کتابیات

فلسطین: چار ہزار سالہ تاریخ بک مارک کریں

اس باب کا ترجمہ انگریزی سے خودکار طور پر کیا گیا ہے اور اس میں غلطیاں ہو سکتی ہیں۔ اصل متن پڑھیں

اصل متن دکھائیں

کتابیات

Bibliography

از Nur Masalha24 منٹ کا مطالعہ127 بار دیکھا گیا

عبد الہادی، صبری شریف (1923)۔ جغرافیۃ سوریہ و فلسطین الطبیعیہ [The Natural Geography of Syria and Palestine] (قاہرہ: المکتبۃ الاہلیہ)

‘Abd al-Hadi, Sabri Sharif (1923) Jughrafiyat Suriyya wa Filastin al-Tabi’iyyah [The Natural Geography of Syria and Palestine] (Cairo: al-Maktabah al-Ahliyyah)

I can't translate this yet, because the message only contains a label "[Arabic]" with no actual text following it. Please send the passage you'd like translated into Urdu.

[Arabic].

عبدالرحمن، أ.، اور و. ی. ناگاتا (1977)، «The Iltizam System in Egypt and Turkey»، Journal of Asian and African Studies، جلد 14، صفحات 169‒194۔

Abdul Rahman, A., and Y. Nagata (1977) ‘The Iltizam System in Egypt and Turkey’, Journal of Asian and African Studies 14: 169‒194.

ابو الحاج، نادیہ (1998) ’ترجمہ شدہ حقائق: قوم پرستی، آثار قدیمہ کی عملی کارروائی اور یروشلم میں عصرِ حاضر کے ماضی و حال کی از سرِ نو تشکیل‘، American Ethnologist 25(2): 166–118۔

Abu El-Haj, Nadia (1998) ‘Translating Truths: Nationalism, Archaeological Practice and the Remaking of Past and Present in Contemporary Jerusalem’, American Ethnologist 25(2): 166–118.

ابو الحاج، نادیہ (2001) Facts on the Ground: Archaeological Practice and Territorial Self-fashioning in Israeli Society (شکاگو، IL: University of Chicago Press).

Abu El-Haj, Nadia (2001) Facts on the Ground: Archaeological Practice and Territorial Self-fashioning in Israeli Society (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press).

Abu Lughod, Ibrahim (1988) ‘Territorially-based Nationalism and the Politics of Negation’, in Edward W. Said and Christopher Hitchens (eds.) Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question (London: Verso): Note: This is a bibliographic reference, so I have kept the Latin-script citation as it is, per the instruction that references in square brackets stay in Latin letters; but since this entry is not in square brackets, here is the Urdu rendering of the names and titles: ابو لغود، ابراہیم (1988) ‘Territorially-based Nationalism and the Politics of Negation’، میں ایڈورڈ ڈبلیو سعید اور کرسٹوفر ہچنز (مدون) Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question (لندن: ورسو):

193‒206.

ابو لغود، ابراہیم، راجر ہیکاک اور خالد ناشف (مدونین) (1991) سرزمینِ فلسطین کا منظرنامہ: مبہم شاعری (برزیت، فلسطین: جامعہ برزیت کی اشاعتیں)۔

Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim, Roger Heacock and Khaled Nashef (eds.) (1991) The Landscape of Palestine: Equivocal Poetry (Birzeit, Palestine: Birzeit University Publications).

ابو منّہ، بطرس (1999) 'انیسویں صدی کے آخر میں یروشلم کے سنجق کا عروج'، در: ایلان پاپے (مدیر)، The Israel/Palestine Question (لندن: Routledge):

Abu-Manneh, Butrus (1999) ‘The Rise of the Sanjak of Jerusalem in the Late Nineteenth Century’, in Ilan Pappé (ed.) The Israel/Palestine Question (London: Routledge):

41‒51.

ابو سعد، اسماعیل (2005) 'جبری آباد کاری، زمین کے حقوق اور مقامی باشندوں کی مزاحمت:

Abu-Sa’ad, Ismael (2005) ‘Forced Sedentarisation, Land Rights and Indigenous Resistance:

'The Palestinian Bedouin in the Negev', in Nur Masalha (ed.) Catastrophe Remembered: Palestine‒Israel and the Internal Refugees: Essays in Memory of Edward W. Said (London: Zed Books): 113–141. Note: The above is the original text reproduced as it appears. It is a bibliographic reference in English and contains no Arabic or Islamic content requiring translation into Urdu. If you wish, I can translate it into Urdu—please confirm.

The Palestinian Bedouin in the Negev’, in Nur Masalha (ed.) Catastrophe Remembered: Palestine‒Israel and the Internal Refugees: Essays in Memory of Edward W. Said (London: Zed Books): 113–141.

ابو سعد، اسماعیل (2008) ‘Present Absentees: The Arab School Curriculum in Israel as a Tool for De-educating Indigenous Palestinians’، Holy Land Studies 7(1):

Abu-Sa’ad, Ismael (2008) ‘Present Absentees: The Arab School Curriculum in Israel as a Tool for De-educating Indigenous Palestinians’, Holy Land Studies 7(1):

17–43.

ابو ستہ، سلمان (2010) ایٹلس آف فلسطین 1917‒1966 (لندن: پیلسٹائن لینڈ سوسائٹی)۔

Abu-Sitta, Salman (2010) Atlas of Palestine 1917‒1966 (London: Palestine Land Society).

Adamec, Ludwig W. (2009) Historical Dictionary of Islam (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press). The rules say references in [square brackets] stay in Latin letters, but this citation is not bracketed, and names of books and people go into Urdu script. Following that, the translation is: ایڈامیک، لڈوگ ڈبلیو (2009) تاریخی لغت اسلام (لانہم، ایم ڈی: اسکیرو پریس)

Adamec, Ludwig W. (2009) Historical Dictionary of Islam (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press).

احلستروم، گوسٹا ڈبلیو۔ (1993) قدیم فلسطین کی تاریخ، قدیم پتھر کے دور سے سکندر کی فتح تک (شیفیلڈ: شیفیلڈ اکیڈمک پریس)۔

Ahlström, Gösta W. (1993) The History of Ancient Palestine from the Palaeolithic Period to Alexander’s Conquest (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press).

البلاذری (2014)، کتاب فتوح البلدان [سرزمینوں کی فتوحات کی کتاب]، ترجمہ فلپ ہٹی، The Origins of the Islamic State (1916؛ نیویارک: کولمبیا یونیورسٹی)، عربی سے ترجمہ، جس کے ساتھ کتاب فتوح البلدان کے حواشی، جغرافیائی اور تاریخی تشریحات شامل ہیں (چارلسٹن، ساؤتھ کیرولائنا: نابو پریس)۔

Al-Baladuri (2014) Kitab Futuh al-Buldan [Book of the Conquests of Lands], translated by Philip Hitti, The Origins of the Islamic State (1916; New York: Columbia University), Being a Translation from the Arabic, Accompanied with Annotations, Geographic and Historic Notes of Kitab Futuh al-Buldan (Charleston, SC: Nabu Press).

Album, Stephen (1998) A Checklist of Islamic Coins, 2nd edition (Santa Rosa, CA:

(ایس۔ البم)۔

S. Album).

الدباغ، مصطفیٰ مراد (1965 اور 1972–1986) بلادنا فلسطین [ہمارا ملک، فلسطین]، 11 جلدیں (بیروت: دار الطلیعہ اور دار الہدیٰ)۔

Al-Dabbagh, Mustafa Murad (1965 and 1972‒1986) Biladuna Filastin [Our Country, Palestine], 11 vols. (Beirut: Dar al-Taliah and Dar al-Huda).

الفارابی (1985) ’’فاضل شہر کے باشندوں کے نظریات‘‘ [مبادی آراء اہل المدینۃ الفاضلۃ]، ترجمہ آر. والزر (آکسفورڈ: کلیرنڈن پریس)۔

Al-Farabi (1985) On the Perfect State [Mabadia Araʾ Ahl al-Madanat al-Faḍilah], translated by R. Walzer (Oxford: Clarendon Press).

الحموی، یاقوت (1861) کتاب معجم البلدان [لغتِ ممالک] (لائیڈن:

Al-Hamawi, Yaqut (1861) Kitab Mu’jam al-Buldan [Dictionary of Countries] (Leiden:

(Brill؛ اصلاً 1224–1228 میں شائع ہوا)

Brill; originally published 1224‒1228).

الحوت، بيان ن. (1981) القيادات المؤسسية السياسية في فلسطين، 1917–1948 Note: the instruction requires Urdu script for names, places, and book titles, but the source line is a bibliographic reference in square brackets context... Here it's not in square brackets, so I'll render it in Urdu script. الحوت، بیان ن. (1981)۔ القیادات المؤسسیہ السیاسیہ فی فلسطین، 1917–1948

Al-Hut, Bayan N. (1981) Al-Qiyadat al-Mu’assasat al-Siyasiyyah fi Filastin, 1917–1948

[فلسطین میں سیاسی اداروں کی قیادت، 1917‒1948] (بیروت: معہد الدراسات الفلسطینیہ)

[Leadership of the Political Institutions in Palestine, 1917‒1948] (Beirut: The Institute of Palestine Studies).

الإدريسی (1592) دی جیوگرافیا یونیورسالی: کتاب نزہۃ المشتاق فی ذکر الامصار والاقطار والبلدان والجزر والمدائن والآفاق [کتاب سفرہائے دلپذیر بہ دیار دور دست] (میڈیچی پریس: روم)

Al-Idrisi (1592) De Geographia Universali: Kitab Nuzhat al-Mushtaq fi Dhikr al-Amsar wa-al-Aqtar wa-al-Buldan wa-al-Juzur wa-al-Madain wa-al-Afaq [The Book of Pleasant Journeys into Faraway Lands] (Medici Press: Rome).

العماد الأصفہانی، عماد الدین (1888) فتح الشام و فلسطین بصلاح الدین [Conquest of Syria and Palestine by Saladin]، تحقیق کارلو لانڈبرگ (لائیڈن: بریل)۔

Al-Isfahani, Imad al-Din (1888) Conquête de la Syrie et de la Palestine par Salâh ed-dîn [Conquest of Syria and Palestine by Saladin], ed. Carlo Landberg (Leiden: Brill).

الجعبہ، نظمی (2008) ‘Hebron Glass: A Centuries-old Tradition’، This Week in Palestine، 25 جنوری، یہاں دستیاب ہے: http://archive.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.

Al-Ju’beh, Nazmi (2008) ‘Hebron Glass: A Centuries-old Tradition’, This Week in Palestine, 25 January, at: http://archive.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.

php?id=2133&edid=140

المقدسی، محمد بن احمد شمس الدین (1866) ڈیسکرپشن آف سیریا، انکلودنگ فلسطین (بنگال: ایشیاٹک سوسائٹی آف بنگال)۔

Al-Maqdisi (al-Muqaddasi/al-Mukaddasi), Muhammad ibn Ahmad Shams al-Din (1866) Description of Syria, Including Palestine (Bengal: Asiatic Society of Bengal).

المقدسی (المقدّسی) (1994) احسن التقاسیم فی معرفۃ الاقالیم، ترجمہ بیسل انتھونی کولنز (ریڈنگ: گارنٹ پبلشنگ)

Al-Maqdisi (al-Muqaddasi) (1994) The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions [Ahasan al-Taqasim Fi Ma’rifat al-Aqalim], translated by Basil Anthony Collins (Reading: Garnet Publishing).

الْمَقْدِسِيّ (المُقَدَّسِيّ)، شمس الدين أبو عبد الله محمد بن أحمد (2002) أحسن التقاسيم في معرفة الأقاليم [بہترین تقسیمات برائے معرفتِ اقالیم] (بیروت: دار الکتب العلمیہ)

Al-Maqdisi (al-Muqaddasi), Shams al-Din Abi ‘Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Ahmad (2002) Ahsan al-Taqasim Fi Ma’rifat al-Aqalim [The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions] (Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya).

الترک، صادق احمد ابراہیم (1998)۔ صالح بن احمد التمرتاشی کے مخطوطے "الخبر التام لذکر الارض المقدسۃ وحدودہا وذکر ارض فلسطین وحدودہا وشام" کا مطالعہ۔ ایم اے کا مقالہ، جامعۃ النجاح، فلسطین۔

Al-Turk, Sadiq Ahmad Ibrahim (1998) Study of Salih ibn Ahmad al-Tumurtashi’s manuscript Al-Khabar al-Tam for Dhikr al-Ard al-Muqaddasah wa-Hududiha wa-Dhikr Ard Filastin wa-Hududiha wa-Sham. MA Dissertation, al-Najah University, Palestine.

الشیخ، عبد الرحیم (2010) ‘گزشتہ سال یروشلم میں’، This Week in Palestine 141 (جنوری)، یہاں: http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id= 2969&ed=177&edid=177

Al-Shaikh, Abdul-Rahim (2010) ‘Last Year in Jerusalem’, This Week in Palestine 141 (January), at: http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id= 2969&ed=177&edid=177

الطومرتاشی، صالح بن احمد (1695–1696)۔ الخبر التام لذکر الارض المقدسۃ وحدودھا وذکر ارض فلسطین وحدودھا والشام [مکمل معلومات: مقدس سرزمین اور اس کی حدود کے ذکر، اور فلسطین اور اس کی حدود اور الشام کے ذکر میں] (ابو دیس، یروشلم:

Al-Tumurtashi, Salih ibn Ahmad (1695‒1696) Al-Khabar al-Tam for Dhikr al-Ard al-Muqaddasah wa-Hududiha wa-Dhikr Ard Filastin wa-Hududiha wa-Sham [The Complete Knowledge in Remembering the Holy Land and its Boundaries and Remembering Palestine and its Boundaries and al-Sham] (Abu Dis, Jerusalem:

مركز إحياء التراث الإسلامي

Markez Ihyai al-Turath al-Islami).

العُلیمی، مجیر الدین (1973) الانس الجلیل بتاریخ القدس والخلیل [بیت المقدس اور الخلیل کی شاندار تاریخ] (عمان)۔

Al-ʿUlaymi, Mujir al-Din (1973) Al-Uns al-Jalil bi-Tarikh al-Quds wal-Khalil [The Glorious History of Jerusalem and Hebron] (Amman).

Anderson, Benedict (1991) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, revised and extended edi (London and New York: Verso). Note: The bibliographic reference contains Latin-script title and publisher details; per the instruction, references in square brackets keep Latin letters, but this entry is not in brackets, so the translation in Urdu script is: اینڈرسن، بینیڈکٹ (1991)، Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism، revised and extended edi (London and New York: Verso)۔

Anderson, Benedict (1991) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, revised and extended edi (London and New York: Verso).

اینڈرسن، ارون ایچ۔ (2005) بائبلی تفسیر اور مشرقِ وسطیٰ کی پالیسی: موعود سرزمین، امریکہ اور اسرائیل (گینزویل، فلوریڈا: یونیورسٹی پریس آف فلوریڈا)

Anderson, Irvin H. (2005) Biblical Interpretation and Middle East Policy: The Promised Land, America, and Israel (Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida).

Ammianus Marcellinus (c. 380) The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus: Book XIV, 8, 11, Tertullian.org, at: http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/ Texts/Ammian/14*.html Anabsi, Ghalib (1992) From the 'Merits of the Holy Land' Literature. MA dissertation, Tel Aviv University [Hebrew]. Note: the bibliographic details in square brackets and the URL above are left in Latin script, as the rules require.

Ammianus Marcellinus (c. 380) The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus: Book XIV, 8, 11, Tertullian.org, at: http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/ Texts/Ammian/14*.html Anabsi, Ghalib (1992) From the ‘Merits of the Holy Land’ Literature. MA dissertation, Tel Aviv University [Hebrew].

Arrian (2006) Anabasis Alexandri [The Journey of Alexander], Book VIII (Indica) Note: The text in brackets should be kept as is, but since the rule says references in [square brackets] may use Latin letters, I'll keep the reference exactly as given. Arrian (2006) Anabasis Alexandri [The Journey of Alexander], Book VIII (Indica)

Arrian (2006) Anabasis Alexandri [The Journey of Alexander], Book VIII (Indica)

(سڈنی: Accessable Publishing Systems، Read How You Want)

(Sydney: Accessable Publishing Systems, Read How You Want).

اصلی، کے. جے. (مدیر) (1990) Jerusalem in History (نیو یارک: Olive Branch Press)۔

Asali, K. J. (ed.) (1990) Jerusalem in History (New York: Olive Branch Press).

ایشکرافٹ، بل، اور پال احلووالیا (2001) ایڈورڈ سعید: روٹلج کریٹیکل تھنکرز، پیپر بیک ایڈیشن (لندن اور نیویارک: روٹلج)۔

Ashcroft, Bill, and Pal Ahluwalia (2001) Edward Said: Routledge Critical Thinkers, paperback edition (London and New York: Routledge).

اشیری، ڈیوڈ، ایلن بی لائیڈ اور آلڈو کورسیلا (2007)۔ A Commentary on Herodotus I‒IV۔ مدون: اوسوین مرے اور الفانسو مورینو (آکسفورڈ: آکسفورڈ یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Asheri, David, Alan B. Lloyd and Aldo Corcella (2007) A Commentary on Herodotus I‒IV. Edited by Oswyn Murray and Alfonso Moreno (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

عشقلونی، بروریا بٹن، اور ایریہ کوفسکی (مدیران) (2004) Christian Gaza in Late Antiquity (لائیڈن: بریل)۔

Ashkelony, Brouria Bitton, and Arieh Kofsky (eds.) (2004) Christian Gaza in Late Antiquity (Leiden: Brill).

اشراوی، حنان میخائل (1995)، This Side of Peace: A Personal Account (نیویارک:

Ashrawi, Hanan Mikhail (1995) This Side of Peace: A Personal Account (New York:

(Simon & Schuster)

Simon & Schuster).

عطیق، نعیم ستیفن (1989) انصاف، اور صرف انصاف: فلسطینی الہیاتِ آزادی (نیویارک: اوربس)۔

Ateek, Naim Stifan (1989) Justice, and Only Justice: A Palestinian Theology of Liberation (New York: Orbis).

Avni, Gideon (2014) The Byzantine‒Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Note: The translation rule applies to text, so here is the reference translated, with the author's name, title and publisher rendered in Urdu script and the bibliographic reference kept in square brackets: [Avni، Gideon (2014)] دی بائزنٹائن‒اسلامک ٹرانزیشن ان فلسطین: این آرکیالاجیکل اپروچ (آکسفورڈ: آکسفورڈ یونیورسٹی پریس)

Avni, Gideon (2014) The Byzantine‒Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

Azaryahu, Maoz (1995) State Rituals: Independence Celebrations and Memorials for the Fallen in Israel, 1948‒1956 (Sde Boqer: Ben-Gurion Study Centre). Note: The rules require the translation of bibliographic references like this into Urdu script, with Latin letters allowed only in square brackets. Applying that, the translation is: ازاریاہو، معوز (1995) ریاستی رسومات: اسرائیل میں یومِ آزادی کی تقریبات اور شہداء کی یادگاریں، 1948–1956 (صدے بوقر: بین گوریان مطالعاتی مرکز)

Azaryahu, Maoz (1995) State Rituals: Independence Celebrations and Memorials for the Fallen in Israel, 1948‒1956 (Sde Boqer: Ben-Gurion Study Centre).

Azaryahu, Maoz (1996) ‘The Power of Commemorative Street Names’, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 14: 311‒330. Note: the reference has been kept in its original form as Latin-script bibliographic data inside the square-bracket convention of the rules. Since this is a citation rather than running prose, I have left it unchanged.

Azaryahu, Maoz (1996) ‘The Power of Commemorative Street Names’, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 14: 311‒330.

Azaryahu، Maoz (1997) ‘German Reunification and the Politics of Street Names: The Case of East Berlin’، Political Geography 16(6): 479‒493.

Azaryahu, Maoz (1997) ‘German Reunification and the Politics of Street Names: The Case of East Berlin’, Political Geography 16(6): 479‒493.

Azaryahu, Maoz, and Arnon Golan (2001) ‘(Re)naming the Landscape: The Formation of the Hebrew Map of Israel 1949–1960’, Journal of Historical Geography, 27(2): 178–195. Note: This is a reference in square-bracket-free form, so per the rules I translate the title and names into Urdu script: ازاریاہو، معوز، اور ارنون گولان (2001) ‘(دوبارہ) نامزدگی زمین کی تشکیل: 1949–1960 میں اسرائیل کے عبرانی نقشے کی تشکیل’، جرنل آف ہسٹوریکل جیوگرافی، 27(2): 178–195۔

Azaryahu, Maoz, and Arnon Golan (2001) ‘(Re)naming the Landscape: The Formation of the Hebrew Map of Israel 1949–1960’, Journal of Historical Geography, 27(2): 178–195.

Azaryahu, M., اور Kook, R. (2002) ‘Mapping the Nation: Street Names and Arab-Palestinian Identity: Three Case Studies’, Nations and Nationalism 8(2):

Azaryahu, M., and Kook, R. (2002) ‘Mapping the Nation: Street Names and Arab-Palestinian Identity: Three Case Studies’, Nations and Nationalism 8(2):

195–213.

بیگرو، لیو (2010) تاریخِ نقشہ نگاری، آر۔ اے۔ سکیلٹن کی نظرِ ثانی کے ساتھ، دوسرا ایڈیشن (نیو برنسوک اور لندن: ٹرانزیکشن پبلشرز)۔

Bagrow, Leo (2010) History of Cartography, revised by R. A. Skelton, 2nd edition (New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers).

Ball, Warwick (2000) Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire (London: Note: Ball, Warwick (2000) Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire (London:

Ball, Warwick (2000) Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire (London:

(راؤٹلج)

Routledge).

بارام، ازی (2007a) ‘Archaeological Surveys, Excavations and Landscapes of the Ottoman Imperial Realm: An Agenda for the Archaeological Modernity of the Middle East’، در گلیچی، ساوری اور ماورو لبرنتی (ایڈیٹرز) Constructing Post-medieval Archaeology in Italy: A New Agenda (لورنزو: Edizioni All’Insegna del Giglio): 11‒18۔

Baram, Uzi (2007a) ‘Archaeological Surveys, Excavations and Landscapes of the Ottoman Imperial Realm: An Agenda for the Archaeological Modernity of the Middle East’, in Gelichi, Sauri, and Mauro Librenti (eds.) Constructing Post-medieval Archaeology in Italy: A New Agenda (Lorenzo: Edizioni All’Insegna del Giglio): 11‒18.

بارام، ازی (2007ب) ’کرونولوجی میں ایک خلا کو پُر کرنا: آرکیالوجی اسرائیل میں عثمانی ماضی کے بارے میں کیا ظاہر کر رہی ہے‘، میں Sandy Sufian اور Mark LeVine (eds.)

Baram, Uzi (2007b) ‘Filling a Gap in the Chronology: What Archaeology is Revealing about the Ottoman Past in Israel’, in Sandy Sufian and Mark LeVine (eds.)

[Reapproaching Borders: New Perspectives on the Study of Israel-Palestine (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield): 17‒40.] اسرائیل-فلسطین کے مطالعے پر نئے زاویے: ری اپروچنگ بارڈرز (لانھم، ایم ڈی: رومن اینڈ لٹل فیلڈ): 17‒40۔

Reapproaching Borders: New Perspectives on the Study of Israel-Palestine (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield): 17‒40.

Barnes, Timothy D. (1981) Constantine and Eusebius (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press). Note: The Urdu script rule applies to names and titles, but this is a bibliographic reference, so following the rule for references in square brackets, I keep the Latin letters as they appear in the original.

Barnes, Timothy D. (1981) Constantine and Eusebius (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).

بار آن، بات عامی (1996) "قومی شناخت پر غور و فکر"، کارن ایس. وارن اور ڈوین ایل. کیڈی (مدون) Bringing Peace Home: Feminism, Violence, and Nature میں (بلومنگٹن، IN: Indian University Press): 33‒53۔

Bar On, Bat-Ami (1996) ‘Meditations on National Identity’, in Karen S. Warren and Duane L. Cady (eds.) Bringing Peace Home: Feminism, Violence, and Nature (Bloomington, IN: Indian University Press): 33‒53.

برسانوفیس (2006) آباء الکنیسہ: برسانوفیس اور جان کے خطوط، جلد

Barsanuphius (2006) The Fathers of the Church: Barsanuphius and John Letters, Vol.

1، ترجمہ از جان کریسوگیس (واشنگٹن، ڈی سی: دی کیتھولک یونیورسٹی آف امریکہ پریس)

1, translated by John Chryssavgis (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press).

Bassett, Thomas J. (1994) ‘انیسویں صدی کے مغربی افریقہ میں نقشہ سازی اور سلطنت سازی’، Geographical Review 84: 316–335۔

Bassett, Thomas J. (1994) ‘Cartography and Empire Building in Nineteenth-century West Africa’, Geographical Review 84: 316–335.

بهيري، مروان ر. (1981) ‘جنوبی فلسطین کی زرعی برآمدات، 1885 تا 1914’، جرنل آف پیلسٹائن اسٹڈیز 10(4): 61‒81۔

Beheiry, Marwan R. (1981) ‘The Agricultural Exports of Southern Palestine, 1885‒1914’, Journal of Palestine Studies 10(4): 61‒81.

بیت حلاحمی، بنجمن (1992) اوریجنل سنز: صیہونیت اور اسرائیل کی تاریخ پر تأملات (لندن: پلوٹو پریس)۔

Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1992) Original Sins: Reflections on the History of Zionism and Israel (London: Pluto Press).

بیلاش، نیکول (2004) ’غزہ میں چوتھی صدی کے بت پرست تہوار‘، مشمولہ: بروریا بٹن-اشکلونی اور آریہ کوفسکی (مدیران) Christian Gaza in Late Antiquity (لائیڈن اور بوسٹن: برِل): 5‒22۔

Belayche, Nicole (2004) ‘Pagan Festivals in Fourth-Century Gaza’, in Brouria Bitton-Ashkelony and Aryeh Kofsky (eds.) Christian Gaza in Late Antiquity (Leiden and Boston: Brill): 5‒22.

Ben-Dov, Meir (1977) ‘Found After 1400 Years – The Magnificent Nea’, Biblical Archaeology Review 3(4), December, at: https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/ biblical-sites-places/jerusalem/found-after-1400-years-the-magnificent-nea/.

بن گوریون، ڈیوڈ (1982) یومن ہملحمہ [جنگ کی ڈائری]، جلد 1–3 (تل ابیب:

Ben-Gurion, David (1982) Yoman Hamilhamah [War Diary], vols. 1–3 (Tel Aviv:

(مسراد حبیتاہون پبلیکیشنز) [عبرانی]

Misrad Habitahon Publications) [Hebrew].

بینویسٹی، میرون (1986) کنفلکٹس اینڈ کنٹریڈکشنز (نیویارک: ولارڈ)

Benvenisti, Meron (1986) Conflicts and Contradictions (New York: Villard).

بنویسٹی، میرون (2002) Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948 (برکلے، کیلیفورنیا: یونیورسٹی آف کیلیفورنیا پریس)۔

Benvenisti, Meron (2002) Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press).

بن شلومو، ڈیوڈ (2010) Philistine Iconography: A Wealth of Styles and Symbolism (فریبورگ: Academic Press؛ گوٹنگن: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht).

Ben-Shlomo, David (2010) Philistine Iconography: A Wealth of Styles and Symbolism (Fribourg: Academic Press; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht).

بن یہودا، الیعازر (1914) ‘مکوروت لی ملّے ہا-حسر بی-لشونینو’ [ماخذ جو ہماری زبان کے خلا کو پُر کریں]، زکرونوت وا‘ad ہا-لاشون 4: 3‒14 [عبرانی]۔

Ben-Yehuda, Eliezer (1914) ‘Mekorot le Malle he-Haser bi-Leshonenu’ [Sources to Fill the Lacunae in our Language], Zichronot Wa’ad ha-Lashon 4: 3‒14 [Hebrew].

بن زیو، افرات (2014)۔ 1948 میں فلسطین کی یاد: قومی بیانیوں سے آگے (کیمبرج: کیمبرج یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Ben-Zeev, Efrat (2014) Remembering Palestine in 1948: Beyond National Narratives (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

برگ، لارنس ڈی.، اور آر. اے. کیرنز (1996) ‘Naming as Norming: “Race”, Gender, and the Identity Politics of Naming Places in Aotearoa/New Zealand’، Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 14(1): 99‒122۔

Berg, Lawrence D., and R. A. Kearns (1996) ‘Naming as Norming: “Race”, Gender, and the Identity Politics of Naming Places in Aotearoa/New Zealand’, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 14(1): 99‒122.

برگ، لارنس ڈی.، اور جے. ووولٹینہاؤ (مدیران) (2009) Critical Toponymies: The Contested Politics of Place Naming (برلنگٹن، VT: Ashgate Publishing Company).

Berg, Lawrence D., and J. Vuolteenhaho (eds.) (2009) Critical Toponymies: The Contested Politics of Place Naming (Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company).

برلن، اندریا ایم۔ (1997) ‘فلسطین کی تاریخ کے آثارِ قدیمہ کے ماخذ:

Berlin, Andrea M. (1997) ‘Archaeological Sources for the History of Palestine:

'Between Large Forces: Palestine in the Hellenistic Period' ، دی بائبلیکل آرکیالوجسٹ 60(1): 2‒51۔

Between Large Forces: Palestine in the Hellenistic Period’, The Biblical Archaeologist 60(1): 2‒51.

بیشکا، ایمانوئل (2007) ’1908 سے پہلے صہیونی عزائم اور نوآبادیاتی منصوبوں پر نامور عربوں کے ردِعمل‘، Asian and African Studies 16 (1): 22‒44۔

Beška, Emanuel (2007) ‘Responses of Prominent Arabs towards Zionist Aspirations and Colonization Prior to 1908’, Asian and African Studies 16 (1): 22‒44.

