةً تَ يْ عَرُ ثُمَّ رَفَعَ يَدَيْهِ حَتَّى رَأَيْ نَا عُفْرَتَيْ إِبْطَيْهِ أَلاَ هَلْ بَ لَّغْتُ ثَلاَث اً .

Payg'ambar (ﷺ) Al-Azd qabilasidan Ibn Lutbiyya ismli bir kishini zakot yig'uvchi qilib tayinlagan edi. Xizmatchi (yig'imlar bilan) qaytib kelganida dedi: "Ey Payg'ambar (ﷺ)! Bu sizniki, bu esa menikidir, chunki menga sovg'a sifatida berilgan." Allahning Elchisi (ﷺ) minbarga chiqdi, Allohga hamd aytdi va Uni ulug'ladi. So'ng dedi: "Men bir kishini biror ish uchun tayinlayman, u kelib: «Bu sizniki, bu esa menga sovg'a qilingan», deydi. Nega u otasining uyida yoki onasining uyida o'tirib, unga sovg'a berilar-berilmasligini ko'rmadi? Muhammadning joni qo'lida bo'lgan Allohga qasamki, sizlardan kim biror narsani nohaq olsa, Qiyomat kuni uni yelkasida ko'tarib keladi. Qiyomat kuni men sizlardan hech kimni ingrab turgan tuya, yoki ma'rab turgan sigir, yoki mah-mah qilayotgan qo'y bilan tanimayman." So'ng u qo'llarini shunchalik baland ko'tardiki, qo'ltiqlarining oqligini ko'rdik. Keyin uch marta dedi: "Ey Alloh! Men (Sening amrlaringni) yetkazdimmi?" (Ittifoq bilan rivoyat qilingan.)

“The Prophet (phuh) employed a man from the tribe of Al- Azd named Ibn Lutbiyyah as collector of Zakat. When the employee returned (with the collections) he said: " O Prophet (phuh) ! This is for you and this is mine because it was presented to me as gift." Messenger of Allah (pbuh) rose to the pulpit and praised Allah and extolled Him. Then he said, "I employ a man to do a job and he comes and says: 'This is for you and this has been presented to me as gift'? Why did he not remain in the house of his father or the house of his mother and see whether gifts will be given to him or not? By Allah in Whose Hand is the life of Muhammad, if any one of you took anything wrongfully, he will bring it on the Day of Resurrection, carrying it on (his back), I will not recognize anyone of you, on the Day of Resurrection with a grunting camel, or a bellowing cow, or a bleating ewe." Then he raised his hands till we could see the whiteness of his armpits. Then he said thrice, ''O Allah ! have I conveyed (Your Commandments” (agreed upon narration).

Umar (ra) hokimlarni qattiq nazorat qilar edi va ularning ahvolini tekshirib, tergov qilish uchun Muhammad ibn Maslama (ra) ni tayinlagan edi. U hajga kelish mavsumida hokimlarni yig'ib, ularning qilgan ishlarini ko'rib chiqar, ularga nisbatan raiyatning shikoyatlarini tinglar va hokimlik ishlarini eslatib, ularning ahvolini belgilab berar edi. Umar (ra) dan rivoyat qilinishicha, bir kuni u atrofidagilarga shunday dedi.

Umar (ra) used to be severe in his monitoring of the governors and appointed Muhammad Bin Maslamah (ra) to examine their circumstances and investigate them. He would gather the governors in the pilgrimage season in order to look into what they had done, listen to the complaints of the subjects regarding them and to remind them of the affairs of the governorship and establish their circumstances. It is narrated from Umar (ra) that one day he said to those around him.

. "أرأيتم إذا استعملت عليكم خير من أعلم ثم أمرته بالعدل، أكنت قضيت الذي علي قالوا: نعم، قال: لا، حتى أنظر في عمله، أعمل بما أمرته به أم لا" .

. "أرأيتم إذا استعملت عليكم خير من أعلم ثم أمرته بالعدل، أكنت قضيت الذي علي قالوا: نعم، قال: لا، حتى أنظر في عمله، أعمل بما أمرته به أم لا" .