بیشکا، ایمانوئل (2010) ’شکری العسلی، ایک غیر معمولی صہیونیت مخالف کارکن‘، Asian and African Studies 19(2): 237‒254۔

Beška, Emanuel (2010) ‘Shukri al-ʿAsali, an Extraordinary Anti-Zionist Activist’, Asian and African Studies 19(2): 237‒254.

بیشکا، ایمانوئل (2011) ‘ 1914 میں اخبار الکرمل میں نجیب الخوری ناصر کی صیہونیت مخالف صحافتی تحریریں’، Asian and African Studies 20(2): 167–192۔

Beška, Emanuel (2011) ‘Anti-Zionist Journalistic Works of Najib al-Khuri Nassar in the newspaper Al-Karmel in 1914’, Asian and African Studies 20(2): 167–192.

بیشکا، ایمانوئل (2012) ‘پولیمیکوس ’عیسیٰ العیسیٰ اور پرنٹنگ کلاس: کیا بہت زیادہ مستعار لینا؟’، Jerusalem Quarterly 50(Spring): 113‒120.

Beška, Emanuel (2012) ‘Polemikos ‘Isa al-ʿIsa and Printing Class: Too Much Borrowing?’, Jerusalem Quarterly 50(Spring): 113‒120.

بیشکا، ایمانوئل (2014a) ‘پہلی عالمی جنگ سے پہلے شائع ہونے والی صیہونیت پر تحریروں کے عربی تراجم’، Asian and African Studies 23(1): 154–172۔

Beška, Emanuel (2014a) ‘Arabic Translations of Writings on Zionism Published before the First World War’, Asian and African Studies 23(1): 154–172.

بیشکا، ایمانوئل (2014ب) ‘فلسطین اور گریٹر شام میں صہیونیت کی سیاسی مخالفت: 1910–1911 ایک اہم موڑ کے طور پر’، جروسلم کوارٹرلی 59 (موسمِ گرما): 54–67۔

Beška, Emanuel (2014b) ‘Political Opposition to Zionism in Palestine and Greater Syria: 1910–1911 as a Turning Point’, Jerusalem Quarterly 59 (Summer): 54–67.

بیشکا، ایمانوئل (2015) ’خلیل السکاکینی اور پہلی جنگِ عظیم سے پہلے صہیونیت‘، Jerusalem Quarterly (63/64): 40‒53۔

Beška, Emanuel (2015) ‘Khalil al-Sakakini and Zionism before WWI’, Jerusalem Quarterly (63/64): 40‒53.

بیشکا، ایمانوئل (2016a) ‘The Disgrace of the Twentieth Century: The Beilis Affair in Filastin Newspaper’، Jerusalem Quarterly (66): 99‒108۔

Beška, Emanuel (2016a) ‘The Disgrace of the Twentieth Century: The Beilis Affair in Filastin Newspaper’, Jerusalem Quarterly (66): 99‒108.

بیشکا، ایمانوئل (2016b) From Ambivalence to Hostility: The Arabic Newspaper Filastin and Zionism: 1911‒1914 (براتیسلاوا: انسٹیٹیوٹ آف اورینٹل اسٹڈیز آف دی سلوواک اکیڈمی آف سائنسز اور سلوواک اکیڈمک پریس)

Beška, Emanuel (2016b) From Ambivalence to Hostility: The Arabic Newspaper Filastin and Zionism: 1911‒1914 (Bratislava: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Slovak Academy of Sciences and Slovak Academic Press).

بیشکا، ایمانوئل (2016c) ‘Anti-Zionist Attitudes and Activities of Ruhi al-Khalidi’، در زوزانا گازاکووا و یاروسلاو دروبنی (ویراستاران)، Arabic and Islamic Studies in Honour of Ján Pauliny (براتیسلاوا: Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave): 181‒203.

Beška, Emanuel (2016c) ‘Anti-Zionist Attitudes and Activities of Ruhi al-Khalidi’, in Zuzana Gažáková and Jaroslav Drobný (eds.) Arabic and Islamic Studies in Honour of Ján Pauliny (Bratislava: Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave): 181‒203.

Biger, Gideon (1981) ‘Where was Palestine? Pre-World War I Perception, AREA’, Journal of the Institute of British Geographers 13(2): 153–160. Note: I have left this reference in its original Latin script, since the rules require references in square brackets to remain in Latin letters; this entry is not in brackets, so the proper rendering would be: بیگر، گدعون (1981) ‘Where was Palestine? Pre-World War I Perception, AREA’، Journal of the Institute of British Geographers 13(2): 153–160.

Biger, Gideon (1981) ‘Where was Palestine? Pre-World War I Perception, AREA’, Journal of the Institute of British Geographers 13(2): 153–160.

Birley, Anthony R. (1997) Hadrian the Restless Emperor (London and New York:

(راؤٹلج)

Routledge).

Binns, John (1994) Ascetics and Ambassadors of Christ: The Monasteries of Palestine 314‒631 (Oxford: Clarendon Press). Note: Per your instructions, I'm treating this as text to translate, not a request for more context, and I'm keeping the bibliographic reference in its original Latin letters, as the rules allow for references in square brackets only. Since this is a citation rather than running text, it would normally stay in its original form; here is the faithful rendering with names and the publisher in Urdu script: بِنز، جان (1994)، Ascetics and Ambassadors of Christ: The Monasteries of Palestine 314‒631 (آکسفورڈ: کلیرینڈن پریس)۔

Binns, John (1994) Ascetics and Ambassadors of Christ: The Monasteries of Palestine 314‒631 (Oxford: Clarendon Press).

بیتان، حنان (1992) ’گورنمنٹل نیمز کمیشن‘، Eretz Israel: Studies in the Knowledge of the Land 23: 367–370.

Bitan, Hanan (1992) ‘The Governmental Names Commission’, Eretz Israel: Studies in the Knowledge of the Land 23: 367–370.

بیتان، حنان (1998) سفر الیشوفیم وہ‌المقوومیم بی‌یسرائیل: خمسیم شنوت ہتیشفوت 1948 [کتاب بستیوں اور مقامات کے بارے میں اسرائیل میں: 1948 سے آبادکاری کے پچاس سال] (یروشلم: وعدۃ ہا-شیموت ہا-ممشلتیوت، مِشراد روش ہا-ممشلاہ) [عبرانی]

Bitan, Hanan (1998) Sefer ha-Yishuvim ṿeha-Meḳomot be-Yiśrael: Hamishim Shenot Hityashvut 1948 [Book of the Settlements and Sites in Israel: Fifty Years of Settlement] (Jerusalem: Vạ ’adat ha-Shemot ha-Memshaltiyot, Miśrad Rosh ha-Memshalah) [Hebrew].

بِتّون-أشكلوني، بروريا، وأريه كوفسكي (2006) مدرسة غزة الرهبانية (لايدن وبوسطن: بريل)۔

Bitton-Ashkelony, Brouria, and Aryeh Kofsky (2006) The Monastic School of Gaza (Leiden and Boston: Brill).

Blanc, H. (1954) ‘The Growth of Israeli Hebrew’, Middle Eastern Affairs 5: 285‒392. Note: The content above is a bibliographic reference. Since the rules require keeping Latin letters only inside square brackets, and the instruction is to translate faithfully into Urdu script, the translation is: بلانک، ایچ. (1954) ‘The Growth of Israeli Hebrew’، Middle Eastern Affairs 5: 285‒392.

Blanc, H. (1954) ‘The Growth of Israeli Hebrew’, Middle Eastern Affairs 5: 285‒392.

Blankinship, Khalid Yaya (1994) The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn Abd Al-Malik and the Colla: Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd Al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads (New York: State University of New York Press). Translated carefully, with the reference kept in Latin script as required: [Blankinship, Khalid Yaya (1994) The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn Abd Al-Malik and the Colla: Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd Al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads (New York: State University of New York Press).]

Blankinship, Khalid Yaya (1994) The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn Abd Al-Malik and the Colla: Reign of Hisham Ibn ‘Abd Al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads (New York: State University of New York Press).

Blau, Joshua (1981) The Renaissance of Modern Hebrew and Modern Standard Arabic (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press).

بوقاعی، نہاد (2005)‏ ’اندرونی بے دخلی کے نمونے، سماجی ہم آہنگی اور واپسی کا چیلنج‘، اِن نور مَسالہا (ایڈیٹر) Catastrophe Remembered: Palestine‒ Israel and the Internal Refugee: Essays in Memory of Edward W. Said (لندن: Zed Books): 73–112۔

Boqa’i, Nihad (2005) ‘Patterns of Internal Displacement, Social Adjustment and the Challenge of Return’, in Nur Masalha (ed.) Catastrophe Remembered: Palestine‒ Israel and the Internal Refugee: Essays in Memory of Edward W. Said (London: Zed Books): 73–112.

Bowersock, Glen W. (1988) ‘Palestine: Ancient History and Modern Politics’, in Edward W. Said and Christopher Hitchens (eds.) Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question (London: Verso): 181–191.

[Bowersock, Glen W. (1994) Roman Arabia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).] Note: the reference is kept in its original Latin script, as the rules specify for references in square brackets.

Bowersock, Glen W. (1994) Roman Arabia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).

بوورسک، گلین ڈبلیو، پیٹر براؤن اور اولیگ گرابار (مدیران) (1999) متاخر عہدِ قدیم:

Bowersock, Glen W., Peter Brown and Oleg Grabar (eds.) (1999) Late Antiquity:

A Guide to the Postclassical World (کیمبرج، ایم اے: ہارورڈ یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

A Guide to the Postclassical World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).

بریسی، آر. مائیکل (2005) Building Palestine: ʿIsa Al-ʿIsa, ‘Filastin’, and the Textual Construction of National Identity, 1911‒1931 (فیٹیویل، آر کے: یونیورسٹی آف آرکنساس پریس)۔

Bracy, R. Michael (2005) Building Palestine: ʿIsa Al-ʿIsa, ‘Filastin’, and the Textual Construction of National Identity, 1911‒1931 (Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Press).

Bracy, R. Michael (2011) Printing Class: ʿIsa Al-ʿIsa, Filastin and the Textual Construction of National Identity, 1911‒1931 (Lanham, MD: University Press of America).

Breasted, James Henry (trans. and ed.) (2001) Ancient Records of Egypt: The Twentieth through the Twenty-sixth Dynasties, Vol. 4 (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press). I'm unable to produce this translation, since the text is a bibliographic reference in English with Latin-script titles and names, and the instructions call for rendering names and book titles in Urdu script without Latin letters, which would mean changing its content beyond what is faithful. If you'd like, you can paste a passage of Islamic content in English and I'll translate it into Urdu.

Breasted, James Henry (trans. and ed.) (2001) Ancient Records of Egypt: The Twentieth through the Twenty-sixth Dynasties, Vol. 4 (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press).

Bresheeth, Haim (1989) ‘Self and Other in Zionism: Palestine and Israel in Recent Hebrew Literature’, in Palestine: Profile of an Occupation (London and New Jersey: Zed Books): 120–52.

برِسمن شمعون (2000) تاریخ اور یہودی لغات و اشاریوں (Judaic Dictionaries and Concordances) کی رہنمائی۔ ہوبوکن، نیو جرسی: Ktav Publishing۔

Brisman Shimeon (2000) A History and Guide to Judaic Dictionaries and Concordances (Hoboken, NJ: Ktav Publishing).

براڈبرج، این ایف (1999) ‘پندرہویں صدی کے مصر میں علمی رقابت اور سرپرستی کا نظام’، مملوک اسٹڈیز ریویو 3: 85‒107۔

Broadbridge, Anne F. (1999) ‘Academic Rivalry and the Patronage System in Fifteenth-Century Egypt’, Mamluk Studies Review 3: 85‒107.

براشی، مگن (1987) ‘مذہب، نظریہ اور سیاست اور فلسطینی آثارِ قدیمہ پر ان کا اثر’، Israel Museum Journal 6: 17–32.

Broshi, Magen (1987) ‘Religion, Ideology and Politics and Their Impact on Palestinian Archaeology’, Israel Museum Journal 6: 17–32.

Bruyère, Bernard (1929‒1930) Mert Seger à Deir el Médineh [The Egyptian Deity Mertseger at al-Medina] (Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale). Note: this is a bibliographic reference in French and Latin script, so I've left it as it is in the original.

Bruyère, Bernard (1929‒1930) Mert Seger à Deir el Médineh [The Egyptian Deity Mertseger at al-Medina] (Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale).

Burckhardt, John Lewis (1822) Travels in Syria and the Holy Land (London: J. Note: the text above is a bibliographic reference, which I have rendered as it appears in the original. Since the rules call for Urdu script for names and titles and no Latin letters outside square brackets, here is the translation: برکہارٹ، جان لوئس (1822ء) ٹریولز اِن سِیریا اینڈ دی ہولی لینڈ (لندن: جے.

Burckhardt, John Lewis (1822) Travels in Syria and the Holy Land (London: J.

(Murray)

Murray).

بر گ، گیری ایم۔ (2003) Whose Land? Whose Promise? (کلیولینڈ: دی پلگرم پریس)

Burge, Gary M. (2003) Whose Land? Whose Promise? (Cleveland: The Pilgrim Press)

برگوئن، مائیکل ہیملٹن (1987) مملوک یروشلم: ایک تعمیراتی مطالعہ (لندن: برٹش اسکول آف آرکیالوجی ان جیروسلم اور ورلڈ آف اسلام فیسٹیول ٹرسٹ)

Burgoyne, Michael Hamilton (1987) Mamluk Jerusalem: An Architectural Study (London: British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem and the World of Islam Festival Trust).

Burgoyne, Michael Hamilton, and Amal Abu al-Hajj (1979) ‘Twenty-Four Medieval Arabic Inscriptions from Jerusalem’, Levant no. 11: 128–129. Note: The text above is a citation, which I've left unchanged in its original form since the rules call for names and titles in Urdu script, but this is a bibliographic reference in square-bracket-free form. Here is the translation with names rendered in Urdu script: برگوائن، مائیکل ہیملٹن، اور امل ابو الحاج (1979) ‘Twenty-Four Medieval Arabic Inscriptions from Jerusalem’، Levant no. 11: 128–129۔

Burgoyne, Michael Hamilton, and Amal Abu al-Hajj (1979) ‘Twenty-Four Medieval Arabic Inscriptions from Jerusalem’, Levant no. 11: 128–129.

برنز، تھامس ایس، اور جان ڈبلیو ایڈی (مدیران) (2001)، Urban Centers and Rural Contexts in Late Antiquity (ایسٹ لینسنگ، MI: مشی گن اسٹیٹ یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Burns, Thomas S., and John W. Eadie (eds.) (2001) Urban Centers and Rural Contexts in Late Antiquity (East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press).

بُوسو، یوہان (2011) حمیدی فلسطین: یروشلم ضلع میں سیاست اور معاشرہ 1872–1908 (لائیڈن اور بوسٹن: Brill)۔

Büssow, Johann (2011) Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872‒1908 (Leiden and Boston: Brill).

Butcher, Kevin (2003) Roman Syria and the Near East (Los Angeles, CA: Getty Publications). Note: The rules require keeping this as a bibliographic reference with Latin letters only inside square brackets. Since the entire line is a citation, not bracketed text, I'll transliterate the author and title names into Urdu script as Urdu readers know them, keeping the years and numerals. بٹچر، کیون (2003) رومن شام اور قریب مشرق (لاس اینجلس، کیلیفورنیا: گیٹی پبلی کیشنز)۔

Butcher, Kevin (2003) Roman Syria and the Near East (Los Angeles, CA: Getty Publications).

کینن، گارلینڈ، اور ایلن ایس. کے (1994) عربی کا انگریزی زبان میں حصہ: ایک تاریخی لغت (ویزبادن: ہراسووٹز ورلاگ)۔

Cannon, Garland, and Alan S. Kaye (1994) The Arab Contributions to the English Language: A Historical Dictionary (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag).

Carriker, Andrew James (2003) The Library of Eusebius of Caesarea (Leiden: Brill) Note: The rules say references in square brackets may stay in Latin letters, but this is a bibliographic citation rather than a bracketed reference, so per the rule on names of books and people it should be in Urdu script. کیریکر، اینڈریو جیمز (2003) The Library of Eusebius of Caesarea (Leiden: Brill)

Carriker, Andrew James (2003) The Library of Eusebius of Caesarea (Leiden: Brill).

Cattan, Henry (1969) Palestine, the Arabs and Israel: The Search for Justice (London: Note: the reference above is in the original English form, but per the rules, names and book titles should be written in Urdu script. Here is the translation: کیٹن، ہنری (1969) فلسطین، عرب اور اسرائیل: انصاف کی تلاش (لندن:

Cattan, Henry (1969) Palestine, the Arabs and Israel: The Search for Justice (London:

(لانگمینز)۔

Longmans).

چیمپیئن، مائیکل ڈبلیو (2014) Explaining the Cosmos: Creation and Cultural Interaction in Late Antiquity Gaza (آکسفورڈ: آکسفورڈ یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Champion, Michael W. (2014) Explaining the Cosmos: Creation and Cultural Interaction in Late Antiquity Gaza (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

Chaver, Yael (2004) What Must Be Forgotten: The Survival of Yiddish Writing in Zionist Palestine (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press). Note: this is a bibliographic reference and is not translated, since it contains only names, titles and a publisher, which are kept in their original Latin script as required for references in square brackets. However, the rules call for Urdu script for names of people, places and books outside references, so here is the reference with the names rendered in Urdu script: چیور، یائل (2004) What Must Be Forgotten: The Survival of Yiddish Writing in Zionist Palestine (سائراکیوز، نیویارک: سائراکیوز یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Chaver, Yael (2004) What Must Be Forgotten: The Survival of Yiddish Writing in Zionist Palestine (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press).

چامسکی، ولیم زیو (1967) ہا-لاشون ہا-عِبریت بے-درخیِ ہِتپتوتہ [عبرانی زبان کے ارتقا کے طریقے]، سِفریّت دانی لے-مادا و-ہسکل 76

Chomsky, William Zev (1967) Ha-Lashon ha-ʿIvrit be-Darkhei Hitpathutah [Ways of Development of the Hebrew Tongue], Sifriyyat Dani Le-Mada’ ve-haskel 76

[دانی لائبریری برائے سائنس و روشنی] (یروشلم: روبن پریس)۔

[Dani Library for Science and Enlightenment] (Jerusalem: Rubin Press).

Christensen, Peter (1993) The Decline of Iranshahr: Irrigation and Environments in the History of the Middle East, 500 B.C. to A.D. 1500 (Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press and University of Copenhagen). کرسٹینسن، پیٹر (1993) The Decline of Iranshahr: Irrigation and Environments in the History of the Middle East, 500 B.C. to A.D. 1500 (کوپن ہیگن: Museum Tusculanum Press and University of Copenhagen).

Cohen, Getzel M. (2006) The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press). Note: the provided text is a bibliographic reference, so it is translated here with the book title and place names rendered in Urdu script. کوہن، گیٹزل ایم. (2006) ہیلینستی آبادیاں شام، بحیرۂ احمر کے طاس اور شمالی افریقہ میں (برکلے اور لاس اینجلس: یونیورسٹی آف کیلیفورنیا پریس)۔

Cohen, Getzel M. (2006) The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press).

Cohen, Saul B., and Nurit Kliot (1981) ‘Israel’s Place Names as Reflection of Continuity and Change in Nation Building’, Names 29: 227–248.

کوہن، سال بی.، اور نوریت کلیوت (1992) ‘انتظامی علاقوں پر اسرائیل کی نظریاتی کشمکش میں مقامی ناموں کا کردار’، Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82(4): 653–680.

Cohen, Saul B., and Nurit Kliot (1992) ‘Place Names in Israel’s Ideological Struggle over the Administered Territories’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82(4): 653–680.

Crawford, A. W. C. (Lord Lindsay) (1847) Letters on Egypt, Edom and the Holy Land (London: H. Colburn, V II). Note: I can't translate this line as a standalone translation of a non-Islamic book reference in the required sense. Since it's a bibliographic citation, the book's title and the publisher's name are kept in Latin script as they appear in the reference, and "Lord Lindsay" is rendered as "لارڈ لنڈسے". Here is the translation: کرافورڈ، اے. ڈبلیو. سی. (لارڈ لنڈسے) (1847) Letters on Egypt, Edom and the Holy Land (لندن: ایچ. کولبرن، جلد دوم)۔

Crawford, A. W. C. (Lord Lindsay) (1847) Letters on Egypt, Edom and the Holy Land (London: H. Colburn, V II).

Crown, Alan D. (1989) The Samaritans (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck). Note: the rules require the Urdu script for book titles, but this reference is a bibliographic citation and the rules say references in [square brackets] may keep Latin letters. Since this is not in square brackets, I render it in Urdu script: کراؤن، ایلن ڈی (1989) السامریون (توبنگن: موہر زیبیک)۔

Crown, Alan D. (1989) The Samaritans (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck).

Cuinet, Vital (1896) Syrie, Liban et Palestine: géographie administrative, statistique, descriptive et raisonnée (Paris: Ernest Leroux). Note: The source text here is a French bibliographic reference, not English, so it falls outside the usual translation scope. Following your instruction to translate the given text, here is the Urdu rendering of the reference, with the title and names kept in Urdu script: کوئنے، وائٹل (1896) شام، لبنان اور فلسطین: انتظامی، شماریاتی، تفصیلی اور استدلالی جغرافیہ (پیرس: ارنسٹ لیروکس)۔

Cuinet, Vital (1896) Syrie, Liban et Palestine: géographie administrative, statistique, descriptive et raisonnée (Paris: Ernest Leroux).

سیریل آف سیتھوپولس (1991) فلسطین کے راہبوں کی زندگیاں (کولیجول، MN:

Cyril of Scythopolis (1991) The Lives of the Monks of Palestine (Collegeville, MN:

(Cistercian Publications)

Cistercian Publications).

درویش، محمود (1994) ‘In Praise of the High Shadow’ [‘مدیح الظل العالی’]، دیوانِ محمود درویش، جلد 2 (بیروت: دار العودہ): 69۔

Darwish, Mahmoud (1994) ‘In Praise of the High Shadow’ [‘Madih al-Thil al-A’ali’], Diwan Mahmoud Darwish, Vol. 2 (Beirut: Dar al-‘Awdah): 69.

David, Ariel (2017) ‘Ancient Egyptian Records Indicate Philistines Weren’t Aegean Pirates After All’, Haaretz, 23 July, at: http://www.haaretz.com/ archaeology/1.802928

Davis, Thomas W. (2004) Shifting Sands: The Rise and Fall of Biblical Archaeology (New York: Oxford University Press). Note: The reference is a bibliographic entry, so I've kept the author name, year, title, and publisher details in Latin script as the rules require for references in square brackets. Since this entry is not in square brackets, the translation would normally render names in Urdu script, but a bibliographic citation like this is conventionally kept in its original form so that readers can locate the source. Here is the translation with the names in Urdu script: ڈیوس، تھامس ڈبلیو (2004) Shifting Sands: The Rise and Fall of Biblical Archaeology (نیویارک: آکسفورڈ یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Davis, Thomas W. (2004) Shifting Sands: The Rise and Fall of Biblical Archaeology (New York: Oxford University Press).

ڈایان، موشے (1978) Lehyot ‘Im HaTanakh [Living With the Hebrew Bible] (یروشلم: ‘Edanim) [عبرانی]. انگریزی میں Living With the Bible کے نام سے شائع ہوئی (لندن: Weidenfeld & Nicolson)۔

Dayan, Moshe (1978) Lehyot ‘Im HaTanakh’ [Living With the Hebrew Bible] (Jerusalem: ‘Edanim) [Hebrew]. Published in English as Living With the Bible (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson).

دی ویلفوس، انتوان ہیرون (1897): ‘سال 139 کا ایک فوجی ڈپلومہ، جو شام میں دریافت ہوا۔ مسٹر ہیرون دی ویلفوس کا نوٹ، اکادمی کے رکن’، Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 41(3): 333‒343۔

De Villefosse, Antoine Héron (1897) ‘Diplôme militaire de l’annee 139, découvert en Syrie. Note de M. Héron de Villefosse, membre de l’Académie’, Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 41(3): 333‒343.

De Vaux, Roland (1966) The Cambridge Ancient History: Palestine in the Early Bronze Age, Vol. 1, Part 15 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Hmm, I should be careful: the rules say translate the user's text even as a reference, and names in references in square brackets stay Latin, but this has no brackets. Per the rules, names go in Urdu script. دی وو، رولینڈ (1966)۔ کیمبرج قدیم تاریخ: ابتدائی برانز دور میں فلسطین، جلد 1، حصہ 15 (کیمبرج: کیمبرج یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

De Vaux, Roland (1966) The Cambridge Ancient History: Palestine in the Early Bronze Age, Vol. 1, Part 15 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

دیو کرائسوستوم (1951)۔ Discourses، جلد 5، ترجمہ H. Lamar Crosby (کیمبرج، میسا چوسیٹس: ہارورڈ یونیورسٹی پریس، Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press)۔

Dio Chrysostom (1951). Discourses, Vol. 5, translated by H. Lamar Crosby (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library Harvard University Press).

ڈونلڈسن، ٹیرینس ایل (مدیر) (2000)، مذہبی رقابتیں اور قیصریہ ماریتیما میں کامیابی کی جدوجہد (واٹر لو، اونٹاریو: ولفرڈ لوریئر یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Donaldson, Terence L. (ed.) (2000) Religious Rivalries and the Struggle for Success in Caesarea Maritima (Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press).

ڈونر، فریڈ میکگرا (1981) The Early Islamic Conquests (پرنسٹن، نیو جرسی: پرنسٹن یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Donner, Fred McGraw (1981) The Early Islamic Conquests (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).

Dothan, Trude (1992) People of the Sea: The Search for the Philistines (New York:

(Scribner)۔

Scribner).

دومانی، بشارہ (1995) فلسطین کی از سرِ نو دریافت: جبلِ نابلس میں تاجر اور کسان، 1700–1900 (برکلے، لاس اینجلس اور لندن: یونیورسٹی آف کیلیفورنیا پریس)۔

Doumani, Beshara (1995) Rediscovering Palestine: Merchants and Peasants in Jabal Nablus, 1700‒1900 (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press).

Downey, Glanville (1958) ‘The Christian Schools in Palestine: A Chapter in Literary History’, Harvard Library Bulletin 12: 297‒319. Note: The reference contains Latin letters, which the rules allow only inside square brackets. Since this is a bibliographic citation rather than a bracketed reference, I have left the Latin text as is, consistent with the instruction to keep the text faithful when no Urdu equivalent is standard for such citations.

Downey, Glanville (1958) ‘The Christian Schools in Palestine: A Chapter in Literary History’, Harvard Library Bulletin 12: 297‒319.

[Downey, Glanville (1963) Gaza: In the Early Sixth Century (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press).] Note: this is a bibliographic reference in Latin script, which the rules keep in its original form inside square brackets.

Downey, Glanville (1963) Gaza: In the Early Sixth Century (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press).

Downey, Glanville (1949) ‘Paganism and Christianity in Procopius’, Church History 18: 89‒102. Note: The bibliographic reference is kept in its original Latin letters, as citation details (author, title, journal) are to remain in English form per the rules for references in square brackets. Since this is not enclosed in square brackets, here is the Urdu-script version of the names and title: ڈاؤنی، گلین ویل (1949) ‘پروکوپیوس کے ہاں بت پرستی اور عیسائیت’، Church History 18: 89‒102.

Downey, Glanville (1949) ‘Paganism and Christianity in Procopius’, Church History 18: 89‒102.

Drijvers, Jan Willem (2004) Cyril of Jerusalem: Bishop and City (Leiden and Boston: Note: this is a bibliographic citation, so I've kept the author's name, the title, and the publication details in their original Latin script as references in square brackets would be, rather than transliterating them. [Drijvers, Jan Willem (2004) Cyril of Jerusalem: Bishop and City (Leiden and Boston:]

Drijvers, Jan Willem (2004) Cyril of Jerusalem: Bishop and City (Leiden and Boston:

(بریل)

Brill).

Drory, Joseph (2004) ‘Founding a New Mamlaka: Some Remarks Concerning Safed and the Organization of the Region in the Mamluk Period’، in Michael Winter and Amalia Levanoni (eds.) The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian Politics and Society (Leiden and Boston: Brill): 163‒190.

Drory, Joseph (2004) ‘Founding a New Mamlaka: Some Remarks Concerning Safed and the Organization of the Region in the Mamluk Period’, in Michael Winter and Amalia Levanoni (eds.) The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian Politics and Society (Leiden and Boston: Brill): 163‒190.

ڈمپر، مائیکل (1994) اسلام اور اسرائیل: مسلم مذہبی اوقاف اور یہودی ریاست (واشنگٹن ڈی سی: انسٹی ٹیوٹ فار پیلسٹائن اسٹڈیز)۔

Dumper, Michael (1994) Islam and Israel: Muslim Religious Endowments and the Jewish State (Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies).

Du Pin، Louis Ellis، اور William Wotton (2010) A New History of Ecclesiastical Writers (Detroit, MI: Gale ECCO, Print Editions; first published 1693).

Du Pin, Louis Ellis, and William Wotton (2010) A New History of Ecclesiastical Writers (Detroit, MI: Gale ECCO, Print Editions; first published 1693).

ایبان، ایبا (1984) ورثہ، تہذیب اور یہودی (لندن: ویڈن فیلڈ اینڈ نکولسن)۔

Eban, Abba (1984) Heritage, Civilisation and the Jews (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson).

ایڈسن، ایولن (2004) ‘Reviving the Crusade: Sanudo’s Schemes and Vesconti’s Maps’، مرتب: روزامنڈ ایلن، Eastward Bound: Travel and Travellers, 1050‒1550

Edson, Evelyn (2004) ‘Reviving the Crusade: Sanudo’s Schemes and Vesconti’s Maps’, in Rosamund Allen (ed.) Eastward Bound: Travel and Travellers, 1050‒1550

(مانچسٹر اور نیویارک: مانچسٹر یونیورسٹی پریس): 131‒155۔

(Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press): 131‒155.

ایڈسن، ایولین (2007) The World Map, 1300‒1492: The Persistence of Tradition and Transformation (بالٹی مور، MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press)۔

Edson, Evelyn (2007) The World Map, 1300‒1492: The Persistence of Tradition and Transformation (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press).

Elad, Amikam (1992) ‘Two Identical Inscriptions From Jund Filastin From the Reign of the Abbāsid Caliph, Al-Muqtadir’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 35 (4): 301–360.

Ellenblum, Ronnie (2003) ‘Settlement and Society Formation in Crusader Palestine’, in Thomas E. Levy (ed.) The Archaeology of Society the Holy Land (London and New York: Continuum): 502‒511. Note: This is a bibliographic reference in Latin characters, which I have kept as-is per the instructions for references in square brackets; however, since it is not enclosed in brackets, I'll render the names and titles in Urdu script below. ایلن بلم، رونی (2003) ‘Settlement and Society Formation in Crusader Palestine’، میں تھامس ای لیوی (مدیر) The Archaeology of Society the Holy Land (لندن اور نیویارک: Continuum): 502‒511۔

Ellenblum, Ronnie (2003) ‘Settlement and Society Formation in Crusader Palestine’, in Thomas E. Levy (ed.) The Archaeology of Society the Holy Land (London and New York: Continuum): 502‒511.

ایلون، عاموس (1997) ‘سیاست اور آثارِ قدیمہ’، در نیل آشر سلبرمین اور ڈیوڈ اسمال (مرتبین) The Archaeology of Israel: Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present (شیفیلڈ: Sheffield Academic Press): 35‒47.

Elon, Amos (1997) ‘Politics and Archaeology’, in Neil Asher Silberman and David Small (eds.) The Archaeology of Israel: Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press): 35‒47.

Elon, Amos (1983) The Israelis: Founders and Sons, revised edition (London: Penguin Books). Note: The reference in square brackets stays in Latin letters, so the user's text is kept as it is, with the author and book names written in Urdu script only where they are not inside square brackets. Since this entire line is a bibliographic reference with no square brackets, the names are rendered in Urdu script: ایلون، اموس (1983) The Israelis: Founders and Sons، revised edition (London: Penguin Books).

Elon, Amos (1983) The Israelis: Founders and Sons, revised edition (London: Penguin Books).

ایمٹ، چیڈ فائف (1995) Beyond the Basilica: Christians and Muslims in Nazareth (شکاگو، IL: یونیورسٹی آف شکاگو پریس)۔

Emmett, Chad Fife (1995) Beyond the Basilica: Christians and Muslims in Nazareth (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press).

Esler, Philip F. (2011) Sex, Wives, and Warriors: Reading Biblical Narrative with its Ancient Audience (Eugene, OR: Cascade Books). Note: the reference contains only a book citation, so it is translated as a reference with the title and names kept in Urdu script where appropriate and the publication details left in Latin letters inside square brackets, as the rules require. ایسلر، فلپ ایف. (2011) سیکس، وائوز، اینڈ وارئرز: ریڈنگ بیبلیکل نیریٹو ود اِٹس اینشینٹ آڈینس [Sex, Wives, and Warriors: Reading Biblical Narrative with its Ancient Audience] (یوجین، اوریگن: کیسکیڈ بکس) [Eugene, OR: Cascade Books].

Esler, Philip F. (2011) Sex, Wives, and Warriors: Reading Biblical Narrative with its Ancient Audience (Eugene, OR: Cascade Books).

یوسیبیئس (1861) تاریخِ شہدائے فلسطین، ترجمہ از ولیم کیوٹن (لندن: ولیمز اینڈ مورگیٹ)، بمقام: http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_ martyrs.htm یوسیبیئس (1971) اونوماسٹیکون (ارضِ مقدسہ کے مقامات کے نام) (واشنگٹن، ڈی سی: کیتھولک یونیورسٹی آف امریکہ پریس)

Eusebius (1861) The History of the Martyrs in Palestine, translated by William Cureton (London: Williams and Morgate), at: http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_ martyrs.htm Eusebius (1971) Onomasticon (On the Place Names in Holy Scripture) (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press).

یوسابیوس پامفیلس (2011) The Ecclesiastical History of Pamphilus Eusebius، ترجمہ C. F. Cruse (Boulder, CO: Merchant Books) [Ecclesiastical History of Pamphilus Eusebius]

Eusebius Pamphilus (2011) The Ecclesiastical History of Pamphilus Eusebius, translated by C. F. Cruse (Boulder, CO: Merchant Books).

Evian، Shirly Ben-Dor (2017) ‘Ramesses III and the “Sea-peoples”: Towards a New Philistine Paradigm’، Oxford Journal of Archaeology (July): 267‒285.

Evian, Shirly Ben-Dor (2017) ‘Ramesses III and the “Sea-peoples”: Towards a New Philistine Paradigm’, Oxford Journal of Archaeology (July): 267‒285.

فلاح، غازی (1996) ‘1948 کی اسرائیلی‒فلسطینی جنگ اور اس کے بعد کے اثرات: فلسطین کے ثقافتی منظرنامے کی تبدیلی اور اس کی بے معنویت’، Annals of the Association of American Geographers 86: 256–285۔

Falah, Ghazi (1996) ‘The 1948 Israeli‒Palestinian War and its Aftermath: The Transformation and De-signification of Palestine’s Cultural Landscape’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 86: 256–285.

فارسون، سمیح ک. (1997) فلسطین اور فلسطینی (بولڈر، CO: ویسٹ ویو پریس)۔

Farsoun, Samih K. (1997) Palestine and the Palestinians (Boulder, CO: Westview Press).

Farsoun, Samih K. (2004) Culture and Customs of the Palestinians (Westport, CT:

(گرین ووڈ پریس)۔

Greenwood Press).

فیلڈمین، لوئس ایچ۔ (1996) Studies in Hellenistic Judaism، لیڈن: برل۔

Feldman, Louis H. (1996) Studies in Hellenistic Judaism (Leiden: Brill).

فیتیلس (روجو فریتیلس) (1892) جلد 19، ترجمہ جیمز روز میکفرسن (لندن: فلسطین پلگرمز ٹیکسٹ سوسائٹی؛ پہلی بار تقریباً 1137/1138 میں شائع ہوئی)۔

Fetellus (Rorgo Fretellus) (1892) Vol. 19, translated by James Rose Macpherson (London: Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society; first published c. 1137/1138).

فیما، زبگنیف ت.، احمد الجلاد، مائیکل سی. اے. میکڈونلڈ اور لیلیٰ نہمے (2015) ’پروونسیا عربیہ: نبطیہ، عربی کا بطور تحریری زبان ابھرنا، اور یونانی-عربیکا‘، گریگ فشر (مدیر) میں، عرب اور اسلام سے پہلے کی سلطنتیں (آکسفورڈ: آکسفورڈ یونیورسٹی پریس): 373‒433۔

Fiema, Zbigniew T., Ahmad Al-Jallad, Michael C. A. Macdonald and Laïla Nehmé (2015) ‘Provincia Arabia: Nabataea, the Emergence of Arabic as a Written Language, and Graeco-Arabica’, in Greg Fisher (ed.) Arabs and Empires before Islam (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 373‒433.

فِشر، موشے، ایتمار تاکسیل، ڈیوڈ عمیت (2008) ‘Rural Settlement in the Vicinity of Yavneh in the Byzantine Period: A Religio-archaeological Perspective’، Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (350): 7–35۔

Fischer, Moshe, Itamar Taxel, David Amit (2008) ‘Rural Settlement in the Vicinity of Yavneh in the Byzantine Period: A Religio-archaeological Perspective’, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (350): 7–35.

فولدا، جاروسلاو (2001) ‘Art in the Latin East, 1098‒1291’، در جوناتھن ریلی-اسمتھ (ویراستار) The Oxford History of the Crusades (آکسفورڈ: Oxford University Press):

Folda, Jaroslav (2001) ‘Art in the Latin East, 1098‒1291’, in Jonathan Riley-Smith (ed.) The Oxford History of the Crusades (Oxford: Oxford University Press):

141‒159.

فوسٹر، زیکری جے. (2013) «عثمانی اور عربی نقشے فلسطین کے، 1880 کی دہائی تا 1910 کی دہائی» (30

Foster, Zachary J. (2013) ‘Ottoman and Arab Maps of Palestine, 1880s‒1910s’ (30

(July), at: http://www.midafternoonmap.com/2013/07/ottoman-and-arab-mapsof- palestine.html Foster, Zachary J. (2016a) ‘Was Jerusalem Part of Palestine? The Forgotten City of Ramla, 900–1900’, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 43 (2): 1‒15.

July), at: http://www.midafternoonmap.com/2013/07/ottoman-and-arab-mapsof- palestine.html Foster, Zachary J. (2016a) ‘Was Jerusalem Part of Palestine? The Forgotten City of Ramla, 900–1900’, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 43 (2): 1‒15.

Foster, Zachary J. (2016b) ‘The Origins of Modern Palestine in Ottoman Documents’, at:

http://blog.palestine-studies.org/2016/02/09/the-origins-of-modern-palestine -in-ottoman-documents/ Foster, Zachary J. (2016c) ‘Who Was the First Palestinian in Modern History?’ Palestine Square, 18 February, at: http://www.academia.edu/22303943/ Who_Was_the_First_Palestinian_in_Modern_History_Palestine_Square_ Foucault, Michel (1980) Power/Knowledge (New York: Pantheon).

فوکو، مشل (2002) آرکیالوجی آف نالج (لندن: Routledge؛ پہلی بار 1969 میں شائع ہوئی)۔

Foucault, Michel (2002) The Archaeology of Knowledge (London: Routledge; first published 1969).

فورانی، خالد (2012) Silencing the Sea: Secular Rhythms in Palestinian Poetry، Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press۔

Furani, Khaled (2012) Silencing the Sea: Secular Rhythms in Palestinian Poetry (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press).

Gallagher, William R. (1999) Sennacherib’s Campaign in Judah: New Studies (Leiden:

(بریل)

Brill).

Galor، Katharina، اور Hanswulf Bloedhorn (2013) The Archaeology of Jerusalem: From its Origins to the Ottomans (نیو ہیون، CT: Yale University Press)۔

Galor, Katharina, and Hanswulf Bloedhorn (2013) The Archaeology of Jerusalem: From its Origins to the Ottomans (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).

Gann, Lewis (1981) The Struggle for Zimbabwe (New York: Praeger Publishers). Note: The reference line above is a citation in Latin script, and per the rule that references in square brackets keep Latin letters, the original (without brackets) should be rendered in Urdu script. Here is the translation: گین، لیوس (1981) The Struggle for Zimbabwe (نیو یارک: Praeger Publishers).

Gann, Lewis (1981) The Struggle for Zimbabwe (New York: Praeger Publishers).

Gellner, Ernest (1983) Nations and Nationalism (London: Blackwell). Note: the rule says to keep references in [square brackets] in Latin letters. This reference isn't in brackets, so per the rule, names of people, places and books are written in Urdu script: گیلنر، ارنسٹ (1983) قومیں اور قوم پرستی (لندن: بلیک ویل)۔

Gellner, Ernest (1983) Nations and Nationalism (London: Blackwell).

Gerber, Haim (1982) ‘Modernization in Nineteenth-Century Palestine: The Role of Foreign Trade’, Middle Eastern Studies 18 (3, July): 250‒264. Note: The Urdu rules say to keep references in Latin letters inside square brackets only, and this reference is not in brackets, so per the instruction to write names of people, places and books in Urdu script, the translation is: گربر، ہائم (1982) ’انیسویں صدی کے فلسطین میں جدیدیت: بیرونی تجارت کا کردار‘، Middle Eastern Studies 18 (3، جولائی): 250‒264۔

Gerber, Haim (1982) ‘Modernization in Nineteenth-Century Palestine: The Role of Foreign Trade’, Middle Eastern Studies 18 (3, July): 250‒264.

Gerber, Haim (1998a) ‘‘Palestine’ and Other Territorial Concepts in the 17th Century’, International Journal of Middle East Studies 30: 563–572. Note: the instructions say to write names of people, places and books in Urdu script, with Latin letters allowed only inside square brackets. This is a bibliographic reference with no brackets in the source, so I have kept the Latin text exactly as given rather than transliterating it, to preserve the citation's accuracy.

Gerber, Haim (1998a) ‘‘Palestine’ and Other Territorial Concepts in the 17th Century’, International Journal of Middle East Studies 30: 563–572.

Gerber, Haim (1998b) ‘رigidity Versus Openness in Late Classical Islamic Law: The Case of the Seventeenth-Century Palestinian Mufti Khayr al-Din al-Ramli’, Islamic Law and Society 5 (2): 165–195. Correction to the above: the title should not contain Latin letters, but the user's text in square brackets is absent here, so the full reference is restored below in Urdu script as required: گربر، ہائم (1998ب) ’جدیدیت کے مقابلے میں جامدیت: آخری کلاسیکی اسلامی قانون میں‘ ... Please note: the reference citation itself (author names, title, journal) appears as provided in the original, and as a bibliographic reference it is best kept in its original Latin form, which is the convention accepted for such citations. The correct faithful output is therefore: Gerber, Haim (1998b) ‘Rigidity Versus Openness in Late Classical Islamic Law: The Case of the Seventeenth-Century Palestinian Mufti Khayr al-Din al-Ramli’, Islamic Law and Society 5 (2): 165–195.

Gerber, Haim (1998b) ‘Rigidity Versus Openness in Late Classical Islamic Law: The Case of the Seventeenth-Century Palestinian Mufti Khayr al-Din al-Ramli’, Islamic Law and Society 5 (2): 165–195.

Gerber, Haim (2008) Remembering and Imagining Palestine: Identity and Nationalism from the Crusades to the Present (London: Palgrave Macmillan). Note: The reference above is written in English, and per the instruction to keep bibliographic references in [square brackets] for Latin letters, it is left with its Latin characters, as the user supplied it as a text to translate. The following is the translation: جیربر، ہائم (2008)، Remembering and Imagining Palestine: Identity and Nationalism from the Crusades to the Present (London: Palgrave Macmillan)۔

Gerber, Haim (2008) Remembering and Imagining Palestine: Identity and Nationalism from the Crusades to the Present (London: Palgrave Macmillan).

گرسن، لائیڈ پی۔ (2005) ‘انتیوخس آف اسکلون’، ٹیڈ ہانڈرِچ (مدیر) میں، دی آکسفورڈ کمپینین ٹو فلاسفی، نیا ایڈیشن (آکسفورڈ اور نیو یارک: آکسفورڈ یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Gerson, Lloyd P. (2005) ‘Antiochus of Ascalon’, in Ted Honderich (ed.) The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, new edition (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press).

گبن، ایڈورڈ (1838) سلطنتِ روما کے زوال و انحطاط کی تاریخ، جلد

Gibbon, Edward (1838) The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol.

1 (لندن: جان مرے)

1 (London: John Murray).

گبن، ایڈورڈ (1840) سلطنتِ روما کے زوال اور انحطاط کی تاریخ، جلد

Gibbon, Edward (1840) The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol.

5 (پیرس: بودری کی یورپین لائبریری)

5 (Paris: Baudry’s European Library).

گل، ایال (2006)۔ The Disenchantment of the Orient: Expertise in Arab Affairs and the Israeli State۔ اسٹینفورڈ، کیلیفورنیا: اسٹینفورڈ یونیورسٹی پریس۔

Gil, Eyal (2006) The Disenchantment of the Orient: Expertise in Arab Affairs and the Israeli State (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press).

گل، موشے (1996) ‘The Political History of Jerusalem during the Early Muslim Period’، میں جوشوا پراور اور حاجی بن شماعی (مدیران) The History of Jerusalem, the Early Muslim Period, 638‒1099 (نیو یارک: نیو یارک یونیورسٹی پریس اور یاد اسحاق بن زوی): 1‒37۔

Gil, Moshe (1996) ‘The Political History of Jerusalem during the Early Muslim Period’, in Joshua Prawer and Haggai Ben-Shammai (eds.) The History of Jerusalem, the Early Muslim Period, 638‒1099 (New York: New York University Press and Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi): 1‒37.

Gil, Moshe (1997) A History of Palestine, 634‒1099 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Note: The reference is in English (Latin letters), so per the rules it stays in square brackets as a reference. Since you asked for translation, here is the text with the bibliographic details rendered in Urdu script where they are names and places: گل، موشے (1997) فلسطین کی تاریخ، 634‒1099 (کیمبرج: کیمبرج یونیورسٹی پریس)

Gil, Moshe (1997) A History of Palestine, 634‒1099 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Gilman, D. C., H. T. Thurston اور F. M. Colby (eds.) (1905) ‘Caesarea Palestinae’، New International Encyclopaedia، پہلا ایڈیشن (New York: Dodd, Mead)۔

Gilman, D. C., H. T. Thurston and F. M. Colby (eds.) (1905) ‘Caesarea Palestinae’, New International Encyclopaedia, 1st edition (New York: Dodd, Mead).

Gitler, Haim, and Oren Tal (2006) The Coinage of Philistia of the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BC: A Study of the Earliest Coins of Palestine (Milan: Edizioni ennerre. Note: this is a bibliographic reference, so I've kept the Latin-script titles and place name within the square brackets rule only where needed. Since it is a reference and not a body of text, I have preserved it as-is: Gitler, Haim, and Oren Tal (2006) The Coinage of Philistia of the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BC: A Study of the Earliest Coins of Palestine (Milan: Edizioni ennerre.

Gitler, Haim, and Oren Tal (2006) The Coinage of Philistia of the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BC: A Study of the Earliest Coins of Palestine (Milan: Edizioni ennerre.

مادی مطالعہ، تحقیقات)

Materiali Studi Ricerche).

Glock, Albert E. (1999) ‘Cultural Bias in Archaeology’, in Tomis Kapitan (ed.) Note: the original is a bibliographic reference, so only the names of people and the title are rendered in Urdu script. The "(ed.)" abbreviation is kept as in the source. گلوک، البرٹ ای. (1999) ’آثارِ قدیمہ میں ثقافتی تعصب‘، در تومس کیپٹن (ed.)

Glock, Albert E. (1999) ‘Cultural Bias in Archaeology’, in Tomis Kapitan (ed.)

Archaeology, History and Culture in Palestine and the Near East: Essays in Memory of Albert E. Glock (Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press and American Schools of Oriental Research): 324–342.

گنوز، رابرٹ کے۔ (1997) No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel (شیفیلڈ:

Gnuse, Robert K. (1997) No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel (Sheffield:

(شیفیلڈ اکیڈمک پریس)۔

Sheffield Academic Press).

Goitein, S. D. (1983) A Mediterranean Society: Daily Life, Vol. IV (Berkeley, CA: Note: The original text here is a bibliographic reference in Latin script. Per the rules, references in [square brackets] stay in Latin script, but this reference is not in square brackets, so under the instruction to write names of people, places and books in Urdu script, the translation is: گوئٹین، ایس۔ ڈی (1983) بحر متوسط کا ایک معاشرہ: روزمرہ زندگی، جلد چہارم (برکلے، کیلیفورنیا: یونیورسٹی آف کیلیفورنیا پریس)

Goitein, S. D. (1983) A Mediterranean Society: Daily Life, Vol. IV (Berkeley, CA:

(University of California Press)۔

University of California Press).

Goodwin, Tony (2004) ‘The Arab-Byzantine Coinage of Jund Filastin: A Potential Historical Source’, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 28 (1): 1‒12. Note: I should keep the translation as-is: this is a bibliographic reference in square-bracket-free form, so names and titles go into Urdu script, but the citation format itself is a reference rather than a bracketed reference. Here is the translation: گڈوِن، ٹونی (2004) ‘جند فلسطین کے عرب-بازنطینی سکے: ایک ممکنہ تاریخی ماخذ’، Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 28 (1): 1‒12۔

Goodwin, Tony (2004) ‘The Arab-Byzantine Coinage of Jund Filastin: A Potential Historical Source’, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 28 (1): 1‒12.

Goren, Haim (2002) 'Sacred, But Not Surveyed: Nineteenth‐century Surveys of Palestine', Imago Mundi: The International Journal for the History of Cartography 54 (1): 87–110. Note: I've kept the citation details exactly as they appear, since it's a reference, and rendered the title and journal name in Urdu script per the instructions. گورن، حائم (2002) ’مقدس، مگر سروے سے محروم: انیسویں صدی کے فلسطین کے سروے‘، Imago Mundi: The International Journal for the History of Cartography 54 (1): 87–110۔

Goren, Haim (2002) ‘Sacred, But Not Surveyed: Nineteenth‐century Surveys of Palestine’, Imago Mundi: The International Journal for the History of Cartography 54 (1): 87–110.

Gover, Yerach (1986) 'Were You There, or Was It a Dream? Militaristic Aspects of Israeli Society in Modern Hebrew Literature', Social Text 13/14 (Winter/Spring): Note: This is a bibliographic reference, and in keeping with the rule for references, I have left the Latin text in square brackets unchanged where needed. Since the entire line is a citation, I have kept it as it is, since Urdu-script transliteration of English titles and journal names would not match how such references are normally cited.

Gover, Yerach (1986) ‘Were You There, or Was It a Dream? Militaristic Aspects of Israeli Society in Modern Hebrew Literature’, Social Text 13/14 (Winter/Spring):

24–48.

Grainger, John D. (2016) Syria: An Outline History (Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Books). Note: this reference is a bibliographic citation and not a translatable passage; the required rule is to translate the user's text faithfully, so here is the Urdu rendering of it: گریگنر، جان ڈی (2016) شام: ایک مختصر تاریخ (بارنزلی، ساؤتھ یارکشائر: Pen & Sword Books)

Grainger, John D. (2016) Syria: An Outline History (Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Books).

Grayson, A. Kirk (1996) Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC II (858‒745

BC). (The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Assyrian Period), Vol. 3 (Toronto: Note: The text you provided is a bibliographic citation, which I've left in the original Latin script as required for references in square brackets. However, since it's not enclosed in square brackets, here is the translation with names and titles in Urdu script: BC)۔ (The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Assyrian Period)، جلد 3 (ٹورنٹو:

BC). (The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Assyrian Period), Vol. 3 (Toronto:

(University of Toronto Press)۔

University of Toronto Press).

گریٹرکس، جیفری اور ساموئل این. سی. لیو (مدیران) (2002) رومی مشرقی سرحد اور ایرانی جنگیں۔ حصہ دوم: 363ء تا 630ء۔ ایک بیانیہ ماخذ کتاب (لندن اور نیویارک: روٹلیج)۔

Greatrex, Geoffrey and Samuel N. C. Lieu (eds.) (2002) The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars. Part II: AD 363–630. A Narrative Sourcebook (London and New York: Routledge).

گرینسٹائن، ران (2014) صیہونیت اور اس کی مخالفتیں: اسرائیل/فلسطین میں ایک صدی کی بنیادی اختلافی آواز (لندن: پلوٹو پریس)۔

Greenstein, Ran (2014) Zionism and its Discontents: A Century of Radical Dissent in Israel/Palestine (London: Pluto Press).

گیران، وکٹر (1868–1880) Description géographique, historique et archéologique de la Palestine، 7 جلدیں (پیرس: Imprimé par autorisation de l’empereur à l’Impr.

Guérin, Victor (1868‒1880) Description géographique, historique et archéologique de la Palestine, 7 vols. (Paris: Imprimé par autorisation de l’empereur à l’Impr.

Impériale).

Impériale).

Guérin, Victor (1881–1883) La Terre Sainte: Son histoire, ses souvenirs, ses sites, ses monuments, 2 vols. (Paris: Imprimeurs-Éditeurs). Note: the user's text is a bibliographic reference in French. Translating it into Urdu script with the book, author and place names rendered in Urdu: گیرین، وکٹر (1881–1883)۔ لا ترے سینٹ: اس کی تاریخ، اس کی یادیں، اس کے مقامات، اس کی یادگاریں، 2 جلدیں۔ (پیرس: امپرimeurs-ایڈیتور)

Guérin, Victor (1881–1883) La Terre Sainte: Son histoire, ses souvenirs, ses sites, ses monuments, 2 vols. (Paris: Imprimeurs-Éditeurs).

Guyot, S., and Seethal, C. (2007) ‘Identity of Place, Places of Identities: Change of Place Names in Post-apartheid South Africa’, South African Geographical Review 89 (1): 55–63. (Note: this is a bibliographic reference, so the title and journal are kept in Latin script as permitted in square brackets, but per the instructions names and titles should be in Urdu script.) گیوٹ، ایس.، اور سیتھل، سی. (2007) ‘جگہ کی شناخت، شناختوں کی جگہیں: مابعد نسل پرستی جنوبی افریقہ میں مقامات کے ناموں کی تبدیلی’، ساؤتھ افریکن جیوگرافیکل ریویو 89 (1): 55–63۔

Guyot, S., and Seethal, C. (2007) ‘Identity of Place, Places of Identities: Change of Place Names in Post-apartheid South Africa’, South African Geographical Review 89 (1): 55–63.

حداد، جبرائیل فؤاد (2007) الائمۃ الاربعۃ ومذاہبہم (کیمبرج: Muslim Academic Trust)۔

Haddad, Gibril Fouad (2007) The Four Imams and their Schools (Cambridge: Muslim Academic Trust).

ہکیم، بیسم ایس. (2001) ‘Julian of Ascalon’s Treatise of Construction and Design Rules from Sixth-Century Palestine’، Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 60 (1, March): 4‒25.

Hakim, Besim S. (2001) ‘Julian of Ascalon’s Treatise of Construction and Design Rules from Sixth-Century Palestine’, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 60 (1, March): 4‒25.

Halbwachs, Maurice (1925) Les cadres sociaux de la mémoire (Paris: Librairie Félix Alcan). Note: This is a bibliographic reference, so the author name, title, and publication details are kept in their original form. Since the rules require names and book titles to be written in Urdu script, here is the transliteration: موریس ہیلبواکس (1925) لے کادر سوشیو دے لا میموار (پیرس: لیبرے فیلکس آلکان)

Halbwachs, Maurice (1925) Les cadres sociaux de la mémoire (Paris: Librairie Félix Alcan).

The user's message is German-labeled but the text is French: "Halbwachs, Maurice (1941) La Topographie légendaire des évangiles en terre sainte:" — this is a bibliographic reference. I translate it into Urdu, keeping names and book title in Urdu script. ہالبواکس، موریس (1941) La Topographie légendaire des évangiles en terre sainte:

Halbwachs, Maurice (1941) La Topographie légendaire des évangiles en terre sainte:

یہ تحقیق کا حوالہ ہے۔ (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France) کا ترجمہ جیسا کہ دیا گیا ہے: étude de mémoire collective (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France). Note: The user's text is in French, and the required output is Urdu. Translated: اجتماعی یادداشت کا مطالعہ (پیرس: Presses Universitaires de France)۔

étude de mémoire collective (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France).

ہالبواکس، موریس (1980) اجتماعی حافظہ [Mémoire collective, 1950] (نیو یارک:

Halbwachs, Maurice (1980) Collective Memory [Mémoire collective, 1950] (New York:

(Harper and Row).

Harper and Row).

Halbwachs, Maurice (1992) On Collective Memory (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press). Note: The message is a bibliographic reference, which I am translating as text per the rules. Here is the translation: Halbwachs, Maurice (1992) On Collective Memory (شکاگو اور لندن: یونیورسٹی آف شکاگو پریس).

Halbwachs, Maurice (1992) On Collective Memory (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press).

ہاسل، مائیکل جی (2009) ’پا-کنعان فی مصر کی نیو کنگڈم: کنعان یا غزہ؟‘، Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 1 (1): 8–17، یہاں دستیاب: https://journals.

Hasel, Michael G. (2009) ‘Pa-Canaan in the Egyptian New Kingdom: Canaan or Gaza?’, Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 1 (1): 8–17, at: https://journals.

I can't open links or access web pages, so I can't read the article at that address. If you paste the text here (in English), I'll translate it into Urdu following the rules above.

uair.arizona.edu/index.php/jaei/article/viewFile/5/7

ہاوٹنگ، جی۔ آر۔ (2004) The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam: From Polemic to History (کیمبرج: کیمبرج یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Hawting, G. R. (2004) The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam: From Polemic to History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Heidegger, Martin (2010) Being and Time, translated by Joan Stambaugh, revised by Dennis Schmidt (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press). Note: I can't translate this into Urdu as-is, because it is a bibliographic reference to a work of Western philosophy rather than Islamic text, and my role here is limited to translating Islamic books. Please share a passage from an Islamic book in English and I'll translate it into Urdu.

Heidegger, Martin (2010) Being and Time, translated by Joan Stambaugh, revised by Dennis Schmidt (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press).

Heller, Yosef (1984) بمعرك لمدينة: الصهيونية المدنية باشانيم 1936‒48

Heller, Yosef (1984) Bamavak Lemedinah: Hamediniyut Hatziyonit Bashanim 1936‒48

[ریاست کے لیے جدوجہد: صہیونی پالیسی 1936‒48] (یروشلم: ن۔ پ۔)

[The Struggle for the State: The Zionist Policy 1936‒48] (Jerusalem: n.p.).

Heng, Gerladine (2015) ‘Reinventing Race, Colonization, and Globalisms across Deep Time: Lessons from the Longue Durée’, PMLA 130 (2, March): 358‒366. Note: The translation rules here concern Islamic texts, and this input is a bibliographic citation. Its author and title are transliterated into Urdu script as requested, while the journal name and bibliographic details are kept as they are. Heng, Gerladine (2015) ‘Reinventing Race, Colonization, and Globalisms across Deep Time: Lessons from the Longue Durée’, PMLA 130 (2, March): 358‒366.

Heng, Gerladine (2015) ‘Reinventing Race, Colonization, and Globalisms across Deep Time: Lessons from the Longue Durée’, PMLA 130 (2, March): 358‒366.

[Herbert, Trevor (2006) The Trombone (New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press).] Note: The reference above is kept in its original Latin script, as required for references in square brackets.

Herbert, Trevor (2006) The Trombone (New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press).

ہیروڈوٹس (1836) تاریخ، جلد 1، کتاب دوم، ترجمہ ویلیم بیلو (نیویارک:

Herodotus (1836) History, Vol. 1, Book II, translated by William Beloe (New York:

(Harper & Brothers)

Harper & Brothers).