“Sizningcha, men eng yaxshi deb bilgan kishini sizlarga hokim qilib, unga adolatli bo‘lishni buyursam, men o‘zimga yuklatilgan vazifani bajarganmanmi?” Ular: “Ha”, deb javob berishdi. U esa: “Yo‘q, to‘xtang, uning amallariga qarayman – u men buyurganimdek ish tutdimi yoki yo‘qmi”, dedi (Bayhaqiy “As-Sunan” va “Ash-Shu‘ab” kitoblarida Tovusdan rivoyat qilgan). Umar (roziyallohu anhu) hokimlarini va amaldorlarini qattiq hisobga tortar edi. Ba’zan uning hisobdagi qattiqligi tufayli, aniq dalil yo‘q shubha sababli, hatto shubha darajasiga yetmagan gumonga ko‘ra ham ulardan birini lavozimidan olib tashlardi. Bu haqida so‘ralganda, u shunday javob bergan.

“Do you think if I appointed over you the best whom I know, and then commanded him to be just, that have I completed what was upon me?” They replied, yes. He said “No, until I looked into his actions – did he act according to what I commanded him to or not” (reported from Al-Bayhaqi in Al-Sunan and Al-Shi’ab from Tawus). Umar (ra) used to strictly account his governors and ’Ummal, and his severity in accounting them would lead to him sometimes removing one of them due to a doubt for which there was no definite evidence and he used to remove them due to suspicion which did not reach the level of doubt. He was once asked about that and so said.

. "هان شيء أصلح به قوماً أن أبدلهم أميراً مكان أمير" .

. "هان شيء أصلح به قوماً أن أبدلهم أميراً مكان أمير" .

“Odamlarning ishini to‘g‘rilash uchun men qilayotgan eng oddiy ish — ularda bor amirni (rahbarni) boshqasi bilan almashtirishdir”, (Abu Shoma “At-Tarix al-Madina”da, Ibn Sa’d esa “At-Tabaqat”da Al-Hasan orqali rivoyat qilgan).

“The simplest thing I do to make things right for people is to relplce a leader (Amir) they have by another” (reported by Abu Shabah in Al-Tarikh Al-Madinah, and by Ibn Sa’d in Al-Tabaqat from Al-Hasan).

Shunday bo‘lsa-da, u o‘z hokimlariga qattiqqo‘l bo‘lishiga qaramay, ularga harakatda erkinlik berar, davlat lavozimidagi obro‘sini himoya qilar, ularni tinglar va ularning dalillariga diqqat bilan quloq solardi. Agar dalil uni ishontirsa, u o‘z e’tiqodini va hokimning bu dalilini maqtashini yashirmasdi. Bir kuni unga xabar yetib keldiki, uning Himsdagi hokimi, ‘Umayr ibn Sa‘d minbarda turib shunday degan:

However, even with his strictness over them he used to allow them freedom of conduct, would protect their standing in government, listen to them and be attentive to their proofs. If the proof convinced him, he would not hide his conviction of it and his praise of the ’Amil. One day, it reached him that his ’Amil over Hims, ’Umayr b. Sa’d, said while upon the pulpit,

. "لا يزال الإسلام منيعاً ما اش ت د السلطان. وليس ت ش دة السلطان قتلاً بالس ي ف أو ضرباً بالسوط، ولكن قضاءً بالحق وأخذاً بالعدل" .

. "لا يزال الإسلام منيعاً ما اش ت د السلطان. وليس ت ش دة السلطان قتلاً بالس ي ف أو ضرباً بالسوط، ولكن قضاءً بالحق وأخذاً بالعدل" .

"Islom hokimiyat qat'iy kuchli bo'lsa, kuchli bo'lib qoladi. Ammo hokimiyatdagi kuch – qilichdan foydalanib o'ldirish yoki qamchi bilan urish emas, balki haqiqatga muvofiq hukm chiqarish va adolatni qo'llashdir", deb Ibn Sa'd "At-Tabaqot" kitobida Said ibn Suvaydning so'zidan keltirgan. Shu sababli Umar (roziyallohu anhu) uning haqida shunday degan: "Musulmonlar ishlarida yordam olish uchun menga Umayr ibn Sa'd kabi bir odam bo'lishini istardim." ﷺ

“Islam will remain strong as long as the authority is rigorously strong. But strength in authority is not killking by sword or striking by whip, but it is judging according to Truth and applying justice” as mentioned by Ibn Sa’d in Al-Tabaqat from Said b. Suwayd. So Umar (ra) said regarding him, . "وددت لو أن لي رجلاً مثل عمير بن سعد أستعين به على أعمال المسلمين" .

“Musulmonlar ishida tayanishim mumkin bo‘lgan ’Umayr ibn Sa’dga o‘xshash bir odam bo‘lganida edi”.

“I wish I had a man like ’Umayr Bin Sa’d who I could rely upon in Muslims’ matters”.