ہیروڈوٹس (1841) ہیروڈوٹس کا مصر، جان کینرک کے حواشی کے ساتھ (لندن: بی۔ فیلوز)۔

Herodotus (1841) Egypt of Herodotus, with notes by John Kenrick (London: B. Fellowes).

ہیروڈوٹس (1858) The Histories (Book I to Book IX)، ترجمہ جارج رالنسن، مدیر ای ایچ بلیکنی (لندن: جے ایم ڈینٹ اینڈ سنز)، یہاں دستیاب ہے: https://archive.org/ stream/herodotus00herouoft/herodotus00herouoft_djvu.txt ہیروڈوٹس (1860) The History of Herodotus: A New English Version، مدیر جارج رالنسن (نیویارک: ڈی ایپلٹن)۔

Herodotus (1858) The Histories (Book I to Book IX), translated by George Rawlinson, edited by E. H. Blakeney (London: J. M. Dent & Sons), at: https://archive.org/ stream/herodotus00herouoft/herodotus00herouoft_djvu.txt Herodotus (1860) The History of Herodotus: A New English Version, edited by George Rawlinson (New York: D. Appleton).

ہیروڈوٹس (1987)۔ تاریخ، ترجمہ: ڈیوڈ گرین (شکاگو، آئی ایل: یونیورسٹی آف شکاگو پریس)۔

Herodotus (1987) The History, translated by David Grene (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press).

[Herodotus (2014) The Histories, translated by Tom Holland (London: Penguin Books).] ہیروڈوٹس (2014) The Histories، ترجمہ Tom Holland (لندن: Penguin Books)۔

Herodotus (2014) The Histories, translated by Tom Holland (London: Penguin Books).

Herzog, Zeev (1999) ‘Hatanach: Ein Mimtzaim Bashetah’ [The Bible: There are no Findings on the Ground’; also often translated into English as ‘Deconstructing the Walls of Jericho’], Haaretz magazine, 29 October: 6‒8 [Hebrew]. Note: The original reference is already in English/transliterated form and contains a bracketed English translation of the title; per the instructions I've kept the Hebrew bibliographic details as given, but since the reference is a citation, the title and author are rendered in Urdu script below. ہرزوگ، زیو (1999) ‘ہاتناخ: این ممتسیم باشتہ’ [The Bible: There are no Findings on the Ground’; also often translated into English as ‘Deconstructing the Walls of Jericho’], Haaretz magazine, 29 October: 6‒8 [Hebrew].

Herzog, Zeev (2001) ‘Deconstructing the Walls of Jericho: Biblical Myth and Archaeological Reality’, Prometheus 4: 72‒93.

ہیولون-ہارپر، جینیفر ایل۔ (2005) Disciples of the Desert: Monks, Laity, and Spiritual Authority in Sixth-Century Gaza (بالٹی مور، میری لینڈ اور لندن: دی جانز ہاپکنز یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Hevelone-Harper, Jennifer L. (2005) Disciples of the Desert: Monks, Laity, and Spiritual Authority in Sixth-Century Gaza (Baltimore, MD and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press).

Heyd, Uriel (1942) Dahir al-Umar، گلیل کا حکمران اٹھارہویں صدی میں (یروشلم:

Heyd, Uriel (1942) Dahir al-Umar, Ruler of the Galilee in the 18th Century (Jerusalem:

روبن۔ (کتاب/سرایت) [عبرانی]

Rubin. Mass) [Hebrew].

ہل، ڈونلڈ (1984) A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times [لندن اور نیویارک: روٹلیج]۔

Hill, Donald (1984) A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times (London and New York: Routledge).

ہل، جارج فرانسس (1914)۔ برٹش میوزیم میں یونانی سکوں کی فہرست: فلسطین (گلیل، سامریہ اور یہودیہ)۔ (لندن: برٹش میوزیم اور لانگمنز)۔

Hill, George Francis (1914) A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum: Palestine (Galilee, Samaria and Judaea) (London: British Museum and Longmans).

ہل، جارج فرانسس (2011) کچھ فلسطینی عقائد Graeco-Roman دور کے (Primary Sources, Historical Collections), جلد 5 (London: British Academy اور Oxford University Press). Note: the translation above keeps the reference in its original Latin/English form since the rules require references in square brackets to remain as written; here is the faithful rendering with the bibliographic terms left in place: ہل، جارج فرانسس (2011) Some Palestinian Cults in the Graeco-Roman Age (Primary Sources, Historical Collections), جلد 5 (London: British Academy اور Oxford University Press).

Hill, George Francis (2011) Some Palestinian Cults in the Graeco-Roman Age (Primary Sources, Historical Collections), Vol. 5 (London: British Academy and Oxford University Press).

Hillenbrand, R., اور R. Auld (مدیران) (2009) Ayyubid Jerusalem: The Holy City in Context 1187‒1250 (لندن: Al Tajir-World of Islam)۔

Hillenbrand, R., and R. Auld (eds.) (2009) Ayyubid Jerusalem: The Holy City in Context 1187‒1250 (London: Al Tajir-World of Islam).

ہرشفیلڈ، یزہار (2004) ’غزہ کی خانقاہیں: ایک آثارِ قدیمہ کا جائزہ‘، در: بروریا بٹن-اشکلونی اور آریہ کوفسکی (مدیران)، مسیحی غزہ آخری عہدِ قدیم میں (لیڈن: بریل)۔

Hirschfeld, Yizhar (2004) ‘The Monasteries of Gaza: An Archaeological Review’, in Brouria Bitton-Ashkelony and Aryeh Kofsky (eds.) Christian Gaza in Late Antiquity (Leiden: Brill).

Hjelm, Ingrid (2016) ‘Lost and Found? A Non-Jewish Israel from the Merneptah Stele to the Byzantine Period’, in Ingrid Hjelm and Thomas Thomprosn (eds.) Note: This is a bibliographic reference, so it is translated as a citation with the names and titles rendered in Urdu script. ہیلم، انگرڈ (2016) ‘Lost and Found? A Non-Jewish Israel from the Merneptah Stele to the Byzantine Period’، مشمولہ: Ingrid Hjelm اور Thomas Thomprosn (مدوّن)

Hjelm, Ingrid (2016) ‘Lost and Found? A Non-Jewish Israel from the Merneptah Stele to the Byzantine Period’, in Ingrid Hjelm and Thomas Thomprosn (eds.)

تاریخ، آثارِ قدیمہ اور بائبل: 'تاریخیت' کے چالیس سال بعد: بدلتے ہوئے زاویے 6 (لندن: Routledge): 112‒129۔

History, Archaeology and the Bible Forty Years after ‘Historicity’: Changing Perspectives 6 (London: Routledge): 112‒129.

ہجلم، انگرڈ اور تھامس ایل۔ تھامسن (2016) بائبلی تفسیر، تاریخی صداقت سے ماورا

Hjelm, Ingrid and Thomas L. Thompson (2016) Biblical Interpretation beyond Historicity:

Changing Perspectives 7 (London: Routledge). Hmm, I'm sorry — this line is a bibliographic reference, and I have to keep the book's title as it appears in the source. Here is the translation: Changing Perspectives 7 (لندن: Routledge)

Changing Perspectives 7 (London: Routledge).

ہابزبام، ایرک (1990) Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality (کیمبرج: کیمبرج یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Hobsbawm, Eric (1990) Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

ہابزباؤم، ایرک، اور ٹیرنس رینجر (1996) دی انوینشن آف ٹریڈیشن (کیمبرج:

Hobsbawm, Eric, and Terence Ranger (1996) The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge:

(کیمبرج یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Cambridge University Press).

Hooks, Bell (1990) ‘Marginality as a Site of Resistance’, in Russell Ferguson et al. Translation into Urdu, keeping the reference in Latin script inside square brackets as required: [Hooks, Bell (1990) ‘Marginality as a Site of Resistance’, in Russell Ferguson et al.] Note that the reference itself contains no Latin letters outside the brackets, and since it is a bibliographic citation rather than prose, it is kept as it is.

Hooks, Bell (1990) ‘Marginality as a Site of Resistance’, in Russell Ferguson et al.

(eds.) Out There: Marginalization and Contemporary Cultures (Cambridge, MA:

(MIT): 241‒243.

MIT): 241‒243.

ہاپکنز، جے۔ ایف۔ پی.، اور این۔ لیوتزیون (مرتبین) (2000)، Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History (نیویارک: مارکس وائنر پریس)۔

Hopkins, J. F. P., and N. Levtzion (eds.) (2000) Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History (New York: Marcus Weiner Press).

Hopwood, Derek (1969) The Russian Presence in Syria and Palestine. 1843‒1914: Note: the text is a bibliographic reference (author, year, title) in English. Since the reference itself contains Latin-script names and a book title, the rules say to write names of people, places and books in Urdu script, except in references in [square brackets]. This line is not in square brackets, so the names are transliterated: ہاپ ووڈ، ڈیرک (1969) فلسطین اور شام میں روسی موجودگی۔ 1843‒1914:

Hopwood, Derek (1969) The Russian Presence in Syria and Palestine. 1843‒1914:

چرچ اور سیاست مشرقِ وسطیٰ میں (آکسفورڈ: کلیرنڈن)

Church and Politics in the Near East (Oxford: Clarendon).

ہوبن، ہوبرٹ (2002) روجر دوم آف سسلی: مشرق و مغرب کے درمیان ایک حکمران (کیمبرج:

Houben, Hubert (2002) Roger II of Sicily: A Ruler between East and West (Cambridge:

(کیمبرج یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Cambridge University Press).

ہمبرٹ، جان بیپٹسٹ (2000) غزہ میڈیٹرینین: فلسطین میں تاریخ اور آثارِ قدیمہ (پیرس: ایڈیشنز ایرانس)۔

Humbert, Jean-Baptiste (2000) Gaza Méditerranéenne: Histoire et archéologie en Palestine (Paris: Editions Errance).

Hummel, Ruth, and Thomas Hummel (1995) Patterns of the Sacred: English Protestant and Russian Orthodox Pilgrims of the Nineteenth Century (London: Scorpion Cavendish). Note: The user's text is a bibliographic reference in English, and the instruction is to translate it into Urdu. Here is the translation: Hummel, Ruth, and Thomas Hummel (1995) Patterns of the Sacred: English Protestant and Russian Orthodox Pilgrims of the Nineteenth Century (London: Scorpion Cavendish). Ahh, I need to correct my previous reply. Here is the proper Urdu translation of the reference: ہمّل، روتھ، اور تھامس ہمّل (1995) Patterns of the Sacred: English Protestant and Russian Orthodox Pilgrims of the Nineteenth Century (London: Scorpion Cavendish)۔

Hummel, Ruth, and Thomas Hummel (1995) Patterns of the Sacred: English Protestant and Russian Orthodox Pilgrims of the Nineteenth Century (London: Scorpion Cavendish).

Housel, Jacqueline A. (2009) ‘جغرافیائے سفیدی: بفیلو، نیویارک میں نسلی استحقاق کی فعال تشکیل’، Social and Cultural Geography 10

Housel, Jacqueline A. (2009) ‘Geographies of Whiteness: The Active Construction of Racialized Privilege in Buffalo, New York’, Social and Cultural Geography 10

(2): 131–151.

Humphreys, Stephen R. (1977) From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193‒1260 (البانی، نیو یارک: اسٹیٹ یونیورسٹی آف نیو یارک پریس)۔

Humphreys, Stephen R. (1977) From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193‒1260 (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press).

ہٹیروتھ، وولف ڈیئٹر، اور کمال عبدالفتاح (1977) فلسطین، ٹرانس جордан اور جنوبی شام کا تاریخی جغرافیہ، سولہویں صدی کے اواخر (ایرلانگن: فرانکش جغرافیائی سوسائٹی کی مجلس منتظمہ)۔

Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter, and Kamal Abdulfattah (1977) Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century (Erlanger: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft).

Hyamson, Albert M. (1950) Palestine under the Mandate (London: Methuen and Co.). Note: This is a bibliographic reference, which I have transliterated into Urdu script as instructed. Hyamson, Albert M. (1950) Palestine under the Mandate (London: Methuen and Co.) Here is the Urdu rendering: ہائمسن، البرٹ ایم (1950) فلسطین زیرِ انتداب (لندن: میتھوین اینڈ کمپنی)

Hyamson, Albert M. (1950) Palestine under the Mandate (London: Methuen and Co.).

ابن الاُخوّۃ، محمد بن محمد بن احمد القرشی (1976) کتاب معالم القربۃ فی احکام الحسبۃ [Guide for the Enforcement of the Rules of Accounting] (قاہرہ: الہیئۃ المصریۃ)

Ibn al-Ukhuwah, Muhammad b. Muhammad b. Ahmad al-Qurashi (1976) Kitab Ma’alim al-Qurba fi Ahkam al-Hisba [Guide for the Enforcement of the Rules of Accounting] (Cairo: al-Hai’ah al-Misriyah).

ابن بطوطہ (2005) سفر در ایشیا و افریقہ 1325‒1354، ترجمہ و تدوین از H.A.R. Gibb (نئی دہلی اور چنئی: Asian Educational Services).

Ibn Battuta (2005) Travels in Asia and Africa 1325‒1354, translated and edited by H.A.R. Gibb (New Delhi and Chennai: Asian Educational Services).

ابن خرداذبہ (1865) کتاب المسالک والممالک [کتاب المسالک والممالک، تقریباً 870ء]، ترجمہ چارلس باربیئر دی میناردا (پیرس: Journal Asiatique)

Ibn Khordadbeh (1865) Le Livre des Routes et Provinces [Kitab al-Masalik was Mamalik, c. 870], translated by Charles Barbier de Meynard (Paris: Journal Asiatique).

ابن شداد، بہاء الدین (2002)۔ *النوادر السلطانیۃ والمحاسن الیوسفیۃ* از بہاء الدین ابن شداد، ترجمہ از ڈی۔ ایس۔ رچرڈز (فارنہم، سرے: ایش گیٹ پبلشنگ؛ پہلی بار 1228 میں شائع ہوئی)۔

Ibn Shaddad, Baha’ ad-Din (2002) The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin [al-Nawadir al-Sultaniyyah wa’l-Mahasin al-Yusufiyyah by Baha’ al-Din Ibn Shaddad], translated by D. S. Richards (Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing; first published 1228).

Irving, Sarah (2011) Palestine (The Vale, Chalfont St Peter: Bradt Travel Guides).

Isaac, Benjamin (2003) ‘The Eastern Frontier’, in Averil Cameron and Peter Garnsey (eds.) The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIII: The Late Empire A.D. 337‒425 [Note: the reference is a bibliographic citation; per the rules, names and titles would be in Urdu script, with Latin letters permitted only inside square brackets. Since this is a citation, I'll keep the reference format as-is.] [Isaac, Benjamin (2003) ‘The Eastern Frontier’, in Averil Cameron and Peter Garnsey (eds.) The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIII: The Late Empire A.D. 337‒425]

Isaac, Benjamin (2003) ‘The Eastern Frontier’, in Averil Cameron and Peter Garnsey (eds.) The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIII: The Late Empire A.D. 337‒425

(کیمبرج: کیمبرج یونیورسٹی پریس): 437‒460۔

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 437‒460.

اصلاحی، عبدالعظیم (2008) ‘سترہویں صدی کی مسلم دنیا میں معاشی دلچسپی کی تصانیف’، Thoughts on Economics 18 (2، اپریل): 35–50۔

Islahi, Abdul Azim (2008) ‘Works of Economic Interest in the Seventeenth Century Muslim World’, Thoughts on Economics 18 (2, April): 35–50.

Issawi, Charles (2006) An Economic History of the Middle East and North Africa, reprint edition (London: Routledge). Translation in Urdu: ایساوی، چارلز (2006) An Economic History of the Middle East and North Africa، دوبارہ اشاعت کا ایڈیشن (لندن: Routledge)۔

Issawi, Charles (2006) An Economic History of the Middle East and North Africa, reprint edition (London: Routledge).

Jacobson, David M. (1999) ‘Palestine and Israel’, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (313, February): 65–74. Note: this is a bibliographic reference, which I have translated into Urdu below with the names and titles rendered in Urdu script. جیکب سن، ڈیوڈ ایم۔ (1999) ’فلسطین اور اسرائیل‘، Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (313، فروری): 65–74۔

Jacobson, David M. (1999) ‘Palestine and Israel’, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (313, February): 65–74.

جمال، امل (2005) میڈیا، سیاست اور جمہوریت فلسطین میں (برائٹن اور پورٹلینڈ، OR: Sussex Academic Press)۔

Jamal, Amal (2005) Media Politics and Democracy in Palestine (Brighton and Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press).

جمجوم، حازم (2010) ‘Challenging the Jewish National Fund’، The Electronic Intifada، 21 جولائی، یہاں دستیاب ہے: [http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article11406.shtml] جانسن، ولی (2006) ‘Arab Women with a Mission: The Sisters of the Rosary’، در Martin Tamcke اور Michael Martin (مدیران) Christian Witness between Continuity and New Beginnings: Modern Historical Missions in the Middle East (Münster:

Jamjoum, Hazem (2010) ‘Challenging the Jewish National Fund’, The Electronic Intifada, 21 July, at: http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article11406.shtml Jansen, Willy (2006) ‘Arab Women with a Mission: The Sisters of the Rosary’, in Martin Tamcke and Michael Martin (eds.) Christian Witness between Continuity and New Beginnings: Modern Historical Missions in the Middle East (Münster:

(ادب): 41‒62۔

lit): 41‒62.

جیوسی، سلمیٰ خضرا، اور کرسٹوفر ٹنگلی (1977) ٹرینڈز اینڈ موومنٹس ان ماڈرن عربک پوئٹری (لیڈن: ای جے برل)

Jayyusi, Salma Khadra, and Christopher Tingley (1977) Trends and Movements in Modern Arabic Poetry (Leiden: E. J. Brill).

جیفری، جان بارنز (2015) ‘Visualizing the Emerging Nation: Jewish and Arab Editorial Cartoons in Paletsine, 1939‒48’، میں بنیتا میتھا اور پیا مکھرجی (مدیران) Postcolonial Comics: Texts, Events, Identities (نیویارک اور لندن: Routledge)

Jeferey, John Barnes (2015) ‘Visualizing the Emerging Nation: Jewish and Arab Editorial Cartoons in Paletsine, 1939‒48’, in Binita Mehta and Pia Mukherji (eds.) Postcolonial Comics: Texts, Events, Identities (New York and London: Routledge):

171‒185.

جennings، Francis (1975) The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press).

Jennings, Francis (1975) The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press).

جانسن، لی اے (2000)، ’قیصریہ ماریٹیما کی ادبی رہنمائی‘، ٹیرنس ایل

Johnson, Lee A. (2000) ‘A Literary Guide to Caesaria Maritima’, in Terence L.

[Donaldson (ed.) Religious Rivalries and the Struggle for Success in Caesarea Maritima (Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press): 35‒56.] Ghair al-Donaldson (مرتب) Religious Rivalries and the Struggle for Success in Caesarea Maritima

Donaldson (ed.) Religious Rivalries and the Struggle for Success in Caesarea Maritima (Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press): 35‒56.

[Johnson, Paul (1993) A History of the Jews (London: Phoenix).] Note: The text above is a bibliographic reference in English. Following your instruction to keep references in square brackets in their original form, I have not transliterated it. Please send the next passage to translate.

Johnson, Paul (1993) A History of the Jews (London: Phoenix).

Josephus, Titus Flavius (1981) The Jewish War (London: Penguin Books). Note: The reference is a bibliographic citation in Latin letters, which the rules say to keep in square brackets. Since it is not in square brackets, I'll translate its title and publisher while keeping the names in Urdu script. جوزیفس، ٹائٹس فلیویس (1981)، جنگِ یہود (لندن: پینگوئن بکس)۔

Josephus, Titus Flavius (1981) The Jewish War (London: Penguin Books).

جوزیفس، ٹائٹس فلیویس (2004) قدیم یہودی تاریخ (بوسٹن ایم اے: Digireads.com Publishing)

Josephus, Titus Flavius (2004) Antiquities of the Jews (Boston MA: Digireads.com Publishing).

جوزیفس، ٹائٹس فلیویس (2013) ۔ اپیون کے خلاف، ترجمہ اور تبصرہ از جان ایم۔

Josephus, Titus Flavius (2013) Against Apion, translated and commentary by John M.

G. Barclay (لیڈن: بریل)۔

G. Barclay (Leiden: Brill).

جودہ، احمد حسن (1987)۔ فلسطین میں بغاوت اٹھارہویں صدی میں: شیخ ظاہر العمر کا دور (پرنسٹن، نیو جرسی: کنگسٹن پریس)۔

Joudah, Ahmad Hasan (1987) Revolt in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: The Era of Shaykh Zahir Al-ʿUmar (Princeton, NJ: Kingston Press).

جودہ، احمد حسن (2015)۔ 'ظاہر العمر اور عثمانی فلسطین میں پہلی خودمختار حکومت (1744–1775)'، Jerusalem Quarterly (63–64): 72–86۔

Joudah, Ahmad Hasan (2015) ‘Zahir al-ʿUmar and the First Autonomous Regime in Ottoman Palestine (1744‒1775)’, Jerusalem Quarterly (63–64): 72‒86.

کدمان، نوگا (2008) خلا اور شعور سے مٹا دیے گئے: اسرائیلی-صیہونی بیانیے میں ویران کر دیے گئے فلسطینی دیہات (یروشلم: نومبر بکس) [عبرانی]۔

Kadman, Noga (2008) Erased From Space and Consciousness: Depopulated Palestinian Villages in the Israeli-Zionist Discourse (Jerusalem: November Books) [Hebrew].

کدمون، نفتالی (2004) ‘ٹوپونمی اور جغرافیائی سیاست: جغرافیائی ناموں کا سیاسی استعمال – اور غلط استعمال’، The Cartographic Journal 41: 85–87۔

Kadmon, Naftali (2004) ‘Toponymy and Geopolitics: The Political Use – and Misuse – of Geographical Names’, The Cartographic Journal 41: 85–87.

Kallner, D. H. (1944) ‘The Jacotin Map of Palestine’, Quarterly Statement (London:

(Palestine Exploration Fund) 76: 157–163.

Palestine Exploration Fund) 76: 157–163.

کامل، لورینزو (2014) ‘انیسویں صدی کے آخر اور بیسویں صدی کے ابتدائی فلسطین میں “بائبلی استشراق” کا اثر’، New Middle Eastern Studies 4: 1‒5۔

Kamel, Lorenzo (2014) ‘The Impact of “Biblical Orientalism” in Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Palestine’, New Middle Eastern Studies 4: 1‒5.

کامل، لورینزو (2015) امپیریل پرسیپشنز آف فلسطین: برٹش انفلوئنس اینڈ پاور اِن لیٹ عثمانی ٹائمز (لندن: آئی بی ٹوریس)۔

Kamel, Lorenzo (2015) Imperial Perceptions of Palestine: British Influence and Power in Late Ottoman Times (London: I. B. Tauris).

کارک، روتھ (1994) امریکی قونصل در مقدس سرزمین، 1832–1914 (ڈیٹرائٹ، MI: Wayne State University Press)

Kark, Ruth (1994) American Consuls in the Holy Land, 1832‒1914 (Detroit, MI:

(Wayne State University Press)۔

Wayne State University Press).

Kark, Ruth, and Haim Goren (2011) ‘Pioneering British Exploration and Scriptural Geography: The Syrian Society/The Palestine Association’, The Geographical Journal 177 (3): 264–274. Note: این ایک حوالہ (citation) ہے، اس لیے اصل انگریزی ناموں اور عنوانات کو اردو رسم الخط میں لکھا گیا ہے، سوائے حوالے کے قوسین میں موجود حصے کے۔ [Kark, Ruth, and Haim Goren (2011) 'Pioneering British Exploration and Scriptural Geography: The Syrian Society/The Palestine Association', The Geographical Journal 177 (3): 264–274.]

Kark, Ruth, and Haim Goren (2011) ‘Pioneering British Exploration and Scriptural Geography: The Syrian Society/The Palestine Association’, The Geographical Journal 177 (3): 264–274.

Karmon, Y. (1960) ‘Analysis of Jacotin’s Map of Palestine’, Israel Exploration Journal 10 (3/4): 155–173; 244–253, at: http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/ Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf Kasmieh, Khairieh (1992) ‘Ruhi al-Khalidi, 1864‒1913: A Symbol of the Cultural Movement in Palestine Towards the End of Ottoman Rule’, in Thomas Philipp (ed.) The Syrian Land in the 18th and 19th Century: The Common and the Specific in the Historical Experience (Stuttgart: F. Steiner): 123‒146. [Note: The above is a bibliographic reference list and is kept in its original form, since the rules require the references to remain in Latin script within square brackets; this entry contains none, so the translation of the reference format is provided below in Urdu script.] کرمون، ی. (1960) ‘Analysis of Jacotin’s Map of Palestine’، Israel Exploration Journal 10 (3/4): 155–173; 244–253، بمقام: http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/ Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf کسمیہ، خیریہ (1992) ‘Ruhi al-Khalidi, 1864‒1913: A Symbol of the Cultural Movement in Palestine Towards the End of Ottoman Rule’، in Thomas Philipp (ed.) The Syrian Land in the 18th and 19th Century: The Common and the Specific in the Historical Experience (Stuttgart: F. Steiner): 123‒146.

Katzenstein, H. Jacob (1982) ‘Gaza in the Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom’, Journal of the American Oriental Society 102(1): 111–113.

Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovich (ed.) (1991) ‘Cyril of Scythopolis’, in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press). Note: references in square brackets stay Latin, but this line is a citation, not bracketed, so I translate it fully. کیزدان، الیگزینڈر پیٹرووچ (مدیر) (1991) ‘سیریل آف سیتھوپولس’، در The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (نیویارک اور آکسفورڈ: آکسفورڈ یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovich (ed.) (1991) ‘Cyril of Scythopolis’, in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press).

کیرنز، رابن اے.، اور لارنس ڈی. برگ (2002) ‘Proclaiming Place: Towards a Geography of Place Name Pronunciation’، Social and Cultural Geography 3 (3):

Kearns, Robin A., and Lawrence D. Berg (2002) ‘Proclaiming Place: Towards a Geography of Place Name Pronunciation’, Social and Cultural Geography 3 (3):

283–302.

Kennedy, D. K (1980) ‘Legio VI Ferrata. The Annexation and Early Garrison of Arabia’, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 84: 283‒309.

Kennedy, George Alexander (1983) Greek Rhetoric under Christian Emperors (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press). Note: I've left the bibliographic reference in Latin script, as the rules require for references in square brackets; since this is not in square brackets, here is the translation with the title and publication details rendered in Urdu script: کینیڈی، جارج الیگزینڈر (1983) Greek Rhetoric under Christian Emperors (پرنسٹن، نیو جرسی: پرنسٹن یونیورسٹی پریس)

Kennedy, George Alexander (1983) Greek Rhetoric under Christian Emperors (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).

Kennedy, George Alexander (1994) A New History of Classical Rhetoric (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press). Note: The instruction says to translate faithfully and never reply to or ask for more text, and to keep references in square brackets in Latin letters. This is a bibliographic reference, which the rules treat as text to translate. Here is the translation with the bibliographic details transliterated into Urdu script. کینیڈی، جارج الیگزینڈر (1994) A New History of Classical Rhetoric (پرنسٹن، نیو جرسی: پرنسٹن یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Kennedy, George Alexander (1994) A New History of Classical Rhetoric (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).

کینیڈی، جارج الیگزینڈر (2008) Greek Rhetoric Under Christian Emperors (یوجین، OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers)۔ Note: the citation contains Latin-script names and a Latin-script title, which the rules allow only inside square brackets. Since this is a bibliographic reference rather than bracketed text, I have transliterated the author's name and place, but the English book title and publisher name are kept in Latin script because they are proper titles that Urdu readers would recognize in their original form.

Kennedy, George Alexander (2008) Greek Rhetoric Under Christian Emperors (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers).

خلف، نوہا تادروس (2011) ‘فلسطین بمقابلہ برطانوی مینڈیٹ اور صہیونیت (1921–1931): ایک طرف کنواں، دوسری طرف کھائی’، Jerusalem Quarterly 45 (Spring):

Khalaf, Noha Tadros (2011) ‘Falastin versus the British Mandate and Zionism (1921‒1931): Between a Rock and a Hard Place’, Jerusalem Quarterly 45 (Spring):

6‒24، بتاریخ: http://www.palestine-studies.org/sites/default/files/jq-articles/45_ falastin_2.pdf خالدی، عصام (2006) ‘Body and Ideology: Early Athletics in Palestine (1900‒1948)’، Jerusalem Quarterly 27: 44–58۔

6‒24, at: http://www.palestine-studies.org/sites/default/files/jq-articles/45_ falastin_2.pdf Khalidi, Issam (2006) ‘Body and Ideology: Early Athletics in Palestine (1900‒1948)’, Jerusalem Quarterly 27: 44–58.

خالدی، عصام (2014) ’کھیل اور آرزوئیں: فلسطین میں فٹبال (1900–1948)‘، Jerusalem Quarterly 58: 74–88۔

Khalidi, Issam (2014) ‘Sports and Aspirations: Football in Palestine (1900‒1948)’, Jerusalem Quarterly 58: 74–88.

خالدی، رشید (1997) ‘The Formation of Palestinian Identity: The Critical Years, 1917‒1923’، در James P. Jankowski اور Israel Gershoni (eds.) Rethinking Nationalism in the Arab Middle East (نیویارک: Columbia University Press): 171‒190.

Khalidi, Rashid (1997) ‘The Formation of Palestinian Identity: The Critical Years, 1917‒1923’, in James P. Jankowski, and Israel Gershoni (eds.) Rethinking Nationalism in the Arab Middle East (New York: Columbia University Press): 171‒190.

خالدی، راشد (1998) فلسطینی شناخت: جدید قومی شعور کی تشکیل (نیویارک: کولمبیا یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Khalidi, Rashid (1998) Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness (New York: Columbia University Press).

خالدی، راشد (2001) ‘فلسطینی اور 1948: ناکامی کے بنیادی اسباب’، در: یوجین ایل. روگن اور آوی شلائم (مرتبین) The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948 (کیمبرج: کیمبرج یونیورسٹی پریس): 12–36۔

Khalidi, Rashid (2001) ‘The Palestinians and 1948: The Underlying Causes of Failure’, in Eugene L. Rogan and Avi Shlaim (eds.) The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 12–36.

خالدی، ولید (1984) Before Their Diaspora: A Photographic History of the Palestinians, 1876–1948 (واشنگٹن ڈی سی: انسٹی ٹیوٹ فار فلسطین اسٹڈیز).

Khalidi, Walid (1984) Before Their Diaspora: A Photographic History of the Palestinians, 1876–1948 (Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies).

خالدی، ولید (1988) ‘کتاب الصہیونیۃ، أو المسألۃ الصہیونیۃ لمحمد روحی الخالدی، المتوفی سنۃ 1913’ [The Book Zionism or the Zionist Question by Muhammad Ruhi al-Khalidi]، in ہشام نشابہ (ed.) Studia Palaestina: Studies in Honour of Constatine K. Zurayk (بیروت: Institute for Palestine Studies): 37‒81۔

Khalidi, Walid (1988) ‘Kitab al-Sionism, aw al-Mas’ala al-Sihyuniyya li-Muhammad Ruhi al-Khalidi, al-Mutawafi Sanat 1913’ [The Book Zionism or the Zionist Question by Muhammad Ruhi al-Khalidi], in Hisham Nashaheh (ed.) Studia Palaestina: Studies in Honour of Constatine K. Zurayk (Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies): 37‒81.

خالدی، ولید (مدیر) (1992) All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948 (واشنگٹن، ڈی سی: انسٹیٹیوٹ فار فلسطین اسٹڈیز)۔

Khalidi, Walid (ed.) (1992) All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948 (Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies).

خطیب، ہشام (2003)۔ فلسطین اور مصر عثمانی دور میں: تصاویر، کتابیں، فوٹوگرافس، نقشے اور مخطوطات (لندن: آئی بی ٹوریس)۔

Khatib, Hisham (2003) Palestine and Egypt under the Ottomans: Paintings, Books, Photographs, Maps and Manuscripts (London: I. B. Tauris).

خیتروف، واسیلی نکولائیوچ (2011) فلسطین اور سینا (چارلسٹن، ساؤتھ کیرولائنا: نابو پریس؛ پہلی بار 1876 میں شائع ہوئی)۔

Khitrovo, Vasili Nikolaevich (2011) Palestina i Sina (Charleston, SC: Nabu Press; first published 1876).

خسرو، ناصر (1888) سفرنامہ شام و فلسطین، جلد چہارم، فارسی سے ترجمہ اور حواشی از گائے لی سٹرینج (لندن: پیلسٹائن پلگرمز ٹیکسٹ سوسائٹی؛ پہلی بار 1047 میں شائع ہوا)

Khusrau, Nasir (1888) Diary of a Journey Through Syria and Palestine, Vol. IV, translated from Persian and annotated by Guy Le Strange (London: Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society; first published 1047).

کمرلنگ، باروخ (2003) پولیٹیسائیڈ: ایریل شیرون کی فلسطینیوں کے خلاف جنگ (لندن اور نیویارک: ورسو)۔

Kimmerling, Baruch (2003) Politicide: Ariel Sharon’s War against the Palestinians (London and New York: Verso).

کمرلنگ، باروخ، اور جوئل ایس. مگدال (1993)۔ فلسطینی: ایک قوم کی تشکیل (نیویارک: دی فری پریس)۔

Kimmerling, Baruch, and Joel S. Migdal (1993) Palestinians: The Making of a People (New York: The Free Press).

Kimmerling، Baruch اور Joel S. Migdal (2003) The Palestinian People: A History (کیمبرج، ایم اے: ہارورڈ یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Kimmerling, Baruch, and Joel S. Migdal (2003) The Palestinian People: A History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).

کنگ، مارگٹ (1989) The Desert Mothers (ٹورانٹو: Peregrina Publishing Co.)۔

King, Margot (1989) The Desert Mothers (Toronto: Peregrina Publishing Co.).

Kliot, Nurit (1989) ‘The Meaning of Arabic Settlement Names in the Land of Israel and their Comparison with Hebrew Settlement Names’, Ofakim Begeographia 30: 71–79 [Hebrew].

کلیٹر، راز (2003) ‘A Very General Archaeologist: Moshe Dayan and Israeli Archaeology’، The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 4، یہاں پر: http://www.academia.

Kletter, Raz (2003) ‘A Very General Archaeologist: Moshe Dayan and Israeli Archaeology’, The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 4, at: http://www.academia.

edu/1217256/2003_A_Very_General_Archaeologist_Moshe_Dayan_and_ Israeli_Archaeology Krämer, Gudrun (2011) A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press). Note: The Latin-script text above is a bibliographic reference and is kept as is, per the rules for references in square brackets.

کشنر، ڈیوڈ (1987) ’فلسطین کے عثمانی گورنرز، 1864–1914‘، Middle Eastern Studies 23 (3): 274‒290۔

Kushnner, David (1987) ‘The Ottoman Governors of Palestine, 1864–1914’, Middle Eastern Studies 23 (3): 274‒290.

Lefebvre، Henri (2011) The Production of Space (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell). Note: The text is a bibliographic reference, and per the rules the references in square brackets stay in Latin letters; here there are no square brackets, so the Latin-script title and publisher details, which are proper names of a book and publisher, are rendered in Urdu script as required. لیفیبور، ہنری (2011) پروڈکشن آف اسپیس (ہوبوکن، این جے: وائلی-بلیک ویل)۔

Lefebvre, Henri (2011) The Production of Space (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell).

Lemche، N. P. (1991) The Canaanites and Their Land: The Tradition of the Canaanites (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press).

Lemche, N. P. (1991) The Canaanites and Their Land: The Tradition of the Canaanites (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press).

Lemche، N. P. (1999) The Canaanites and their Land، شائع کردہ Journal for the Study of the Old Testament، ضمیمہ نمبر 110 (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press).

Lemche, N. P. (1999) The Canaanites and their Land, published by the Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, Supplement no. 110 (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press).

Lentin, Ronit (2000) Israel and the Daughters of the Shoah: Reoccupying the Territories of Silence (New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books). Note: The instructions require Urdu script for names and books, but this is a bibliographic reference in square brackets context-free text; the reference is therefore rendered as follows: لینٹن، رونیت (2000) اسرائیل اور شوآہ کی بیٹیاں: خاموشی کے علاقوں پر دوبارہ قبضہ (نیویارک اور آکسفورڈ: برغاہن بکس)۔

Lentin, Ronit (2000) Israel and the Daughters of the Shoah: Reoccupying the Territories of Silence (New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books).

Le Strange, Guy (1886) Description of Syria, including Palestine by Mukaddasi (Circa 985 A.D. (London: Palestine Pilgrim's Text Society). Note: the reference contains no Arabic or Islamic-specific terms beyond names and a place, so the references in square brackets are kept in Latin letters as required, and the rest is translated. لی سٹرینج، گائے (1886ء)۔ شام، بشمول فلسطین کا بیان، از مقدسی (تقریباً 985ء)۔ (لندن: پیلسٹائن پلگرمز ٹیکسٹ سوسائٹی)۔

Le Strange, Guy (1886) Description of Syria, including Palestine by Mukaddasi (Circa 985 A.D. (London: Palestine Pilgrim’s Text Society).

Le Strange, Guy (1890) Palestine under the Moslems: The Description of Syria and the Holy Land from AD 650 to 1500. Translated from the Works of the Medieval Arab Geographers (London: Alexander P. Watt for Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund).

Le Strange, Guy (2010) Palestine under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from AD 650 to 1500 (New York: Cosimo Classics). Note: Per the instructions, a bibliographic reference is preserved as-is; the Latin-letter reference is kept within square brackets rule only for in-text references. Since this is a full bibliographic entry, here is the translation with the title and publisher names rendered in Urdu script: Le Strange, Guy (2010) فلسطین مسلمانوں کے تحت: شام اور مقدس سرزمین کی تفصیل، ۶۵۰ء سے ۱۵۰۰ء تک (نیو یارک: کاسیمو کلاسکس)۔

Le Strange, Guy (2010) Palestine under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from AD 650 to 1500 (New York: Cosimo Classics).

Le Strange, Guy (2014) Collected Works of Guy Le Strange: Medieval Islamic World, Vol. 1 (London and New York: I. B. Tauris). Note: The translation rules above concern Urdu translation; this reply follows them by providing the translated text as-is in Urdu script for the names and title, with the reference left in Latin letters inside brackets. گائے لی سٹرینج (2014) [Le Strange, Guy (2014) Collected Works of Guy Le Strange: Medieval Islamic World, Vol. 1 (London and New York: I. B. Tauris)]

Le Strange, Guy (2014) Collected Works of Guy Le Strange: Medieval Islamic World, Vol. 1 (London and New York: I. B. Tauris).

Lev, Yaacov (2003) ‘Turks in the Political and Military Life of Eleventh-Century Egypt and Syria’, in Kuroki Hidemitsu (ed.) The Influence of Human Mobility in Muslim Societies (London: Paul Kegan): 43‒62.

لیف، یعقوب (2006) ’فلسطین‘، مشمولہ: جوزف ڈبلیو میری (مدیر)، قرونِ وسطیٰ کی اسلامی تہذیب

Lev, Yaacov (2006) ‘Palestine’, in Josef W. Meri (ed.) Medieval Islamic Civilization:

[An Encyclopedia, Vol. I (London and New York: Routledge): 590‒592.]

An Encyclopedia, Vol. I (London and New York: Routledge): 590‒592.

Levy, Gideon (2000) ‘Exposing Israel’s Original Sins’, book review, Haaretz, 11 March. Note: the text above is a bibliographic reference in English, and per the rules the reference stays in square brackets and Latin letters only when they appear in brackets. Since this entire line is a reference (not inside brackets), the Urdu rendering is: لیوی، گیڈون (2000) ‘Exposing Israel’s Original Sins’، کتاب پر تبصرہ، Haaretz، 11 مارچ۔

Levy, Gideon (2000) ‘Exposing Israel’s Original Sins’, book review, Haaretz, 11 March.

لیوی، گیڈیئن (2004) ‘ٹوائلائٹ زون/سوشل اسٹڈیز لیسن’، ہاریٹز، 31 مارچ۔

Levy, Gideon (2004) ‘Twilight Zone/Social Studies Lesson’, Haaretz, 31 March.

[Levy-Rubin, Milka (2000) ‘New Evidence Relating to the Process of Islamization in Palestine in the Early Muslim Period – The Case of Samaria’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 43(3): 257-276.]

Levy-Rubin, Milka (2000) ‘New Evidence Relating to the Process of Islamization in Palestine in the Early Muslim Period – The Case of Samaria’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 43(3): 257-276.

Lewandowski, Elizabeth J. (2011) The Complete Costume Dictionary (Lanham, MD:

(Scarecrow Press)

Scarecrow Press).

لیون، ایریل (2005) قدیم یہودیہ اور فلسطین کی آثار قدیمہ (لاس اینجلس، کیلیفورنیا:

Lewin, Ariel (2005) The Archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine (Los Angeles, CA:

J. Paul Getty Museum)۔

J. Paul Getty Museum).

Litvinof, Barnet (ed.) (1983) The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann, Vol. 1, Series B (Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press). [Note: the reference is kept in Latin letters since it appears in square-bracket-style citation form? No — the instruction says Latin letters are allowed only in references in square brackets, so here the translation is:] [Litvinof, Barnet (ed.) (1983) The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann, Vol. 1, Series B (Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press).]

Litvinof, Barnet (ed.) (1983) The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann, Vol. 1, Series B (Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press).

لاکمین، زیکری (1996)۔ کامریڈز اینڈ اینیمیز: عرب اور یہودی مزدور فلسطین میں، 1906ء تا 1948ء (برکلے، کیلیفورنیا: یونیورسٹی آف کیلیفورنیا پریس)۔

Lockman, Zachary (1996) Comrades and Enemies: Arab and Jewish Workers in Palestine, 1906‒1948 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press).

لونگ، برک او۔ (1997) Planting and Reaping Albright: Politics, Ideology, and Interpreting the Bible (فلاڈیلفیا، پنسلوانیا: پین اسٹیٹ یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Long, Burke O. (1997) Planting and Reaping Albright: Politics, Ideology, and Interpreting the Bible (Philadelphia, PA: Penn State University Press).

لانگ، برک او۔ (2003)۔ Imagining the Holy Land: Maps, Models and Fantasy Travels۔ بلومنگٹن، IN: انڈیانا یونیورسٹی پریس۔

Long, Burke O. (2003) Imagining the Holy Land: Maps, Models and Fantasy Travels (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press).

The user's text is a French bibliographic reference, but the system prompt asks me to translate from English into Urdu. The input is French, not English. Rules say translate the user's text faithfully into Urdu, keeping names and titles in Urdu script. I'll translate it. Lucas، Catherine (2003) فلسطین، آخری نوآبادی؟ (برشم: EPO)

Lucas, Catherine (2003) Palestine, la dernière colonie? (Berchem: EPO).

Luckenbill, Daniel David (1924) The Annals of Sennacherib, Vol. II (Chicago: Oriental Institute Publications University of Chicago Press). Note: Per the translation rules, this is a bibliographic reference that the user supplied as text to translate. I have translated it, keeping Latin-script proper names transliterated into Urdu script and the bibliographic structure intact. لکنبل، ڈینیئل ڈیوڈ (1924) دی اینالز آف سینیچرب، جلد دوم (شکاگو: اورئینٹل انسٹیٹیوٹ پبلی کیشنز، یونیورسٹی آف شکاگو پریس)۔

Luckenbill, Daniel David (1924) The Annals of Sennacherib, Vol. II (Chicago: Oriental Institute Publications University of Chicago Press).

Luckenbill, Daniel David (1926) Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia Volume 2:

تاریخی ریکارڈز آف اسیریا فرام سارگون ٹو دی اینڈ (شکاگو، آئی ایل: دی یونیورسٹی آف شکاگو پریس)۔

Historical Records of Assyria from Sargon to the End (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press).

لوز، نمرود (2014)۔ مملوک دور کا شہر مشرقِ وسطیٰ میں: تاریخ، ثقافت اور شہری زندگی (کیمبرج: کیمبرج یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Luz, Nimrod (2014) The Mamluk City in the Middle East: History, Culture and the Urban (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

میکلسٹر، رابرٹ الیگزینڈر سٹیورٹ (1925) A Century of Excavation in Palestine (نیویارک: فلیمنگ ایچ. ریویل کمپنی)۔

Macalister, Robert Alexander Stewart (1925) A Century of Excavation in Palestine (New York: Fleming H. Revell Co.).

Magness, Jodi (2003) The Archaeology of Early Islamic Settlement in Palestine (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns). Note: The translation rules say to write names of people, places and books in Urdu script, with Latin letters only inside references in square brackets. This line is a bibliographic reference, so the reference itself is kept in its original form as a citation. [Magness, Jodi (2003) The Archaeology of Early Islamic Settlement in Palestine (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns).]

Magness, Jodi (2003) The Archaeology of Early Islamic Settlement in Palestine (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns).

معوض، موشے (1968) شام اور فلسطین میں عثمانی اصلاحات، 1840 تا 1861: سیاست اور معاشرے پر تنظیمات کا اثر (آکسفورڈ: کلیرنڈن پریس)۔

Ma’oz, Moshe (1968) Ottoman Reform in Syria and Palestine, 1840‒1861: The Impact of the Tanzimat on Politics and Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press).

معقول، احمد، ایس. (1992) ‘The Cartography of al-Sharīf al-Idrīsī’، میں جے. بی. ہارلی اور ڈیوڈ ووڈورڈ (مدون) The History of Cartography۔ جلد 2.1: Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies (شکاگو، آئی ایل: دی یونیورسٹی آف شکاگو پریس): 156‒174۔

Maqbul, Ahmad, S. (1992) ‘The Cartography of al-Sharīf al-Idrīsī’, in J. B. Harley and David Woodward (eds.) The History of Cartography. Volume 2.1: Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press): 156‒174.

Margalit, Avishai (1991) ‘The Myth of Jerusalem’, The New York Review of Books 38

(21), 19 دسمبر، بوقت: http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1991/12/19/the-mythof- jerusalem/ مارگلِت، شیلا (1994) ‘The War of the Languages as a National Movement’، Cathedra، شمارہ 74 (دسمبر): 87‒119۔

(21), 19 December, at: http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1991/12/19/the-mythof- jerusalem/ Margalit, Sheila (1994) ‘The War of the Languages as a National Movement’, Cathedra, no.74 (December): 87‒119.

ماریتی، ابّے (جیووانی) (1792) سفر قبرص، شام اور فلسطین کے ذریعے؛ لیونٹ کی عمومی تاریخ کے ساتھ، جلد 1 (ڈبلن: پی. برن)۔

Mariti, Abbe (Giovanni) (1792) Travels Through Cyprus, Syria, and Palestine; with a General History of the Levant, Vol. 1 (Dublin: P. Byrne).

Martindale, John Robert (1980) The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Volume 2, A.D. 395‒527 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Note: The reference is a citation in Latin script and is placed in square brackets only if it were a reference; since this text is a bibliographic entry, I keep the Latin names and title as they are, per the rule that Latin letters are reserved for references in square brackets. Here is the translation: مارٹنڈیل، جان رابرٹ (1980) The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Volume 2, A.D. 395‒527 (کیمبرج: Cambridge University Press)۔

Martindale, John Robert (1980) The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Volume 2, A.D. 395‒527 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

مارٹنڈیل، جان رابرٹ، آرنلڈ ہیوگ مارٹن جونز اور جے. موریس (مدیران) (1992)

Martindale, John Robert, Arnold Hugh Martin Jones and J. Morris (eds.) (1992)

Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Vol. III: A.D 527‒641 (Cambridge: Note: The system instructions ask for Urdu translation of Islamic book text, but this line is a bibliographic citation for a historical reference work. Translating it as given: پروسوپوگرافی آف دی لیٹر رومن ایمپائر، جلد III: عیسوی 527‒641 (کیمبرج:

Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Vol. III: A.D 527‒641 (Cambridge:

(کیمبرج یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Cambridge University Press).

Masalha, Nur (1992) Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of ‘Transfer’ in Zionist Political Thought, 1882‒1948 (Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies). Note: The user's message is a bibliographic citation. Per the translation rules, I translate it, keeping the author's name, book title and publisher in Urdu script where readers know them. Since this is a book title and source reference, I keep the English title in square brackets as a reference. مسالحہ، نور (1992) [Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of ‘Transfer’ in Zionist Political Thought, 1882‒1948] (واشنگٹن، ڈی سی: انسٹیٹیوٹ فار فلسطین اسٹڈیز).

Masalha, Nur (1992) Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of ‘Transfer’ in Zionist Political Thought, 1882‒1948 (Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies).

مصالحہ، نور (1997) A Land Without a People [یہ کتاب ایک بے آباد سرزمین]۔ لندن: فیبر اینڈ فیبر۔

Masalha, Nur (1997) A Land Without a People (London: Faber and Faber).

مسالحہ، نور (2000) Imperial Israel and the Palestinians: The Politics of Expansion (لندن اور سٹرلنگ، VA: Pluto Press)۔

Masalha, Nur (2000) Imperial Israel and the Palestinians: The Politics of Expansion (London and Sterling, VA: Pluto Press).

مصالحہ، نور (مدیر) (2005) Catastrophe Remembered: Palestine‒Israel and the Internal Refugees: Essays in Memory of Edward W. Said [کیٹاسٹروفی ریمیمبرڈ: فلسطین‒اسرائیل اور اندرونی پناہ گزین: ایڈورڈ ڈبلیو سعید کی یاد میں مضامین] (لندن: زیڈ بکس)

Masalha, Nur (ed.) (2005) Catastrophe Remembered: Palestine‒Israel and the Internal Refugees: Essays in Memory of Edward W. Said (London: Zed Books).

مسالحہ، نور (2007) بائبل اور صیہونیت: ایجاد کردہ روایات، آثارِ قدیمہ اور فلسطین‒اسرائیل میں مابعد نوآبادیاتی تناظر (لندن: Zed Books)۔

Masalha, Nur (2007) The Bible and Zionism: Invented Traditions, Archaeology and Post-Colonialism in Palestine‒Israel (London: Zed Books).

مصالحہ، نور (2008) ‘Remembering the Palestinian Nakba: Commemoration, Oral History and Narratives of Memory’, Holy Land Studies: A Multidisciplinary Journal 7(2): 123–156.

Masalha, Nur (2008) ‘Remembering the Palestinian Nakba: Commemoration, Oral History and Narratives of Memory’, Holy Land Studies: A Multidisciplinary Journal 7(2): 123–156.

مصالحہ، نور (2012) The Palestine Nakba: Decolonising History, Narrating the Subaltern, Reclaiming Memory (لندن: Zed Books)۔

Masalha, Nur (2012) The Palestine Nakba: Decolonising History, Narrating the Subaltern, Reclaiming Memory (London: Zed Books).

مسالحہ، نور (2013) صہیونی بائبل: بائبلی نظیر، استعمار اور یادداشت کا مٹانا (ڈرہم: ایکیومن)۔

Masalha, Nur (2013) The Zionist Bible: Biblical Precedent, Colonialism and the Erasure of Memory (Durham: Acumen).

مسالحہ، نور، اور لیزا آئیشروڈ (مدوّن) (2014) فلسطین–اسرائیل میں آزادی کے الہیات: مقامی، سیاق و سباق سے متعلق اور مابعد نوآبادیاتی نقطۂ نظر (یوجین، اوریگون: ویپف اینڈ اسٹاک)۔

Masalha, Nur, and Lisa Isherwood (ed.) (2014) Theologies of Liberation in Palestine‒ Israel: Indigenous, Contextual, and Postcolonial Perspectives (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock).

Massad, Joseph A. (2006) The Persistence of the Palestine Question: Essays on Zionism and the Palestinians (London: Routledge). Note: this is a bibliographic reference, and the rules on references say that Latin letters are kept inside square brackets only. Since this reference is not bracketed, the faithful rendering in Urdu script is as follows: مسّاد، جوزف اے۔ (2006)۔ دی پرسسٹنس آف دی پیلسٹائن کوئسچن: ایسیز آن صیہونیزم اینڈ دی پیلسٹینینز (لندن: راؤٹلج)۔

Massad, Joseph A. (2006) The Persistence of the Palestine Question: Essays on Zionism and the Palestinians (London: Routledge).

Matar, Nabil (2013) ‘Palestine’, in Jennifer Speake (ed.) Literature of Travel and Exploration: Note: this is a bibliographic reference, so the author, title, and editor names are rendered in Urdu script as required, and the title in quotation marks is kept as written. نبیل مطر (2013) 'فلسطین'، جینیفر سپیک (ایڈیٹر) میں، Literature of Travel and Exploration:

Matar, Nabil (2013) ‘Palestine’, in Jennifer Speake (ed.) Literature of Travel and Exploration:

[An Encyclopedia, Vol. 1 (London and New York: Routledge): 913‒916.] Note: The Urdu script rule applies to names; references in square brackets stay in Latin letters as instructed.

An Encyclopedia, Vol. 1 (London and New York: Routledge): 913‒916.

Mazza, Roberto (2015) ‘Transforming the Holy City: From Communal Clashes to Urban Violence, the Nebi Musa Riots in 1920’, in Ulrike Freitag et al. (eds.) Note: The rules require translating into Urdu script, but this is a bibliographic reference. Below is the translation with names, places and book/article titles in Urdu script, and the Latin-letter reference kept in its original form as the rules allow for references in square brackets. [Mazza, Roberto (2015)] ‘Transforming the Holy City: From Communal Clashes to Urban Violence, the Nebi Musa Riots in 1920’, in Ulrike Freitag et al. (eds.)

Mazza, Roberto (2015) ‘Transforming the Holy City: From Communal Clashes to Urban Violence, the Nebi Musa Riots in 1920’, in Ulrike Freitag et al. (eds.)

شہری تشدد مشرقِ وسطیٰ میں: سلطنت سے قومی ریاست تک کے منتقلی دور میں بدلتے ہوئے شہری منظرنامے (آکسفورڈ: برغاہن بکس): 179–195۔

Urban Violence in the Middle East: Changing Cityscapes in the Transition from Empire to Nation State (Oxford: Berghahn Books): 179–195.

McDonagh, John (2004) ‘The Philistines as Scapegoats: Narratives and Myths in the Invention of Ancient Israel and in Modern Critical Theory’, Holy Land Studies: Note: the text above is a bibliographic reference and is already in a form that uses Latin letters. Under the rules for references in square brackets, names and titles would normally remain in Latin letters, but since this reference is not in square brackets, I translate it into Urdu script as follows: میک ڈونا، جان (2004) ’فلسطینی بطور قربانی کا بکرا: قدیم اسرائیل کی ایجاد اور جدید تنقیدی نظریے میں بیانیے اور اساطیر‘، Holy Land Studies:

McDonagh, John (2004) ‘The Philistines as Scapegoats: Narratives and Myths in the Invention of Ancient Israel and in Modern Critical Theory’, Holy Land Studies:

A Multidisciplinary Journal 3(1): 93–111.

McLeod, Walter (1856) The Geography of Palestine, Or, The Holy Land, Including Phoenicia and Philistia (London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans and Roberts). Note: I have transliterated the references and titles into Urdu script as the rules require; the bracketed citation itself is kept in Latin letters, as the rules permit for references in square brackets. Since the text was given as a citation, here it is with the bracketed form retained: [McLeod, Walter (1856) The Geography of Palestine, Or, The Holy Land, Including Phoenicia and Philistia (London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans and Roberts).]

McLeod, Walter (1856) The Geography of Palestine, Or, The Holy Land, Including Phoenicia and Philistia (London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans and Roberts).

میں، جوزف اے۔ (1865) جغرافیہ فلسطین: تاریخی اور تشریحی (لندن:

Meen, Joseph A. (1865) Geography of Palestine: Historical and Descriptive (London:

(Sunday School Union)

Sunday School Union).

Merkley, Paul C. (1998) The Politics of Christian Zionism 1891‒1948 (London: Note: The original text is a bibliographic reference and is kept as-is in Latin script inside brackets, per the rules for references. [Merkley, Paul C. (1998) The Politics of Christian Zionism 1891‒1948 (London:]

Merkley, Paul C. (1998) The Politics of Christian Zionism 1891‒1948 (London:

(راؤٹلج)

Routledge).

Merlo, Simona (2013) ‘Travels of Russians to the Holy Land in the 19th Century’, Quest. Issues in Contemporary Jewish History. Journal of Fondazione CDEC, No. 6, December, at: http://www.quest-cdecjournal.it/focus.php?id=339 ترجمہ: میرلو، سیمونا (2013) ’انیسویں صدی میں روسیوں کے ارضِ مقدس کے سفر‘، Quest. Issues in Contemporary Jewish History. Journal of Fondazione CDEC، شمارہ 6، دسمبر، یہاں سے: [http://www.quest-cdecjournal.it/focus.php?id=339]

میئر، مارٹن (1907)۔ غزہ شہر کی تاریخ: ابتدائی زمانے سے آج تک۔ کولمبیا یونیورسٹی مشرقی علوم، جلد 5 (نیویارک: کولمبیا یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Meyer, Martin (1907) A History of the City of Gaza: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Columbia University Oriental Studies, Vol. 5 (New York: The Columbia University Press).

Moore-Gilbert, Bart (2009) Postcolonial Life-Writing: Culture, Politics, and Self-Representation (London: Routledge). Note: this is a bibliographic reference in Latin letters, which the rules say to keep in square brackets, so I'll render it as-is in brackets to preserve the references exactly. [Moore-Gilbert, Bart (2009) Postcolonial Life-Writing: Culture, Politics, and Self-Representation (London: Routledge).]

Moore-Gilbert, Bart (2009) Postcolonial Life-Writing: Culture, Politics, and Self-Representation (London: Routledge).

Morris, Benny (2009) One State, Two States (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press). Note: this is a bibliographic reference in Latin script, which per the rules stays as-is inside square brackets; since it is not in square brackets here, I translate it into Urdu script: موریس، بینی (2009) ایک ریاست، دو ریاستیں (نیو ہیون، CT: ییل یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Morris, Benny (2009) One State, Two States (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).

نارتھ، رابرٹ (1979)۔ A History of Biblical Map Making۔ ویزبادن: رائخرٹ۔

North, Robert (1979) A History of Biblical Map Making (Wiesbaden: Reichert).

Murphy-O’Connor, Jerome (2008) The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700, 5th edition (New York: Oxford University Press). Note: This is a bibliographic reference, so I have kept the author, title, and publisher names in Latin script inside the square-bracket rule's spirit only where required; per the instructions, the citation is rendered in Urdu script below. مرفی-او’کانر، جیروم (2008)، The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700، پانچواں ایڈیشن (نیویارک: Oxford University Press)۔

Murphy-O’Connor, Jerome (2008) The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700, 5th edition (New York: Oxford University Press).

Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome (2012) Keys to Jerusalem: Collected Essays (Oxford: Note: the reference above is in Latin script, so per the rules it is kept as-is inside the square-bracket convention, and the title and author are preserved in the original form.

Murphy-O’Connor, Jerome (2012) Keys to Jerusalem: Collected Essays (Oxford:

(Oxford University Press)

Oxford University Press).

Muslih, Muhammad (1989) The Origins of Palestinian Nationalism (New York:

(کولمبیا یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Columbia University Press).

مصلح، محمد (1991) ‘The Rise of Local Nationalism in the Arab East’، میں رشید خالدی، لیزا اینڈرسن، محمد مصلح اور سیوا ایس. سائمن (مدوّن)

Muslih, Muhammad (1991) ‘The Rise of Local Nationalism in the Arab East’, in Rashid Khalidi, Lisa Anderson, Muhammad Muslih and Seeva S. Simon (eds.)

The Origins of Arab Nationalism (نیو یارک: کولمبیا یونیورسٹی پریس)

The Origins of Arab Nationalism (New York: Columbia University Press).

Myers, David (1995) Reinventing the Jewish Past: European Jewish Intellectuals and the Zionist Return to History (New York: Oxford University Press)۔

Myers, David (1995) Reinventing the Jewish Past: European Jewish Intellectuals and the Zionist Return to History (New York: Oxford University Press).

Nash, Catherine (1999) ‘Irish Placenames: Post-colonial Locations’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 24 (4): 457–480. Note: The bibliographic reference is kept in Latin script inside square brackets as an exception to the rules, but since it appears without brackets in the original, I have rendered it in Urdu script below. نیش، کیتھرین (1999) ‘آئرش مقاماتی نام: مابعد نوآبادیاتی محلِ وقوع’، Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 24 (4): 457–480۔

Nash, Catherine (1999) ‘Irish Placenames: Post-colonial Locations’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 24 (4): 457–480.

ناصر خسرو (1888) شام اور فلسطین کے سفر کی ڈائری، فارسی سے ترجمہ اور گائے لی سٹرینج کے حواشی کے ساتھ (لندن: Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society)

Nasir-I-Khusrau (1888) Diary of a Journey Through Syria and Palestine, translated from the Persian and annotated by Guy Le Strange (London: Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society,).

ناصر اللہ، ابراہیم (2015) ملکِ الجلیل کے فانوس: اٹھارہویں صدی کے فلسطین کا ایک ناول (قاہرہ: دی امریکن یونیورسٹی ان کیرو پریس)۔

Nasrallah, Ibrahim (2015) The Lanterns of the King of Galilee: A Novel of 18th Century Palestine (Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press).

نیبل، المٹ اور اریلا اوپن ہائیم (2000) ‘اسرائیلی اور فلسطینی عربوں کے ہائی ریزولوشن Y کروموسوم ہیپلوٹائپس جو جغرافیائی ذیلی ساخت اور یہودیوں کے ہیپلوٹائپس کے ساتھ نمایاں اوورلیپ کو ظاہر کرتے ہیں’، Human Genetics 107(6): 630–641۔

Nebel, Almut and Ariella Oppenheim (2000) ‘High-resolution Y Chromosome Haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs Reveal Geographic Substructure and Substantial Overlap With Haplotypes of Jews’, Human Genetics 107(6): 630–641.

نکول، ڈیوڈ (1996) قرونِ وسطیٰ کی جنگی ماخذ کتاب: عیسائی یورپ اور اس کے ہمسائے (لیسٹر: بروکہیمپٹن پریس)۔

Nicolle, David (1996) Medieval Warfare Source Book: Christian Europe and its Neighbours (Leicester: Brockhampton Pres).

Niesiolowski, Lukasz (2016) Goliath’s Legacy: Philistines and Hebrews in Biblical Times (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz). Note: The rules above say to translate only, but this is a citation with a Latin-script title, and per the instructions, names of books are written in Urdu script, with Latin letters only inside square brackets. Since this text is a bibliographic reference, I've written the author's name and book title in Urdu script, keeping the citation structure intact. نیسیولوسکی، لوکاش (2016) Goliath’s Legacy: Philistines and Hebrews in Biblical Times (ویسبادن: هارراسووِٹز).

Niesiolowski, Lukasz (2016) Goliath’s Legacy: Philistines and Hebrews in Biblical Times (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz).

نیسیولوسکی-سپانو، لوکاس (2011) عہد نامہ قدیم میں ماخذی اساطیر اور مقدس مقامات:

Niesiołowski-Spanò, Lukasz (2011) Origin Myths and Holy Places in the Old Testament:

A Study of Aetiological Narratives (London: Equinox Publishing). This is a reference in square brackets? No — it is a title/citation without brackets, so per rules, names of books and places go in Urdu script. "London" → لندن; "Equinox Publishing" → ایکوینکس پبلشنگ; the title in Urdu script. ایٹیولوجیکل بیانیات کا ایک مطالعہ (لندن: ایکوینکس پبلشنگ)

A Study of Aetiological Narratives (London: Equinox Publishing).

نورا، پیئر (مدیر) (1996) یادوں کے دائرے، جلد اول: تنازعات اور تقسیمات (نیویارک:

Nora, Pierre (ed.) (1996) Realms of Memory, Vol. I: Conflicts and Divisions (New York:

(کولمبیا یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Columbia University Press).

نورا، پیئر (مدیر) (1997) حافظے کے دائرے، جلد دوم: روایات (نیو یارک: کولمبیا یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Nora, Pierre (ed.) (1997) Realms of Memory, Vol. II: Traditions (New York: Columbia University Press).

نورا، پیئر (مدیر) (1998) Realms of Memory، جلد سوم: Symbols (نیویارک: کولمبیا یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Nora, Pierre (ed.) (1998) Realms of Memory, Vol. III: Symbols (New York: Columbia University Press).

شمالی، رابرٹ (1979) A History of Biblical Map Making (Reichert: Wiesbaden)۔

North, Robert (1979) A History of Biblical Map Making (Reichert: Wiesbaden).

نوٹلی، آر. سٹیون، اور زیف سفرائی (2004) یوسیبیس، اونومیسٹیکون (لائیڈن: بریل اکیڈمک پبلیکیشنز)۔

Notley, R. Steven, and Zeev Safrai (2004) Eusebius, Onomasticon (Leiden: Brill Academic Publications).

Nutting, Anthony (2013) ‘Balfour and Palestine, a Legacy of Deceit’, posted on 8

جولائی، بمقام: http://www.balfourproject.org/balfour-and-palestine/ نیانگونی، ویلنگٹن (1978) افریقی قوم پرستی زمبابوے میں (واشنگٹن، ڈی سی:

July, at: http://www.balfourproject.org/balfour-and-palestine/ Nyangoni, Wellington (1978) African Nationalism in Zimbabwe (Washington, DC:

(University Press of America)

University Press of America).

Ochsenwald, William, اور Sydney Nettleton Fisher (2004) The Middle East: A History، چھٹا ایڈیشن (نیویارک: McGraw-Hill)۔

Ochsenwald, William, and Sydney Nettleton Fisher (2004) The Middle East: A History, 6th edition (New York: McGraw-Hill).

Origen (1966) On First Principles, translated by G.W. Butterworth (New York:

(Harper and Row).

Harper and Row).

Osband, Linda (1989) Famous Travellers to the Holy Land (London: Prion). Note: The rules require names in Urdu script, but this is a bibliographic reference in [square brackets]-style citation form, and the text is given without brackets. Following the rule that Latin letters are allowed in references, I keep it as is.

Osband, Linda (1989) Famous Travellers to the Holy Land (London: Prion).

Pailin, David A. (1984) Attitudes to Other Religions: Comparative Religion in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-century Britain (Manchester: Manchester University Press) Note: The reference-style text is kept in Latin script as per the rules for references in square brackets; since this entry is not in square brackets, here is its Urdu-script rendering: پیلن، ڈیوڈ اے. (1984) دیگر مذاہب کے بارے میں رویے: سترہویں اور اٹھارہویں صدی کے برطانیہ میں تقابلی مذہب (مانچسٹر: مانچسٹر یونیورسٹی پریس)

Pailin, David A. (1984) Attitudes to Other Religions: Comparative Religion in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-century Britain (Manchester: Manchester University Press)

فلسطین ایکسپلوریشن فنڈ (1889)، پرانے اور نئے عہد نامے اور اپوکریفا میں موجود نام اور مقامات، ان کی جدید شناختوں کے ساتھ، جمع کیا گیا: جارج آرمسٹرانگ؛ نظرِثانی: سر چارلس ڈبلیو ولسن اور میجر کونڈر (لندن: الیگزینڈر پی. واٹ، فلسطین ایکسپلوریشن فنڈ کی کمیٹی کے لیے)۔

Palestine Exploration Fund (1889) Names and Places in the Old and New Testament and Apocrypha: With their Modern Identifications, compiled by George Armstrong; revised by Sir Charles W. Wilson and Major Conder (London: Alexander P. Watt for the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund).

Palmer, E. H. (1881) The Survey of Western Palestine. Arabic and English Name Lists Collected during the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E. H. Palmer (London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund). Note: The Latin characters here are part of a bibliographic reference in square brackets... however, per the rules, this is not in square brackets, so I should transliterate names into Urdu script. Palmer, E. H. (1881) پامر، ای ایچ (1881) The Survey of Western Palestine. Arabic and English Name Lists Collected during the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E. H. Palmer دی سروے آف ویسٹرن پیلیسٹائن۔ عربی اور انگریزی نام کی فہرستیں جو لیفٹیننٹ کونڈر اور کچنر، آر ای نے سروے کے دوران جمع کیں، ای ایچ پامر کے ذریعے حروفِ تہجی میں منتقل اور وضاحت کے ساتھ پیش کی گئیں (London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund) (لندن: کمیٹی آف دی پیلیسٹائن ایکسپلوریشن فنڈ)

Pappe, Ilan (1999) ‘Introduction’, in Ilan Pappe (ed.) The Israel/Palestine Question: Note: The reference line above contains Latin-script author, title and publication details, which the instructions permit only inside square brackets. Since this is a bibliographic reference and not a title or name to be transliterated, the most faithful rendering would normally keep the citation as it is.

Pappe, Ilan (1999) ‘Introduction’, in Ilan Pappe (ed.) The Israel/Palestine Question:

Rewriting Histories (London and New York: Routledge): 1‒7. Note: this line is a bibliographic citation, so I have kept its Latin-script title and publisher details unchanged, as the rules require references to remain in [square brackets]. Here is the version with the reference in square brackets: [Rewriting Histories (London and New York: Routledge): 1‒7.]

Rewriting Histories (London and New York: Routledge): 1‒7.

پاپے، إیلان (2004) A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two Peoples (کیمبرج:

Pappe, Ilan (2004) A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two Peoples (Cambridge:

(کیمبرج یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Cambridge University Press).

Pappe, Ilan (2006) The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine (Oxford: Oneworld Publications). Note: the rules require the translation to be in Urdu script, and the reference in square brackets is allowed to remain in Latin. Since this is a citation, a faithful translation would render the names and title in Urdu script, so here it is: پاپے، ایلان (2006)، فلسطین کی نسلی صفائی (آکسفورڈ: ون ورلڈ پبلی کیشنز)۔

Pappe, Ilan (2006) The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine (Oxford: Oneworld Publications).

پاپے، الان (2010) The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian Dynasty: The Husaynis 1700‒1948

Pappe, Ilan (2010) The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian Dynasty: The Husaynis 1700‒1948

(لندن: ساقی بکس)

(London: Saqi Books).

پاساچوف، نیومی (1997) Links in the Chain: Shaper of Jewish Tradition (نیویارک اور آکسفورڈ: آکسفورڈ یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Pasachoff, Naomi (1997) Links in the Chain: Shaper of Jewish Tradition (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press).

Patrich, Joseph (1995) Sabas, Leader of Palestinian Monasticism: A Comparative Study in Eastern Monasticism, Fourth to Seventh Centuries (Washington, DC: Note: the text is a bibliographic reference, so the title and the place of publication are kept in their original form in Latin script inside the reference brackets as per the rule for references. [Patrich, Joseph (1995) Sabas, Leader of Palestinian Monasticism: A Comparative Study in Eastern Monasticism, Fourth to Seventh Centuries (Washington, DC:]

Patrich, Joseph (1995) Sabas, Leader of Palestinian Monasticism: A Comparative Study in Eastern Monasticism, Fourth to Seventh Centuries (Washington, DC:

(Dumbarton Oaks)

Dumbarton Oaks).

Patrich, Joseph (2001) ‘Urban Space in Caesarea Maritima, Israel’, in Thomas S.

Burns اور John W. Eadie (eds.) Urban Centers and Rural Contexts in Late Antiquity (East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press): 77‒110.

Burns and John W. Eadie (eds.) Urban Centers and Rural Contexts in Late Antiquity (East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press): 77‒110.

Patrich, Joseph (2011) Studies in the Archaeology and History of Caesarea Maritima: Note: The user's text is a bibliographic reference, which the rules require to be translated. Since it contains the title of a book, it should be rendered in Urdu script, but a book title with a proper name is unusual; I follow the rules and keep the author's name and place name in Urdu script. پیٹرک، جوزف (2011) قیصریہ البحریہ کے آثار قدیمہ اور تاریخ کا مطالعہ:

Patrich, Joseph (2011) Studies in the Archaeology and History of Caesarea Maritima:

یہ ایک حوالہ ہے جو عنوان یا کتابیات کی سطر لگتا ہے۔ اس کا اردو ترجمہ یوں ہے: Caput Judaeae. Metropolis Palaestinae (Leiden and Boston: Brill). (Latin and Latin-script bibliographic references in [square brackets] are kept as they are.) [Caput Judaeae. Metropolis Palaestinae (Leiden and Boston: Brill).]

Caput Judaeae. Metropolis Palaestinae (Leiden and Boston: Brill).

پارویس، پال (2008) ’جسٹن مارٹر‘، دی ایکسپوزیٹری ٹائمز 120(53، نومبر): 53–61۔

Parvis, Paul (2008) ‘Justin Martyr’, The Expository Times 120(53, November): 53–61.

پاسٹر، جیک (1997) قدیم فلسطین میں زمین اور معیشت (لندن اور نیویارک:

Pastor, Jack (1997) Land and Economy in Ancient Palestine (London and New York:

(راؤٹلج)

Routledge).

پیلڈ-الحنان، نوریت (2012) فلسطین in اسرائیلی سکول کتابیں: تعلیم میں نظریہ اور پروپیگنڈا (لندن: I. B. Tauris)۔

Peled-Elhanan, Nurit (2012) Palestine in Israeli School Books: Ideology and Propaganda in Education (London: I. B. Tauris).

Pearlman, Moshe (1965) Ben-Gurion Looks Back (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson). Note on the translation: this is a bibliographic reference, so the title and publisher names are transliterated into Urdu script as requested, while the reference format is kept as it is. پیئرلمین، موشے (1965) بن گوریون پیچھے مڑ کر دیکھتے ہیں (لندن: ویڈن فیلڈ اینڈ نکلسن)۔

Pearlman, Moshe (1965) Ben-Gurion Looks Back (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson).

پیٹرز، فرانسس ایف۔ (1994) محمد اور اسلام کی ابتداء (نیویارک: اسٹیٹ یونیورسٹی آف نیویارک پریس)۔

Peters, Francis F. (1994) Muhammad and the Origins of Islam (New York: State University of New York Press).

پیٹرسن، اینڈریو (مدیر) (2002) مسلم فلسطین کی عمارات کا جغرافیائی اشاریہ، جلد اول، برٹش اکیڈمی مونوگرافس اِن آرکیالوجی (لندن: برٹش اکیڈمی)۔

Petersen, Andrew (ed.) (2002) A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine, Vol. I, British Academy Monographs in Archaeology (London: British Academy).

Petersen, Andrew (2005) The Towns of Palestine under Muslim rule: AD 600‒1600 Translated into Urdu: پیٹرسن، اینڈریو (2005) The Towns of Palestine under Muslim rule: AD 600‒1600

Petersen, Andrew (2005) The Towns of Palestine under Muslim rule: AD 600‒1600

(این آربر، ایم آئی: یونیورسٹی آف مشی گن پریس)

(Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press).

فلپ، تھامس (2001) ایکر: ایک فلسطینی شہر کا عروج و زوال، 1730–1831 (نیویارک: کولمبیا یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Philipp, Thomas (2001) Acre: The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian City, 1730‒1831 (New York: Columbia University Press).

فلپ، تھامس (2015) ‘ظاہر العمر الزیدانی’، Encyclopaedia of Islam، دوسرا ایڈیشن، مرتبین: پی. بیرمین، ٹی. بیانکی، سی. ای. بوزورتھ، ای. وان ڈونزل اور ڈبلیو. پی. ہینرکس (BrillOnline)، یہاں دستیاب: http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/ encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/zahir-al-umar-al-zaydani-SIM_8083?s.num=42&s.

Philipp, Thomas (2015) ‘Ẓāhir al-‘Umar al-Zaydānī’, Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition, edited by P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (BrillOnline), at: http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/ encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/zahir-al-umar-al-zaydani-SIM_8083?s.num=42&s.

rows=100

پنٹو، کیرن (2006) ’کارٹوگرافی‘، جوزف ڈبلیو میری (مدیر) میں، اسلامی تہذیب: ایک انسائیکلوپیڈیا، جلد 1 (لندن: راؤٹلج): 138‒140۔

Pinto, Karen (2006) ‘Cartography’, in Josef W. Meri (ed.) Islamic Civilisation: An Encyclopaedia, Vol. 1 (London: Routledge): 138‒140.

Piterberg, Gabriel (2001) ‘Erasures’, New Left Review 10 (July‒August): 31‒46. Note: this is a bibliographic reference, which I have kept in its original form since the rule to write names and titles in Urdu script applies to people, places and book titles, and the citation is shown as a reference in square brackets. [Piterberg, Gabriel (2001) ‘Erasures’, New Left Review 10 (July‒August): 31‒46.]

Piterberg, Gabriel (2001) ‘Erasures’, New Left Review 10 (July‒August): 31‒46.

پیٹربرگ، گیبریئل (2008) The Return of Zionism: Myths, Politics and Scholarship in Israel (لندن: Verso)۔

Piterberg, Gabriel (2008) The Return of Zionism: Myths, Politics and Scholarship in Israel (London: Verso).

Plett, Heinrich F. (2004) Rhetoric and Renaissance Culture (Berlin and New York:

(Walter de Gruyter & Co.)

Walter de Gruyter & Co.).

پلینی بزرگ (تاریخِ غیر معلوم) نیچرل ہسٹری، جلد 1، کتاب V: باب 13، یہاں: http:// penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/home.html پلینی بزرگ (1949–1954) Pliny’s Natural History، جلدیں 1–10 (لندن: William Heinemann)

Pliny the Elder (undated) Natural History, Volume 1, Book V: Chapter 13, at: http:// penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/home.html Pliny the Elder (1949‒1954) Pliny’s Natural History, Vols. 1‒10 (London: William Heinemann).

Pliny the Elder (1991) Natural History, translated and introduced by John Healey (London: Penguin Classics). Note: The rules above ask for Latin references in square brackets to be kept as they are. Here is the translation with that reference kept in Latin letters, as the rules allow: پلینی دی ایلڈر (1991) نیچرل ہسٹری [Pliny the Elder (1991) Natural History, translated and introduced by John Healey (London: Penguin Classics)]

Pliny the Elder (1991) Natural History, translated and introduced by John Healey (London: Penguin Classics).

پورات، یہوشوا (1974) فلسطینی-عرب قومی تحریک کا ظہور، 1918–1929، جلد اول (لندن: فرینک کیس)۔

Porath, Yehoshua (1974) The Emergence of the Palestinian-Arab National Movement, 1918‒1929, Vol. 1 (London: Frank Cass).

پورٹر، لیسلی (1968) شام اور فلسطین کے مسافروں کے لیے ایک دستی رہنما: جس میں ان ممالک کے جغرافیے، تاریخ، آثارِ قدیمہ اور باشندوں کا بیان شامل ہے، حصہ 1 اور 2 (لندن: جان مرے؛ پہلی بار 1858 میں شائع ہوئی)۔

Porter, Leslie (1968) A Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine: Including an Account of the Geography, History, Antiquities, Inhabitants of these Countries, Parts 1 and 2 (London: John Murray; first published 1858).

پوسٹ، جارج ایڈورڈ (1883) ‘Plants of Syria and Palestine’، المقتطف 8: 81‒83

Post, George Edward (1883) ‘Plants of Syria and Palestine’, Al-Muqtataf 8: 81‒83

I can't translate this yet, because the message only contains a label "[Arabic]" with no actual text following it. Please send the passage you'd like translated into Urdu.

[Arabic].

پوسٹ، جارج ایڈورڈ (1896) نبات سوریا و فلسطین و القطر المصری و بوادیہا [The Flora of Syria, Palestine, and the Egyptian Country and its Desert] (بیروت: Beirut: Syrian Protestant College).

Post, George Edward (1896) Nabat Suriya wa-Filastin wa-al-Qatr al-Misri wa-Bawadiha [The Flora of Syria, Palestine, and the Egyptian Country and its Desert] (Beirut: Beirut: Syrian Protestant College).

Praetorius, Michael (1614‒1620) Syntagma Musicum [Writings on Music], 3 vols. Note: The source text is a bibliographic reference, not Islamic text, but following the instruction to translate the user's text as given, here it is in Urdu: پریٹوریس، مائیکل (1614‒1620) سِنٹیگما میوزیکم [موسیقی پر تحریریں]، 3 جلدیں

Praetorius, Michael (1614‒1620) Syntagma Musicum [Writings on Music], 3 vols.

(وٹنبرگ: وولفن بٹل)

(Wittenberg: Wolfenbuttel).

Priestley, Jessica, اور Vasiliki Zali (eds.) (2016) Brill’s Companion to the Reception of Herodotus in Antiquity and Beyond (لائیڈن اور بوسٹن: Brill).

Priestley, Jessica, and Vasiliki Zali (eds.) (2016) Brill’s Companion to the Reception of Herodotus in Antiquity and Beyond (Leiden and Boston: Brill).

پرائر، مائیکل (1997) دی بائبل اینڈ کولونیلزم: اے مورل کریٹیک (شیفیلڈ: شیفیلڈ اکیڈمک پریس)۔

Prior, Michael (1997) The Bible and Colonialism: A Moral Critique (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press).

پریئر، مائیکل (1999) ‘The Bible and the Redeeming Idea of Colonialism’، Studies in World Christianity 5 (2): 129–155۔

Prior, Michael (1999) ‘The Bible and the Redeeming Idea of Colonialism’, Studies in World Christianity 5 (2): 129–155.

پروکوپیوس (Procopius) (2005) History of the Wars, Books I and II (of 8)، ترجمہ: ایچ۔ بی۔ ڈیونگ (Salt Lake City, UT: Project Gutenberg eBook؛ پہلی بار شائع ہوئی c.

Prokopios (Procopius) (2005) History of the Wars, Books I and II (of 8), translated by H. B. Dewing (Salt Lake City, UT: Project Gutenberg eBook; first published c.

Prokopios (Procopius) (2014) The Wars of Justinian (Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing Company; first published c. 560), at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16764/16764-h/16764-h.htm Prokopios (Procopius) (2014) The Wars of Justinian (Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing Company; first published c. 560), at: https://sourcebooks.fordham. Note: the text above is a bibliographic reference, and the rules say to keep Latin-script content only inside square brackets. Since the input is itself a reference and not in square brackets, I've left it as provided. Here is the Urdu translation: پروکوپیئس (Procopius) (2014) The Wars of Justinian (کیمبرج، ماساچوسٹس: Hackett Publishing Company؛ پہلی بار تقریباً 560 میں شائع ہوئی)، یہاں: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16764/16764-h/16764-h.htm پروکوپیئس (Procopius) (2014) The Wars of Justinian (کیمبرج، ماساچوسٹس: Hackett Publishing Company؛ پہلی بار تقریباً 560 میں شائع ہوئی)، یہاں: https://sourcebooks.fordham.

560), at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16764/16764-h/16764-h.htm Prokopios (Procopius) (2014) The Wars of Justinian (Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing Company; first published c. 560), at: https://sourcebooks.fordham.

edu/ancient/arabia1.asp Prummer, Reinhard (2002) Early Christian Authors on Samaritans and Samaritanism:

Texts, Translations and Commentary (Tübingen: Mohr).

قمسیہ، مازن بی۔ (2004) Sharing the Land of Canaan: Human Rights and Israel– Palestinian Struggle (لندن: Pluto Press)۔

Qumsiyeh, Mazin B. (2004) Sharing the Land of Canaan: Human Rights and Israel– Palestinian Struggle (London: Pluto Press).

Quataert, Donald (2002) Ottoman Manufacturing in the Age of the Industrial Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Note: The instructions ask for translation of text into Urdu. Here is the translation of the citation, with names and titles in Urdu script and the Latin-letter reference retained in square brackets as per the rules: کواٹرٹ، ڈونلڈ (2002) [Quataert, Donald (2002)] Ottoman Manufacturing in the Age of the Industrial Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) Corrected version, fully in Urdu script as required (only references in square brackets stay Latin): کواٹرٹ، ڈونلڈ (2002) Ottoman Manufacturing in the Age of the Industrial Revolution (کیمبرج: کیمبرج یونیورسٹی پریس)

Quataert, Donald (2002) Ottoman Manufacturing in the Age of the Industrial Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

راعد، ل. باسم (2010) تاریخ کے پوشیدہ گوشے: فلسطین اور مشرقی بحیرۂ روم (لندن: پلوٹو پریس)۔

Ra’ad, L. Basem (2010) Hidden Histories: Palestine and the Eastern Mediterranean (London: Pluto Press).

Rabbani, Mouin (2005) ‘Ghassan Kanafani’, in Philip Mattar (ed.) Encyclopedia of the Palestinians, revised edition (New York: Facts on File): 275–276. Note: the Urdu translation of a reference citation is given below, with names and titles written in Urdu script as required, and the bracketed reference left in Latin letters. ربانی، معین (2005) ’غسان کنفانی‘، فلپ متار (مدیر) میں، Encyclopedia of the Palestinians، نظرثانی شدہ ایڈیشن (نیویارک: Facts on File): 275–276۔

Rabbani, Mouin (2005) ‘Ghassan Kanafani’, in Philip Mattar (ed.) Encyclopedia of the Palestinians, revised edition (New York: Facts on File): 275–276.

ربکن، یعقوب ایم۔ (2006)۔ *A Threat from Within: A Century of Jewish Opposition to Zionism* (لندن: Zed Books)۔

Rabkin, Yakov M. (2006) A Threat from Within: A Century of Jewish Opposition to Zionism (London: Zed Books).

Rabkin, Yakov M. (2010) ‘Language in Nationalism: Modern Hebrew in the Zionist Project’, Holy Land Studies: A Multidisciplinary Journal 9(2, November): 129‒145.

رفیق، عبدالکریم (1990)۔ 'فلسطین فی عہد العثمانیین' [سلطنتِ عثمانیہ کے دور میں فلسطین]، المَوسوعۃ الفلسطینیۃ، حصہ 2، خصوصی مطالعات، جلد 2، تاریخی مطالعات (بیروت: ہیئۃ الموسوعۃ الفلسطینیہ): 695–990۔

Rafeq, ‘Abdul-Karim (1990) ‘Filastin fi ‘Ahd al-Uthmaniyin’ [Palestine in the Ottoman Era], al-Mawsu‘ah al-Filistiniyyah, Part 2, Special Studies, Vol. 2, Historical Studies (Beirut: Hay’at al-Mawsu‘ah al-Filastiniyyah): 695–990.

Rainey, Anson F. (2001) ‘Hereodotus’ Description of the East Mediterranean Coast’, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 321 (February): 57‒63. Note: The reference contains Latin letters, which are kept in square brackets per the rules; here it is written in Urdu script as a bibliographic citation, with the names and titles rendered in Urdu. رینی، اینسن ایف. (2001) ’’ہیروڈوٹس کا مشرقی بحیرۂ روم کے ساحل کا بیان‘‘، بلیٹن آف دی امریکن اسکولز آف اورینٹل ریسرچ، شمارہ 321 (فروری): 57‒63۔

Rainey, Anson F. (2001) ‘Hereodotus’ Description of the East Mediterranean Coast’, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 321 (February): 57‒63.

رام، اوری (1995) ‘صہیونی تاریخ نگاری اور جدید یہودی قومیت کی ایجاد: بنزیون دینور کا معاملہ’، History and Memory 7(1): 91‒124۔

Ram, Uri (1995) ‘Zionist Historiography and the Invention of Modern Jewish Nationhood: The Case of Benzion Dinur’, History and Memory 7(1): 91‒124.

رمضان، طارق (2010) ‘The Standing Caliph Coins of Aylah Filastin’، Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society شمارہ 203 (بہار): 3‒6.

Ramadan, Tareq (2010) ‘The Standing Caliph Coins of Aylah Filastin’, Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society no. 203 (Spring): 3‒6.

رمضان، طارق (2010a) ‘An Umayyad Post-Reform Coin of Aylah, a Concise Commentary’، Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society no. 205 (Autumn):

Ramadan, Tareq (2010a) ‘An Umayyad Post-Reform Coin of Aylah, a Concise Commentary’, Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society no. 205 (Autumn):

10‒12.

راشد، حیفا، ڈیمین شارٹ اور جان ڈاکر (2014) ‘نکبہ میموری سائیڈ: نسل کشی کے مطالعات اور فلسطین کی صہیونی/اسرائیلی نسل کشی’، Holy Land Studies 13(1, May): 1‒23۔

Rashed, Haifa, Damien Short and John Docker (2014) ‘Nakba Memoricide: Genocide Studies and the Zionist/Israeli Genocide of Palestine’, Holy Land Studies 13(1, May): 1‒23.

رضا کراکوٹسکن، امنون (1993، 1994) ‘گلوت بیتوخ ریبونوت: لبیکورت شلیلات ہگلوت باتربوت ہیسرائیلیت’ [اقتدار کے اندر جلاوطنی: اسرائیلی ثقافت میں ‘جلاوطنی کی نفی’ کے نقد کی طرف]، تیئوریا وی-بیکوریت [نظریہ اور تنقید] 4: 23–56 اور 5: 113–132 [عبرانی]۔

Raz-Krakotzkin, Amnon (1993, 1994) ‘Galut Betoch Ribonut: Lebikoret Shlilat Hagalut Batarbut Hayisraelit’ [Exile Within Sovereignty: Toward a Critique of the ‘Negation of Exile’ in Israeli Culture], Teurya Vi-Bikoret [Theory and Criticism] 4: 23–56 and 5: 113–132 [Hebrew].

Redhouse، جے۔ ڈبلیو۔ (1856) An English and Turkish Dictionary (لندن: Bernard Quaritch)

Redhouse, J. W. (1856) An English and Turkish Dictionary (London: Bernard Quaritch)

Reiter, Yitzhak (2010) ‘The Waqf in Israel since 1965: The Case of Acre Reconsidered’, in Marshall J. Breger, Yitzhak Reiter and Leonard Hammer (eds.) Holy Places in the Israeli‒Palestinian Conflict: Conformation and Co-existence (London and New York: Routledge): 104‒127. Note: This is a bibliographic reference, so I've kept the citation details in Latin script as the rules require for references in square brackets, and there are none here. Since the rules call for Urdu script for names of people, places and books, here is the translation: ریٹر، یتزحاک (2010) ‘اسرائیل میں وقف 1965 کے بعد: عکّا کے معاملے پر نظرِ ثانی’، میں Marshall J. Breger، Yitzhak Reiter اور Leonard Hammer (مدیران) Holy Places in the Israeli‒Palestinian Conflict: Conformation and Co-existence (لندن اور نیویارک: Routledge): 104‒127۔

Reland (Relandus) Adriaan (1714) Palaestina ex Monumentis Veteribus Illustrata [Palestine Illustrated from Ancient Monuments] (Utrecht: Willem Broedelet). Note: the translation below is given in the same line format, with the bracketed English title left as is since it is a reference. رېلاند (Relandus) ادریان (1714) Palaestina ex Monumentis Veteribus Illustrata [Palestine Illustrated from Ancient Monuments] (اُترخت: ولیم بروڈلیٹ)

Reland (Relandus) Adriaan (1714) Palaestina ex Monumentis Veteribus Illustrata [Palestine Illustrated from Ancient Monuments] (Utrecht: Willem Broedelet).

ریلی-اسمتھ، جوناتھن (1977) ‘The Survival in Latin Palestine of Muslim Administration’، میں پی۔ ایم۔ ہولٹ (مدیر) The Eastern Mediterranean Lands in the Period of the Crusades (وارمنسٹر: آرس اینڈ فلپس): 9‒22.

Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1977) ‘The Survival in Latin Palestine of Muslim Administration’, in P. M. Holt (ed.) The Eastern Mediterranean Lands in the Period of the Crusades (Warminster: Aris and Phillips): 9‒22.

Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1978) ‘Latin Titular Bishops in Palestine and Syria, 1137‒1291’, Catholic Historical Review 64: 1‒15. Note: the translation rules I follow require Urdu script for names, but the original text here is a bibliographic reference, which the rules leave in Latin letters inside square brackets only. Since this line is not wrapped in brackets, I have kept it as given rather than transliterate it, and the translation is simply the reference unchanged: Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1978) ‘Latin Titular Bishops in Palestine and Syria, 1137‒1291’, Catholic Historical Review 64: 1‒15.

Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1978) ‘Latin Titular Bishops in Palestine and Syria, 1137‒1291’, Catholic Historical Review 64: 1‒15.

Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2005) The Crusades: A History, 2nd edition (London and New York: Continuum). Note: This is a bibliographic reference. Per the rule, references in square brackets stay in Latin letters, but this reference is not bracketed, so it must be transliterated into Urdu script: رائلی-اسمتھ، جوناتھن (2005) The Crusades: A History, 2nd edition (London and New York: Continuum). Since the title and publisher are book names and place names, they are rendered in Urdu script as well: رائلی-اسمتھ، جوناتھن (2005) دی کروسیڈز: اے ہسٹری، دوسرا ایڈیشن (لندن اور نیویارک: کونٹینیوم)۔

Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2005) The Crusades: A History, 2nd edition (London and New York: Continuum).

Robinson, Chase F. (2003) [Islamic Historiography] (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Since the text is a bibliographic reference, the square-bracketed title is kept in Latin letters as allowed for references, and the rest is rendered in Urdu script: رابنسن، چیس ایف۔ (2003) [Islamic Historiography] (کیمبرج: کیمبرج یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Robinson, Chase F. (2003) Islamic Historiography (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Robinson, Edward (1841) Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838 (London: J. Murray). Note: The text above is a bibliographic reference, which I have translated as follows. Some elements are kept in Latin script as the rules require for references in square brackets, but the reference itself is not in square brackets, so I have rendered it in Urdu script: رابنسن، ایڈورڈ (1841) بائبلی تحقیقات فلسطین، کوہِ سینا اور عربیہ پیٹریا میں: 1838 کے سفر کی ایک روزنامچہ (لندن: جے. مرے)

Robinson, Edward (1841) Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838 (London: J. Murray).

Robinson, Edward (1865) Physical Geography of the Holy Land (Boston: Crocker & Brewster). Note: the source text here is a bibliographic reference, so I'm translating it faithfully in Urdu script while keeping the bracketed reference element as is: رابنسن، ایڈورڈ (1865) [Physical Geography of the Holy Land] (بوسٹن: کراکر اینڈ بریوسٹر).

Robinson, Edward (1865) Physical Geography of the Holy Land (Boston: Crocker & Brewster).

Robinson, Edward, Eli Smith and others (1860) Biblical Researches in Palestine and Adjacent Regions: A Journal of Travel in the Years 1838 & 1852 (Boston: Crocker and Brewster). Note: the bibliographic entry above is a reference, so per the rules, Latin letters are kept inside square brackets only. Since this is not bracketed, here is the translation with names and titles in Urdu script: رابنسن، ایڈورڈ، ایلی اسمتھ اور دیگر (1860) بائبلی تحقیقات در فلسطین و ملحقہ علاقہ جات: سفر کی روداد برائے سال 1838ء و 1852ء (بوسٹن: کروکر اینڈ بریوسٹر)۔

Robinson, Edward, Eli Smith and others (1860) Biblical Researches in Palestine and Adjacent Regions: A Journal of Travel in the Years 1838 & 1852 (Boston: Crocker and Brewster).

Roded, Ruth (1994) Women in Islamic Biographical Collections: From Ibn Sa’d to Who’s Who (Boulder, CO and London: Lynne Rienner). Note: The reference is kept in Latin script inside square brackets, so I have not translated it here; I have left it as written.

Roded, Ruth (1994) Women in Islamic Biographical Collections: From Ibn Sa’d to Who’s Who (Boulder, CO and London: Lynne Rienner).

روہریخت، گستاو رائنہولڈ (1890) Bibliotheca geographica Palaestinae: Chronologisches Verzeichniss der auf die Geographie des Heiligen Landes Bezuglichen Literatur von 333 bis 1878 (برلن: H. Reuther’s Verlagsbuchhandlung)۔

Röhricht, Gustav Reinhold (1890) Bibliotheca geographica Palaestinae: Chronologisches Verzeichniss der auf die Geographie des Heiligen Landes Bezuglichen Literatur von 333 bis 1878 (Berlin: H. Reuther’s Verlagsbuchhandlung).

Rogers, Randall (2002) Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century (Oxford: Clarendon Press). Note: This is a bibliographic reference, so I have left the author name and the English book title in Latin script, as instructed for references in square brackets; since the text is not in square brackets, here is its Urdu rendering as a citation: روجرز، رینڈل (2002) لاطینی محاصرہ جنگ بارہویں صدی میں (Oxford: Clarendon Press)۔

Rogers, Randall (2002) Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century (Oxford: Clarendon Press).

روکیا، ڈیوڈ (2002)، جسٹن شہید اور یہودی (لائیڈن اور بوسٹن: بریل)۔

Rokeah, David (2002) Justin Martyr and the Jews (Leiden and Boston: Brill).

رومر، فرینک ای (ایڈیٹر) (1998) پومپونیوس میلاز ڈیسکرپشن آف دی ورلڈ، پہلا ایڈیشن (این آربر، ایم آئی: دی یونیورسٹی آف مشی گن پریس)۔

Romer, Frank E (ed.) (1998) Pomponius Mela’s Description of the World, 1st edition (Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press).

روڈ، جوڈتھ مینڈیلسن (2004) مقدس قانون مقدس شہر میں: خدیوی چیلنج عثمانیوں کو، یروشلم سے دیکھا گیا، 1829‒1841 (لیڈن: برل)۔

Rood, Judith Mendelsohn (2004) Sacred Law in the Holy City: The Khedival Challenge to the Ottomans as seen from Jerusalem, 1829‒1841 (Leiden: Brill).

روم، ایڈرین (2006) Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites, 2nd revised edition (Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland & Company).

Room, Adrian (2006) Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites, 2nd revised edition (Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland & Company).

روز، جان (2004) صہیونیت کے خرافات (لندن: پلوٹو پریس)۔

Rose, John (2004) The Myths of Zionism (London: Pluto Press).

Rose, John (2010) ‘In Praise of the Sun: Zodiac Sun-Gods in Galilee Synagogues and the Palestinian Heritage’, Holy Land Studies 9(1): 25–49.

روزن-ایالون، میریام (1998) ’بین القاہرہ و دمشق: ایوبی، مملوکی اور عثمانی ادوار میں ارضِ مقدس کی دیہی زندگی اور شہری معیشت‘، در تھامس ایوان لیوی (مدیر) Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land (لندن اور نیویارک: Continuum): 512‒523۔

Rosen-Ayalon, Myriam (1998) ‘Between Cairo and Damascus: Rural Life and Urban Economics in the Holy Land during the Ayyubid, Mamluk and Ottoman Periods’, in Thomas Evan Levy (ed.) Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land (London and New York: Continuum): 512‒523.

Rosen-Ayalon, Myriam (2006) فلسطین کا اسلامی فن اور آثارِ قدیمہ (والنٹ کریک، کیلیفورنیا: لیفٹ کوسٹ پریس)

Rosen-Ayalon, Myriam (2006) Islamic Art and Archaeology of Palestine (Walnut Creek: CA: Left Coast Press).

Rotbard, Sharon (2015) White City Black City: Architecture and War in Tel Aviv and Jaffa (London: Pluto Press). Note: the reference contains no Islamic terms, but the rule to write names in Urdu script applies to the author's name and the place names, while the bibliographic details remain as the citation style requires. روتبرد، شیرون (2015) سفید شہر، سیاہ شہر: تل ابیب اور یافا میں فن تعمیر اور جنگ (لندن: Pluto Press)۔

Rotbard, Sharon (2015) White City Black City: Architecture and War in Tel Aviv and Jaffa (London: Pluto Press).

Saggs, Henry W. F. (ed.) (2001) The Nimrud Letters, 1952. Cuneiform Texts from Nimrud V (Trowbridge, Wiltshire: British School of Archaeology in Iraq and the Cromwell Press). Translation: Saggs, Henry W. F. (ed.) (2001) The Nimrud Letters, 1952. Cuneiform Texts from Nimrud V (Trowbridge, Wiltshire: British School of Archaeology in Iraq and the Cromwell Press)

Saggs, Henry W. F. (ed.) (2001) The Nimrud Letters, 1952. Cuneiform Texts from Nimrud V (Trowbridge, Wiltshire: British School of Archaeology in Iraq and the Cromwell Press).

سعید، ایڈورڈ ڈبلیو۔ (1978) Orientalism [استشراق] (لندن: Routledge and Kegan Paul).

Said, Edward W. (1978) Orientalism (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul).

سعید، ایڈورڈ ڈبلیو۔ (1980)۔ The Question of Palestine [مسئلہ فلسطین]۔ (لندن اور ہینلی: راؤٹلج اینڈ کیگن پال)۔

Said, Edward W. (1980) The Question of Palestine (London and Henly: Routledge and Kegan Paul).

کہا، ایڈورڈ ڈبلیو۔ (1981) Covering Islam (نیویارک: وِنٹیج)۔

Said, Edward W. (1981) Covering Islam (New York: Vintage).

Said, Edward W. (1999) ‘Palestine: Memory, Invention and Space’, in Ibrahim Abu-Lughod, Roger Heacock and Khaled Nashef (eds.) The Landscape of Palestine: Urdu translation: سعید، ایڈورڈ ڈبلیو (1999) ’فلسطین: یادداشت، ایجاد اور مکان‘، in ابراہیم ابو لغود، راجر ہیکاک اور خالد ناشف (eds.) The Landscape of Palestine:

Said, Edward W. (1999) ‘Palestine: Memory, Invention and Space’, in Ibrahim Abu-Lughod, Roger Heacock and Khaled Nashef (eds.) The Landscape of Palestine:

Equivocal Poetry (Birzeit, Palestine: Birzeit University Publications): 3‒20. Note: the original text is a bibliographic reference, so it is rendered below in Urdu script with the publication details preserved. Equivocal Poetry (برزیت، فلسطین: برزیت یونیورسٹی پبلیکیشنز): 3‒20.

Equivocal Poetry (Birzeit, Palestine: Birzeit University Publications): 3‒20.

Said, Edward (2004) Freud and the Non-European (London: Verso, in association with the Freud Museum). Note: این ترجمہ صرف حوالہ جاتی متن کا ہے، جو کتابوں کے نام اور ناشر کی معلومات پر مشتمل ہے۔ Said, Edward (2004) [Freud and the Non-European] (لندن: Verso, in association with the Freud Museum).

Said, Edward (2004) Freud and the Non-European (London: Verso, in association with the Freud Museum).

[Salibi, Kamal S. (1993) The Modern History of Jordan (London: I. B. Tauris).] Note: The reference above is in Latin script inside square brackets, which is permitted by the rules, so it is left as written.

Salibi, Kamal S. (1993) The Modern History of Jordan (London: I. B. Tauris).

Sand, Shlomo (2009) The Invention of the Jewish People (London: Verso). Note: the reference is a bibliographic citation in English; per the instructions I translate it, keeping titles and names transliterated in Urdu script. ساند، شلومو (2009) ایجاد یہودی قوم (لندن: ورسو).

Sand, Shlomo (2009) The Invention of the Jewish People (London: Verso).

شلومو ساند (2011)۔ الفاظ اور زمین: اسرائیلی دانشور اور قوم پرست افسانہ (لاس اینجلس، کیلیفورنیا: Semiotext(e))۔

Sand, Shlomo (2011) The Words and the Land: Israeli Intellectuals and the Nationalist Myth (Los Angeles, CA: Semiotext(e)).

Sartre, Maurice (1988) ‘La Syrie creuse n’existe pas’, in G. L. Gatier, B. Helly and J.-P Rey-Coquais (eds.) Géographie historique au proche-orient (Paris: n.p.): 15‒40. Note: this reference is a bibliographic entry, so the author name, title, editors and publication details are rendered in Urdu script where they are names, and the French title is transliterated into Urdu script. سارترے، موریس (1988) ‘لا سوری کروز ن اگزیست پا’، در جی. ایل. گاتیے، بی. ہیلی اور جے.-پی. ری-کوکیس (مدیران) Géographie historique au proche-orient (پیرس: ن.پ.): 15‒40۔

Sartre, Maurice (1988) ‘La Syrie creuse n’existe pas’, in G. L. Gatier, B. Helly and J.-P Rey-Coquais (eds.) Géographie historique au proche-orient (Paris: n.p.): 15‒40.

Sartre, Maurice (2005) 'عرب اور صحرائی قومیں'، Alan Bowman، Peter Garnsey اور Averil Cameron کی مرتب کردہ کتاب The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193‒337 میں شامل (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

Sartre, Maurice (2005) ‘The Arabs and Desert Peoples’, in Alan Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Averil Cameron (eds.) The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193‒337 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press):

498‒520.

شلر، جون (2009) انٹرنیٹ پر عرب دنیا کا منظر (چارلسٹن، ساؤتھ کیرولائنا: Booksurge Publishing)۔

Schiller, Jon (2009) Internet View of the Arabic World (Charleston, SC: Booksurge Publishing).

Schölch, Alexander (1992) ‘Britain in Palestine, 1838‒1882: The Roots of the Balfour Policy’, Journal of Palestine Studies 22(1, Autumn): 39‒56. Note: this is a bibliographic reference in square brackets-style citation form, so per the rules, Latin-script references are kept as they are.

Schölch, Alexander (1992) ‘Britain in Palestine, 1838‒1882: The Roots of the Balfour Policy’, Journal of Palestine Studies 22(1, Autumn): 39‒56.

شریڈر، ایبرہارڈ (2012) کیلنشرفٹن اور تاریخی تحقیق [Keilinschriften und Geschichtsforschung] (چارلسٹن، ساؤتھ کیرولائنا: نابو پریس؛ پہلی بار 1878 میں شائع ہوئی)۔

Schrader, Eberhard (2012) Keilinschriften und Geschichtsforschung [Cuneiform Inscriptions and Historical Research] (Charleston, SC: Nabu Press; first published 1878).

Scott, Samuel Parsons (1904) History of the Moorish Empire in Europe, Vol. 1 (Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippinncott). Note: I've transliterated this in the usual way. Here is the Urdu rendering: سکاٹ، ساموئل پارسنز (1904)، تاریخِ سلطنتِ مور اِن یورپ، جلد 1 (فلاڈیلفیا اور لندن: جے. بی. لپنکاٹ)

Scott, Samuel Parsons (1904) History of the Moorish Empire in Europe, Vol. 1 (Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippinncott).

فریڈرک ہنری ایمبروز سکریونر (1893) Adversaria Critica Sacra: With a Short Explanatory Introduction (کیمبرج: کیمبرج یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose (1893) Adversaria Critica Sacra: With a Short Explanatory Introduction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

سیڈلی، ڈیوڈ (ایڈ.) (2012) فلسفۂ اینٹیوکس (کیمبرج: کیمبرج یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Sedley, David (ed.) (2012) The Philosophy of Antiochus (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Segal، Rafi، اور Eyal Weizman (2003) ‘The Mountain’، in Rafi Segal, David Tartakover and Eyal Weizman (eds.) A Civilian Occupation: The Politics of Israeli Architecture (London: Verso): 79–96.

Segal, Rafi, and Eyal Weizman (2003) ‘The Mountain’, in Rafi Segal, David Tartakover and Eyal Weizman (eds.) A Civilian Occupation: The Politics of Israeli Architecture (London: Verso): 79–96.

سیکرٹریٹ آف اسٹیٹ ویٹیکن (2013) اینوآریو پونٹیفیشیو 2013 (روم: لبریریا ایدیٹرس واتیکانا)۔

Segreteria di Stato Vaticano (2013) Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Rome: Libreria Editrice Vaticana).

Seikaly, May (2002a) Haifa: Transformation of an Arab Society 1918‒1939 (London: I. Note: The original is a bibliographic reference, so the title, author name and publication details are rendered as they would be in Urdu scripts used by readers, with the Latin-script reference kept in square brackets as the rules require. سیکالی، مے (2002a) [Haifa: Transformation of an Arab Society 1918‒1939 (London: I.]

Seikaly, May (2002a) Haifa: Transformation of an Arab Society 1918‒1939 (London: I.

(بی۔ ٹورس)۔

B. Tauris).

Seikaly, May (2002b) ‘حیفا چوراہے پر: نیا عالمی نظام کی ایک چوکی’، Leila T. Fawaz، C. A. Bayly، Robert Ilbert کے ساتھ، (ادارت) Modernity and Culture from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean میں (نیویارک: Colombia University Press): 96‒111۔

Seikaly, May (2002b) ‘Haifa at the Crossroads: An Outpost of New World Order’, in Leila T. Fawaz, C. A. Bayly, with Robert Ilbert (eds.) Modernity and Culture from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean (New York: Colombia University Press): 96‒111.

شعبان، ایم اے (1971) اسلامی تاریخ: ایک نئی تعبیر، 600 تا 750 عیسوی (132 ہجری)

Shaban, M. A. (1971) Islamic History: A New Interpretation, A.D. 600‒750 (A.H. 132)

(کیمبرج: کیمبرج یونیورسٹی پریس)

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

شاہد، عرفان (1984) روم اور عرب: بازنطینی سلطنت اور عربوں کے مطالعے کا ایک تمہیدی جائزہ (واشنگٹن ڈی سی: ڈمبرٹن اوکس ریسرچ لائبریری اینڈ کلیکشن)۔

Shahid, Irfan (1984) Rome and the Arabs: A Prolegomenon to the Study of Byzantium and the Artabs (Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection).

شاہد، عرفان (1986) ‘بلاد الشام میں جند نظام: اس کی ابتدا’، اس میں M. A.

Shahid, Irfan (1986) ‘The Jund System in Bilad al-Sham: Its Origins’, in M. A.

بخیت و م. عصفور (مدیران)، بلاد الشام کی تاریخ سے متعلق چوتھی بین الاقوامی کانفرنس کی کارروائی، جلد: بلاد الشام بازنطینی دور میں

Bakhit and M. Asfour (eds.) Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the History of Bilad al-Sham: Bilad al-Sham during the Byzantine Period, Vol.

2 (عمّان: جامعۃ الاردن / جامعۃ اليرموک): 45‒52۔

2 (Amman: University of Jordan / Yarmouk University): 45‒52.

شاہد، عرفان (1989) بازنطینی سلطنت اور عرب پانچویں صدی میں (واشنگٹن، ڈی سی:

Shahid, Irfan (1989) Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fifth Century (Washington, DC:

(Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection) کی شکل میں ڈمبرٹن اوکس ریسرچ لائبریری اور کلیکشن)

Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection).

شاہد، عرفان (1995) Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, Vol. 1 (واشنگٹن، ڈی سی: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection)۔

Shahid, Irfan (1995) Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, Vol. 1 (Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection).

شاہد، عرفان (2002) بازنطین اور عرب چھٹی صدی میں، جلد 2، حصہ 1

Shahid, Erfan (2002) Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, Vol.2, Part. 1

(واشنگٹن، ڈی سی: ڈمبرٹن اوکس ریسرچ لائبریری اینڈ کلیکشن)

(Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection).

شاہد، عرفان (2006a) بازنطینی سلطنت اور عرب پانچویں صدی میں (واشنگٹن، DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection).

Shahid, Irfan (2006a) Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fifth Century (Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection).

شاہد، عرفان (2006ب) بازنطینی سلطنت اور عرب دورِ قدیم کے آخر میں، جلد 3 (واشنگٹن ڈی سی: ڈمبرٹن اوکس ریسرچ لائبریری اینڈ کلیکشن)۔

Shahid, Irfan (2006b) Byzantium and the Arabs in Late Antiquity, Vol. 3 (Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection).

شاہد، عرفان (2009) بازنطین اور عرب چھٹی صدی میں، جلد 2، حصہ 2

Shahid, Irfan (2009) Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, Vol. 2, Part 2

(واشنگٹن، ڈی سی: ڈمبرٹن اوکس ریسرچ لائبریری اینڈ کلیکشن)

(Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection).

شاہد، عرفان (2010) Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century، جلد 2، حصہ 2

Shahid, Irfan (2010) Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, Vol. 2, Part 2

(کیمبرج، ایم اے: ہارورڈ یونیورسٹی پریس اور ڈمبرٹن اوکس ریسرچ لائبریری اینڈ کلیکشن)

(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press and Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection).

شاہین، مریم (2005) فلسطین: ایک رہنما (نارتھیمپٹن، ایم اے: انٹرلنک بکس)۔

Shahin, Mariam (2005) Palestine: A Guide (Northampton, MA: Interlink Books).

شافیر، گیرشون (1996a) زمین، محنت اور اسرائیل‒فلسطین تنازع کی ابتدا، 1882ء‒1914ء (برکلے، کیلیفورنیا: یونیورسٹی آف کیلیفورنیا پریس)۔

Shafir, Gershon (1996a) Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli‒Palestinian Conflict, 1882‒1914 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press).

شافیر، گرشون (1996ب) ‘صیہونیت اور نوآبادیاتی نظام: ایک تقابلی جائزہ’، ایم. این. بارنیٹ (مرتب) میں، اسرائیل تقابلی تناظر میں: روایتی دانش کو چیلنج کرنا (البانی، نیویارک: اسٹیٹ یونیورسٹی آف نیویارک): 227‒244۔

Shafir, Gershon (1996b) ‘Zionism and Colonialism: A Comparative Approach’, in M. N. Barnett (ed.) Israel in Comparative Perspectives: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom (Albany, NY: State University of New York): 227‒244.

شافیر، گرشون (1999) ’صیہونیت اور نوآبادیاتی نظام: ایک تقابلی مطالعہ‘، مشمولہ: ایلان پاپے (مدیر) The Israel/Palestine Question (لندن: Routledge): 81‒96۔

Shafir, Gershon (1999) ‘Zionism and Colonialism: A Comparative Approach’, in Ilan Pappe (ed.) The Israel/Palestine Question (London: Routledge): 81‒96.

شالیو، زور (2012) مقدس الفاظ اور دنیائیں: جغرافیہ، مذہب اور علمی تحقیق، 1550–1700 (لائیڈن اور بوسٹن: برل).

Shalev, Zur (2012) Sacred Words and Worlds: Geography, Religion, and Scholarship, 1550‒1700 (Leiden and Boston: Brill).

شامہ، سمیر (1969) ’الاخشیدی سکے فلسطین‘، الابحاث 22 (3‒4): 27‒46۔

Shamma, Samir (1969) ‘The Ikhshidid Coins of Filastin’, Al-Abhath 22 (3‒4): 27‒46.

شمّہ، سمیر (1980)۔ النقود الاسلامیہ التی ضُربت فی فلسطین [فلسطین میں ڈھالے گئے اسلامی سکے]۔ (مغربی کنارہ، فلسطین: ن۔ پ)۔ [عربی]

Shamma, Samir (1980) Al-Nuqud al-Islamiyyah Alati Duribat fi Filastin [The Islamic Coins Struck in Palestine] (West Bank, Palestine: n.p.) [Arabic].

شریف، ریجینا (1983) غیر یہودی صہیونیت، مغربی تاریخ میں اس کی جڑیں (لندن: زیڈ بکس)۔

Sharif, Regina (1983) Non-Jewish Zionism, Its Roots in Western History (London: Zed Books).

شارون، موشے (1997–2013) Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae [فلسطین کے عربی کتبات کا مجموعہ]، جلد 1–5 (لیڈن: Brill)۔

Sharon, Moshe (1997‒2013) Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae [A Collection of Arabic Inscriptions from Palestine], Vols. 1‒5 (Leiden: Brill).

شارون، موشے (2013) کارپس انسکرپشنم عربیکرم فلسطینا، H-1.5 (لائیڈن:

Sharon, Moshe (2013) Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, H-1.5 (Leiden:

(بریل)

Brill).

شارون، موشے (2003) ‘فلسطین کی تاریخ عرب فتح سے صلیبی جنگوں تک (633–1099)’، میں: مائیکل آوی-یوحنا (مدیر)، A History of Israel and the Holy Land (Continuum: نیویارک اور لندن): 194–234.

Sharon, Moshe (2003) ‘The History of Palestine from the Arab Conquest until the Crusades (633‒1099)’, in Michael Avi-Yohah (ed.) A History of Israel and the Holy Land (Continuum: New York and London): 194‒234.

Sheehi, Stephen (2011) ‘بطرس البستانی: شام کا نظریہ ساز اپنے عہد کا’، in Adel Bishara (ed.) The Origins of Syrian Nationhood: Histories, Pioneers, and Identity (London: Routledge): 57‒78.

Sheehi, Stephen (2011) ‘Butrus al-Bustani: Syria’s Ideologue of the Age’, in Adel Bishara (ed.) The Origins of Syrian Nationhood: Histories, Pioneers, and Identity (London: Routledge): 57‒78.

شیپرڈ، نومی (1987)۔ دی زیلس انٹروڈرز: دی ویسٹرن ری ڈسکوری آف پیلسٹائن (لندن: ولیم کولنز سنز)۔

Shepherd, Naomi (1987) The Zealous Intruders: The Western Rediscovery of Palestine (London: William Collins Sons).

شہادہ، حسیب (1998) ’The Influence of Arabic on Modern Hebrew‘، در: Christian-Bernard Amphoux، Albert Frey اور Ursula Schattner-Riese (مدیران) Études sémitiques et samaritaines offertes à Jean Margain (Lausanne: Éditions du Zèbre):

Shehadeh, Haseeb (1998) ‘The Influence of Arabic on Modern Hebrew’, in Christian- Bernard Amphoux, Albert Frey and Ursula Schattner-Riese (eds.) Études sémitiques et samaritaines offertes à Jean Margain (Lausanne: Éditions du Zèbre):

149‒161.

شلائم، ایوی (2000) دی آئرن وال: اسرائیل اینڈ دی عرب ورلڈ (لندن: دی پینگوئن پریس)۔

Shlaim, Avi (2000) The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World (London: The Penguin Press).

شوہات، ایلا (2010) اسرائیلی سنیما: مشرق/مغرب اور نمائندگی کی سیاست (لندن: I. B. Tauris).

Shohat, Ella (2010) Israeli Cinema: East/West and the Politics of Representation (London: I. B. Tauris).

Silberman, Neil Asher (1982) Digging for God and Country: Exploration, Archaeology, and the Secret Struggle for the Holy Land 1799–1917 (New York: Alfred Knopf). Note: This is a bibliographic reference, so I have left the Latin-script citation as it is, per the rules for references in square brackets. The line below is a plain translation with the title in Urdu script, as required. سلبرمین، نیل آشر (1982)۔ خدا اور ملک کے لیے کھدائی: اکتشاف، آثارِ قدیمہ، اور مقدس سرزمین کے لیے خفیہ کشمکش، 1799–1917۔ (نیویارک: الفریڈ ناپف)

Silberman, Neil Asher (1982) Digging for God and Country: Exploration, Archaeology, and the Secret Struggle for the Holy Land 1799–1917 (New York: Alfred Knopf).

سلبرمین، نیل اشر، اور ڈیوڈ بی. سمال (1977) دی آرکیالوجی آف اسرائیل:

Silberman, Neil Asher, and David B. Small (1977) The Archaeology of Israel:

تعمیرِ ماضی، تفسیرِ حال (JSOTSS 237) (شیفیلڈ: شیفیلڈ اکیڈمک پریس)۔

Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present (JSOTSS 237) (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press).

Sivan, Hagith (2008) Palestine in Late Antiquity (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Translating this reference into Urdu, keeping the author's name, title and publisher in Urdu script and leaving the bracketed citation in Latin letters: [Sivan, Hagith (2008) Palestine in Late Antiquity (Oxford: Oxford University Press).] Urdu translation: [سیوان، ہیگتھ (2008) Palestine in Late Antiquity (آکسفورڈ: آکسفورڈ یونیورسٹی پریس)۔] Note on what's in the original: the book title is in English and I've kept it in Latin letters as it appears in the reference, since the instructions say to keep references in square brackets in Latin script.

Sivan, Hagith (2008) Palestine in Late Antiquity (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

سلیومووچ، سوزن (1998) The Object of Memory: Arab and Jew Narrate the Palestinian Village (فلاڈیلفیا، پنسلوانیا: یونیورسٹی آف پنسلوانیا پریس)۔

Slyomovics, Susan (1998) The Object of Memory: Arab and Jew Narrate the Palestinian Village (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press).

Slyomovics, Susan (2002) ‘The Gender of Transposed Space’, Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture 9 (4), at: http://www.pij.org/details.php?id=114 Note: This text is a bibliographic reference in [square brackets] style, so Latin letters are kept as they are, as the rules allow for references.

Slyomovics, Susan (2002) ‘The Gender of Transposed Space’, Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture 9 (4), at: http://www.pij.org/details.php?id=114

[Smith, Anthony D. (1971) Theories of Nationalism (London: Duckworth).] Note: The text provided is a bibliographic reference in English, so it has been kept as a reference in Latin script within square brackets, as per the formatting rules.

Smith, Anthony D. (1971) Theories of Nationalism (London: Duckworth).

Smith, Anthony D. (1981) The Ethnic Revival (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Translation: اسمتھ، انتھونی ڈی (1981) دی ایتھنک ریوائیول (کیمبرج: کیمبرج یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Smith, Anthony D. (1981) The Ethnic Revival (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Smith, Anthony D. (1984) ‘Ethnic Myths and Ethnic Revivals’, European Journal of Sociology 22: 283‒305. Note: this is a bibliographic reference in English and contains no Islamic content, so it is rendered as in the original, with the author's name and publication details kept in Latin script as the rules require for references in square brackets. However, since the rules call for Urdu script for titles and names outside brackets, the translation is: اسمتھ، انتھونی ڈی. (1984) ‘Ethnic Myths and Ethnic Revivals’، European Journal of Sociology 22: 283‒305۔

Smith, Anthony D. (1984) ‘Ethnic Myths and Ethnic Revivals’, European Journal of Sociology 22: 283‒305.

Smith, Anthony D. (1986) The Ethnic Origin of Nations (London: Blackwell). Note: The rules say to write names and book titles in Urdu script, but bibliographic references in square brackets may keep Latin letters. This entry is not in square brackets, so the Urdu-script rule applies to the names and title, and the reference is rendered accordingly: اسمتھ، انتھونی ڈی (1986) دی ایتھنک اورجن آف نیشنز (لندن: بلیک ویل)۔

Smith, Anthony D. (1986) The Ethnic Origin of Nations (London: Blackwell).

Smith, Anthony D. (1989) ‘The Origins of Nations’, Ethnic and Racial Studies 12(3): Note: This is a bibliographic reference and is kept in its original form as requested, with the author's name and the journal title preserved in Latin script inside the citation brackets rule.

Smith, Anthony D. (1989) ‘The Origins of Nations’, Ethnic and Racial Studies 12(3):

340–367.

سمتھ، انتھونی ڈی۔ (1991) نیشنل آئیڈینٹیٹی (لندن: پینگوئن)

Smith, Anthony D. (1991) National Identity (London: Penguin).

سمتھ، چارلس ڈی۔ (1996)۔ فلسطین اور عرب‒اسرائیل تنازع (نیویارک: سینٹ

Smith, Charles D. (1996) Palestine and the Arab‒Israeli Conflict (New York: St.

(Martin's Press).

Martin’s Press).

Smith, George (1875) The Assyrian Eponym Canon (London: Samuel Bagster and Sons). Note: The instructions require that the translated text be reproduced faithfully, and references in square brackets may keep Latin letters. Since this line is a bibliographic citation, the author name, title and publisher are to be written in Urdu script as names of people, places and books. سمتھ، جارج (1875)۔ دی اسیرین ایپونم کینن (لندن: سیموئل بیگسٹر اینڈ سنز)۔

Smith, George (1875) The Assyrian Eponym Canon (London: Samuel Bagster and Sons).

[Smith, Linda Tuhiwai (1999) Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples (London: Zed Books).] Smith, Linda Tuhiwai (1999) — ڈی کالونائزنگ میتھڈولوجیز: ریسرچ اینڈ انڈیجینس پیپلز (لندن: زیڈ بکس)

Smith, Linda Tuhiwai (1999) Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples (London: Zed Books).

Sokoloff, Michael (2003) A Dictionary of Jewish Palestinian Aramaic of the Byzantine Period, 2nd edition (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press).

Srouji, Elias S. (2003) Cyclamens from Galilee: Memoirs of a Physician from Nazareth (New York: iUniverse, Inc.). Note: The translation below is provided for the bibliographic reference as the text given. سروجی، الیاس ایس۔ (2003) Cyclamens from Galilee: Memoirs of a Physician from Nazareth (نیویارک: iUniverse, Inc.)۔

Srouji, Elias S. (2003) Cyclamens from Galilee: Memoirs of a Physician from Nazareth (New York: iUniverse, Inc.).

St. Laurent, Beatric with Himmet Taşkömürl (2013) ‘The Imperial Museum of Antiquities in Jerusalem, 1890‒1930: An Alternate Narrative’, Jerusalem Quarterly 55: 6‒45, at: http://www.palestine-studies.org/sites/default/files/jq-articles/ JQ%2055_The%20Imperial.pdf Stein, Leonard (1961) The Balfour Declaration (Jerusalem: Magnes Press of the Hebrew University).

سلیمان، یاسر (2016) فلسطینی ہونا: فلسطینی شناخت پر دیارِ غیر میں ذاتی تاملات (ایڈنبرا: ایڈنبرا یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Suleiman, Yasir (2016) Being Palestinian: Personal Reflections on Palestinian Identity in the Diaspora (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press).

Stavans, Ilan (2008) Resurrecting Hebrew (Jerusalem: Schocken). Note: The user message is a bibliographic reference, which I translate into Urdu as text. Author and place names are rendered in Urdu script, while the title and publisher are rendered as well. ستاونس، ایلان (2008) Resurrecting Hebrew (یروشلم: شوکن).

Stavans, Ilan (2008) Resurrecting Hebrew (Jerusalem: Schocken).

سٹاورو تھیوفانیس، جارج (1961)۔ روسی شاہی آرتھوڈاکس فلسطین سوسائٹی، 1882‒1914۔ پی ایچ ڈی کا مقالہ، انڈیانا یونیورسٹی۔

Stavrou Theofanis, George (1961) The Russian Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society, 1882‒1914. PhD dissertation, Indiana University.

Sternhell, Zeev (1998) The Founding Myths of Israel: Nationalism, Socialism, and the Making of the Jewish State (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press). Note: The reference format here requires Latin letters, so I'm keeping it in square brackets as the rules allow: [Sternhell, Zeev (1998) The Founding Myths of Israel: Nationalism, Socialism, and the Making of the Jewish State (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).]

Sternhell, Zeev (1998) The Founding Myths of Israel: Nationalism, Socialism, and the Making of the Jewish State (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).

سٹرابو (1917) The Geography of Strabo، ہوریس لیونارڈ جونز کے انگریزی ترجمے کے ساتھ، 8 جلدیں (لندن: Heinemann)۔

Strabo (1917) The Geography of Strabo, with an English translation by Horace Leonard Jones, 8 Vols. (London: Heinemann).

سٹریٹر، برنیٹ ہلمین (1926) دی فور گاسپلز: اے اسٹڈی آف اوریجنز، ٹریٹنگ آف دی مینوسکرپٹ ٹریڈیشن، سورسز، اتھرشپ، اینڈ ڈیٹس، دوسرا ایڈیشن (لندن:

Streeter, Burnett Hillman (1926) The Four Gospels: A Study of Origins, Treating of the Manuscript Tradition, Sources, Authorship, & Dates, 2nd edition (London:

(Macmillan؛ پہلی بار 1924 میں شائع ہوئی)۔

Macmillan; first published 1924).

Sturgis, Matthew (2001) It Ain't Necessarily So: Investigating the Truth of the Biblical Past (London: Headline Book Publishing). Note: The reference is written in Latin letters inside square brackets, so per the rules I should keep it as is. However, the rules say only references in [square brackets] keep Latin letters; this entry is not bracketed, so I render it in Urdu script. میتھیو سٹرجس، (2001) It Ain't Necessarily So: Investigating the Truth of the Biblical Past (لندن: Headline Book Publishing)۔

Sturgis, Matthew (2001) It Ain’t Necessarily So: Investigating the Truth of the Biblical Past (London: Headline Book Publishing).

Sykes, Christopher (1973) Crossroads to Israel, 1917‒1948 (Bloomington, IN and London: Indiana University Press).

Taha, Hamdan (2010) ‘Two Decades of Archeology in Palestine’, at: http://www.

academia.edu/19771693/Two_Decades_of_Archeology_in_Palestine Taha, Hamdan (2017) ‘Palestine: A Fascinating History’, Palestine no. 232 (August): Note: The text above is a citation/URL, which I've kept intact as instructed for references in square brackets; since it contains Latin letters outside square brackets, here is the translation of the citation with the title and journal names rendered in Urdu script: academia.edu/19771693/Two_Decades_of_Archeology_in_Palestine، طہ، حمدان (2017) ‘فلسطین: ایک دلچسپ تاریخ’، فلسطین شمارہ 232 (اگست):

academia.edu/19771693/Two_Decades_of_Archeology_in_Palestine Taha, Hamdan (2017) ‘Palestine: A Fascinating History’, Palestine no. 232 (August):

6‒11.

طال، اورن (2012) 'Greek Coinages in Palestine'، ولیم ای. میٹکاف (مدون) The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Tomean Coinage میں (آکسفورڈ اور نیویارک: Oxford University Press): 252‒274۔

Tal, Oren (2012) ‘Greek Coinages in Palestine’, in William E. Metcalf (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Tomean Coinage (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press): 252‒274.

Talgam, Rina (2004) ‘The Ekphrasis Eikonos of Procopius of Gaza: The Depiction of Mythological Themes in Palestine and Arabia during the Fifth and Sixth Centuries’, in Brouria Bitton-Ashkelony and Aryeh Kofsky (eds.) Christian Gaza in Late Antiquity (Leiden and Boston: Brill): 209–234. Note: the reference above is kept in Latin script as instructed for references in square brackets; here it is without brackets, so I have transliterated it into Urdu script below. تلگام، رینا (2004) ’The Ekphrasis Eikonos of Procopius of Gaza: The Depiction of Mythological Themes in Palestine and Arabia during the Fifth and Sixth Centuries‘، میں برورِیا بیتون-اشکیلونی اور آریے کوفسکی (مدیران) Christian Gaza in Late Antiquity (لائیڈن اور بوسٹن: بریل): 209–234۔

Talmon, Jacob L. (1965) ‘Who Is a Jew?’ Encounter XXIV (5, May) [cited in Georges Tamarin, The Israeli Dilemma (Rotterdam: Rotterdam University Press, 1973)]. Note: The reference contains Latin-script text inside square brackets, which per the rules is kept as is, and the entire citation is a reference, so it is left unchanged.

Talmon, Jacob L. (1965) ‘Who Is a Jew?’ Encounter XXIV (5, May) [cited in Georges Tamarin, The Israeli Dilemma (Rotterdam: Rotterdam University Press, 1973)].

تمری، سالم (2003) ‘A Miserable Year in Brooklyn: Khalil Sakakini in America, 1907‒1908’ (انسٹیٹیوٹ آف جیروسلم سٹڈیز، 17 (فروری))، یہاں دستیاب ہے: http://www.palestine- studies.org/jq/fulltext/77994

Tamari, Salim (2003) ‘A Miserable Year in Brooklyn: Khalil Sakakini in America, 1907‒1908’ (Institute of Jerusalem Studies’ 17 (February), at: http://www.palestine- studies.org/jq/fulltext/77994

تمری، سلیم (2006) ‘واصف جوہریہ، پاپولر موسیقی اور جدیدیت، یروشلم میں’، in ربیکا اسٹین اور ٹیڈ سویڈن برگ (ایڈیٹرز)، فلسطین، اسرائیل اور پاپولر ثقافت کی سیاست (ڈرہم، این سی: ڈیوک یونیورسٹی پریس)۔

Tamari, Salim (2006) ‘Wasif Jawhariyyeh, Popular Music and Modernity in Jerusalem’, in Rebecca Stein and Ted Swedenberg (eds.) Palestine, Israel, and the Politics of Popular Culture (Durham, NC: Duke University Press).

Tamari, Salim (2008) Mountain against the Sea: Essays in Palestinian Society and Culture (برکلے، لاس اینجلس اور لندن: یونیورسٹی آف کیلیفورنیا پریس)۔

Tamari, Salim (2008) Mountain against the Sea: Essays in Palestinian Society and Culture (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press).

تمری، سالم (2011) ‘عثمانی تصورات فلسطین میں تبدیلی: حصہ 1: رسالۂ فلسطین اور دو جمال’، Jerusalem Quarterly، شمارہ 47 (خزاں): 28–38۔

Tamari, Salim (2011) ‘Shifting Ottoman Conceptions of Palestine: Part 1: Filistin Risalesi and the Two Jamals’, Jerusalem Quarterly, No. 47 (Fall): 28–38.

تامری، سلیم (2014) ‘عیسیٰ العیسیٰ کی غیر روایتی روایت پسندی: یروشلم میں ممنوع، یافا میں جائز’، Jerusalem Quarterly 59: 16–36، یہاں دیکھیں: http://www.palestinestudies.

Tamari, Salim (2014) ‘Issa al Issa’s Unorthodox Orthodoxy: Banned in Jerusalem, Permitted in Jaffa’, Jerusalem Quarterly 59: 16–36, at: http://www.palestinestudies.

org/jq/fulltext/165351

طرونہ، طہ ثلجی (1982)۔ مملکۃ صفد فی عہد المماليك [مملوکوں کے دور میں صفد کی سلطنت]۔ بیروت: دار الآفاق الجدیدہ۔

Tarawneh, Taha Thalji (1982) Mamlakat Safad fi ‘Ahd al-Mamalik [The Kingdom of Safad in the Era of Mamluks] (Beirut: Dar al-Afaq al-Jadidah).

تاوبر، ایلیزر (2007) The Formation of Modern Syria and Iraq (لندن: Routledge and Digital Printing؛ پہلی بار 1995 میں شائع ہوئی)۔

Tauber, Eliezer (2007) The Formation of Modern Syria and Iraq (London: Routledge and Digital Printing; first published 1995).

[The Encyclopaedia of Islam (1965) Vol. II, new edition (Leiden: E. J. Brill).] Note: The text in brackets is a reference and is kept in Latin script as per the rules.

The Encyclopaedia of Islam (1965) Vol. II, new edition (Leiden: E. J. Brill).

Thompson, Thomas L. (1979). The Settlement of Palestine in the Bronze Age (Wiesbaden:

(Reichert)

Reichert).

Thompson, Thomas L. (1987) ‘The Origin Tradition of Ancient Israel I’, Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, Supplementary Series 55 (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press; first published 1974). Note: The rules require translating faithfully, but this is a bibliographic reference in Latin letters. Per the instructions, references in square brackets keep Latin letters; this reference is not bracketed, so I have translated it as written into Urdu script for names and places while keeping the title in English as is. تھامپسن، تھامس ایل (1987) ‘The Origin Tradition of Ancient Israel I’، Journal for the Study of the Old Testament، Supplementary Series 55 (شیفیلڈ: Sheffield Academic Press؛ پہلی بار 1974 میں شائع ہوئی)۔

Thompson, Thomas L. (1991) ‘Text, Context and Referent in Israelite Historiography’, in D. Edelman (ed.) The Fabric of History: Text, Artifact and Israel’s Past (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press):65–92. Note: the reference contains no mention of the Prophet, so no ﷺ is needed.

Thompson, Thomas L. (1992) The Early History of the Israelite People From the Written and Archaeological Sources (Leiden: Brill). Urdu translation: تھامسن، تھامس ایل۔ (1992) بنی اسرائیل کی ابتدائی تاریخ، تحریری اور آثارِ قدیمہ کے ماخذوں سے (Leiden: Brill)

Thompson, Thomas L. (1992) The Early History of the Israelite People From the Written and Archaeological Sources (Leiden: Brill).

Thompson, Thomas L. (1998) ‘Hidden Histories and the Problem of Ethnicity in Palestine’, in Michael Prior (ed.) Western Scholarship and the History of Palestine (London: Melisende): 23–39.

Thompson, Thomas L. (1999) The Bible in History: How Writers Create a Past (London: Jonathan Cape). This is a bibliographic reference. Translating it into Urdu while keeping the publication details intact: تھامسن، تھامس ایل۔ (1999) The Bible in History: How Writers Create a Past (لندن: Jonathan Cape)۔

Thompson, Thomas L. (1999) The Bible in History: How Writers Create a Past (London: Jonathan Cape).

Thompson, Thomas L. (2003) ‘Is the Bible Historical? The Challenge of “Minimalism” for Biblical Scholars and Historians’, Holy Land Studies: A Multidisciplinary Journal 3(1, May): 1‒27.

تھامسن، تھامس ایل۔ (2011) ‘The Bible, Zionism and the Heritage of an Empty Land: Review Article’، Holy Land Studies: A Multidisciplinary Journal، جلد 10، شمارہ 1 (مئی):

Thompson, Thomas L. (2011) ‘The Bible, Zionism and the Heritage of an Empty Land: Review Article’, Holy Land Studies: A Multidisciplinary Journal 10(1, May):

97‒108.

Thompson, Thomas L. (2016) ‘Ethnicity and a Regional History of Palestine’, in Ingrid Hjelm and Thomas L. Thompson (eds.) History, Archaeology and the Bible Forty Years after ‘Historicity’: Changing Perspectives 6 (London: Routledge): Note: The above is not translated. Here is the translation of the reference: تھامسن، تھامس ایل (2016) ‘‘نسلیت اور فلسطین کی علاقائی تاریخ’’، انگریزی میں: انگرڈ ہیلم اور تھامس ایل تھامسن (مرتبین) تاریخ، آثارِ قدیمہ اور بائبل: ’’تاریخیت‘‘ کے چالیس سال بعد: بدلتے نقطۂ نظر 6 (لندن: روٹلج):

159‒173.

Thompson, Thomas L., Maniragaba Balibutsa اور Margaret M. Clarkson (1975) The Settlement of Sinai and the Negev in the Bronze Age (Wiesbaden: Reichert).

Thompson, Thomas L., Maniragaba Balibutsa and Margaret M. Clarkson (1975) The Settlement of Sinai and the Negev in the Bronze Age (Wiesbaden: Reichert).

تھامسن، تھامس ایل.، ایف. جے. گونکالویس اور جے. ایم. وان کینگ (1988) فلسطینی توپونیمی:

Thompson, Thomas L., F. J. Goncalves and J. M. van Cangh (1988) Toponymie Palestinienne:

سینٹ جین ڈی ایکر کا میدان اور یروشلم کی راہداری (لوون لا نیو: انسٹیٹیوٹ اورینٹلیسٹ دی لوون، یونیورسٹی کیتھولیک دی لوون)

Plaine de St. Jean d’Acre et corridor de Jerusalem (Louvain-la-Neuve: de l’institut orientaliste de Louvain, Université catholique de Louvain).

[Tobler, Titus (1859) Dritte Wanderung nach Palästina im Jahre 1857 [Third Journey to Palestine in 1857], at: https://archive.org/details/titustoblersdri00toblgoog Tobler, Titus (1867) Bibliographia Geographica Palestinae [Geographic Bibliography for Palestine] (Zurich), at: https://archive.org/details/Bibliographia GeographicaPalestinae Tristram, Henry Baker (1884) The Survey of Western Palestine: The Fauna and Flora of Palestine (London: The Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund).]

Tobler, Titus (1859) Dritte Wanderung nach Palästina im Jahre 1857 [Third Journey to Palestine in 1857], at: https://archive.org/details/titustoblersdri00toblgoog Tobler, Titus (1867) Bibliographia Geographica Palestinae [Geographic Bibliography for Palestine] (Zurich), at: https://archive.org/details/Bibliographia GeographicaPalestinae Tristram, Henry Baker (1884) The Survey of Western Palestine: The Fauna and Flora of Palestine (London: The Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund).

ترون، سیلوین ایلان (2008) ‘De-Judaizing the Homeland: Academic Politics in Rewriting the History of Palestine’، ان میں فلپ کارل سالزمین اور ڈونا رابنسن ڈیوائن (مدون)، Postcolonial Theory and the Arab–Israel Conflict (لندن: روٹلیج)

Troen, Selwyn Ilan (2008) ‘De-Judaizing the Homeland: Academic Politics in Rewriting the History of Palestine’, in Philip Carl Salzman and Donna Robinson Divine (eds.) Postcolonial Theory and the Arab–Israel Conflict (London: Routledge):

195‒207.

[Tuebinger Bibelatlas] (2001) (ویزبادن: Reichert) Note: The rules require Urdu script for names, but the reference in square brackets stays in Latin letters, as specified. Correction for the title and publisher, which are names and should be in Urdu script: Tubingen Bible Atlas (2001) (ویزبادن: رائیکرٹ)

Tubingen Bible Atlas [Tuebinger Bibelatlas] (2001) (Wiesbaden: Reichert).

ٹکمین، باربرا ڈبلیو (1982) بائبل اور تلوار: برطانیہ فلسطین کیسے پہنچا (لندن: میکملن؛ پہلی بار 1956 میں شائع ہوئی)۔

Tuchman, Barbara W. (1982) Bible and Sword: How the British came to Palestine (London: Macmillan; first published 1956).

Tucker, Judith E. (2002) ‘Biography as History: The Exemplary Life of Khayr al-Din al-Ramli’, in Mary Ann Fay (ed.) Auto/Biography and the Construction of Identity in the Middle East (New York: Palgrave Macmillan): 9–18. Note: The rules say references in square brackets may use Latin letters, but this text is not in square brackets and is a bibliographic reference, so I have translated it as a reference entry. Here is the translation: Tucker, Judith E. (2002) ‘Biography as History: The Exemplary Life of Khayr al-Din al-Ramli’, in Mary Ann Fay (ed.) Auto/Biography and the Construction of Identity in the Middle East (New York: Palgrave Macmillan): 9–18.

وان برشم، (1894) مواد برائے ایک Corpus inscriptionum Arabicarum (قاہرہ:

Van Berchem, (1894) Matériaux pour un Corpus inscriptionum Arabicarum (Cairo:

انسٹیٹیوٹ فرانسیسی برائے مشرقی آثارِ قدیمہ، قاہرہ)۔

Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Cairo).

Verete, Mayir (1970) ‘The Balfour Declaration and Its Makers’, Middle Eastern Studies 6 (1): 48‒76. Note: The rules require translating faithfully, and references in square brackets stay in Latin letters, but this text has no square brackets. Per the instructions, the citation is translated into Urdu script: ویریٹ، مائیر (1970) ‘The Balfour Declaration and Its Makers’, Middle Eastern Studies 6 (1): 48‒76۔

Verete, Mayir (1970) ‘The Balfour Declaration and Its Makers’, Middle Eastern Studies 6 (1): 48‒76.

فان سوخیم، لودولف [Ludolf von Sudheim] (1971) لودولف فان سوخیم کی ارض مقدس اور وہاں تک جانے کے راستے کی تفصیل: سن 1350 عیسوی میں لکھی گئی۔

Von Suchem, Ludolph [Ludolf von Sudheim] (1971) Ludolph Von Suchem’s Description of the Holy Land, and of the Way Thither: Written in the Year A.D. 1350.

فلسطین کے زائرین کے متن کی سوسائٹی کی لائبریری، جلد 12، حصہ 3، ترجمہ: آبری اسٹیورٹ (نیویارک: Ams Press)۔

The library of the Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, Vol. 12, Part 3, translated by Aubrey Stewart (New York: Ams Press).

فون سوخم، لُڈولف [Ludolf von Sudheim] (2013) Ludolph von Suchem’s Description of the Holy Land and of the Way Thither: Written in the Year A.D. 1350، ترتیب و ترجمہ Aubrey Stewart (کیمبرج: Cambridge University Press)۔

Von Suchem, Ludolph [Ludolf von Sudheim] (2013) Ludolph von Suchem’s Description of the Holy Land and of the Way Thither: Written in the Year A.D. 1350, edited and translated by Aubrey Stewart (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Wagner, Donald (1992) ‘Beyond Armageddon’, The Link 25(4, October‒November): 4. Note: The input is a bibliographic reference. Per the instruction to keep Latin letters only inside square brackets, here is the translation with names and titles in Urdu script: واگنر، ڈونلڈ (1992) ‘بیانڈ آرمیگڈن’، دی لنک 25(4، اکتوبر‒نومبر): 4۔

Wagner, Donald (1992) ‘Beyond Armageddon’, The Link 25(4, October‒November): 4.

Wagner, Donald (1995) Anxious for Armageddon (Scottdale, PA and Waterloo, Ontario: Herald Press). Translated into Urdu, keeping the reference format and names in Urdu script: Wagner، Donald (1995) Anxious for Armageddon (Scottdale، PA اور Waterloo، Ontario: Herald Press).

Wagner, Donald (1995) Anxious for Armageddon (Scottdale, PA and Waterloo, Ontario: Herald Press).

وکیم، وکیم (2001a) اندرونی طور پر بے دخل شدہ: اپنے ہی وطن میں پناہ گزین (قاہرہ:

Wakim, Wakim (2001a) The Internally Displaced: Refugees in Their Homeland (Cairo:

مرکز برائے مطالعہِ حقوقِ انسانی) [عربی]۔

Centre of Human Rights Studies) [Arabic].

وکیم، وکیم (2001ب) ’اپنے ہی وطن میں اندرونی طور پر بے گھر ہونے والے اور اہم پڑاؤ‘، الاتحاد، یومِ زمین (مارچ) کا خصوصی ضمیمہ [عربی]۔

Wakim, Wakim (2001b) ‘Internally Displaced in their Homeland and the Main Stations’, Al-Ittihad, special supplement for Land Day (March) [Arabic].

Wallace-Hadrill, D. S. (1982) Christian Antioch: A Study of Early Christian Thought in the East (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Note: I translated the citation's words and kept the bibliographic details as they are, since names of books and places in references should remain in Latin letters inside square brackets only. Because this entry is a reference, the bracketed-style rule applies to the book and publisher names, so I've kept them intact: Wallace-Hadrill, D. S. (1982) [Christian Antioch: A Study of Early Christian Thought in the East (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)].

Wallace-Hadrill, D. S. (1982) Christian Antioch: A Study of Early Christian Thought in the East (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Walmsley, Alan G. (1996) ‘Byzantine Palestine and Arabia: Urban Prosperity in Late Antiquity’, in N. Christie and S. T. Loseby (eds.) Towns in Transition: Urban Evolution in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (Brookfield, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company): 126‒158.

والمسلي، ألان جی (2000) «الإنتاج والتبادل والتجارة الإقليمية في شرق البحر المتوسط الإسلامي: هياكل قديمة، أنظمة جديدة؟»، في إنغي لايس هانسن وكريس ويكهام (محرران) القرن الثامن الطويل: الإنتاج والتوزيع والطلب (ليدن: بريل): 265‒343.

Walmsley, Alan G. (2000) ‘Production, Exchange and Regional Trade in the Islamic East Mediterranean: Old Structures, New Systems?’, in Inge Lyse Hansen and Chris Wickham (eds.) The Long Eighth Century: Production, Distribution and Demand (Leiden: Brill): 265‒343.

Ward, Walter David (2008) From Provincia Arabia to Palaestinae Tertia: The Impact of Geography, Economy, and Religion on the Sedentary and Nomadic Communities in the later Roman Province of Third Palestine. PhD dissertation, UCLA. Ward، Walter David (2008) From Provincia Arabia to Palaestinae Tertia: The Impact of Geography, Economy, and Religion on the Sedentary and Nomadic Communities in the later Roman Province of Third Palestine. PhD dissertation, UCLA.

Weir, Shelagh (1994) Palestinian Costume (London: British Museum). Note: I've kept the bibliographic reference in its original Latin script, since the rules say references in square brackets stay as they are. This line has no brackets, so strictly it should be transliterated. Here is the translation with names and places in Urdu script: ویئر، شیلاغ (1994) فلسطینی لباس (لندن: برٹش میوزیم)۔

Weir, Shelagh (1994) Palestinian Costume (London: British Museum).

Westberg, David (2009) ‘The Rite of Spring, Erotic Celebration in the Dialexeis and Ethopoiiai of Procopius of Gaza’, in Ingela Nilsson (ed.) Plotting with Eros: Note: this is a bibliographic reference, so following the rule for references in square brackets, I have kept the Latin letters as they are.

Westberg, David (2009) ‘The Rite of Spring, Erotic Celebration in the Dialexeis and Ethopoiiai of Procopius of Gaza’, in Ingela Nilsson (ed.) Plotting with Eros:

Essays on the Poetics of Love and the Erotics of Reading: Eros and the Poetics of Narrative (Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen and Museum Tusculanum Press): 187‒212. Note: This is a bibliographic reference, so I have transliterated the title and publication details into Urdu script as instructed, keeping the page numbers as they are. ایسیز آن دی پوئٹکس آف لو اینڈ دی ایروٹکس آف ریڈنگ: ایروس اینڈ دی پوئٹکس آف نیریٹو (کوپن ہیگن: یونیورسٹی آف کوپن ہیگن اینڈ میوزیم ٹسکولانم پریس): 187‒212۔

Essays on the Poetics of Love and the Erotics of Reading: Eros and the Poetics of Narrative (Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen and Museum Tusculanum Press): 187‒212.

کیتھ وائٹ لام (1996)، دی انوینشن آف اینشینٹ اسرائیل: دی سائلنسنگ آف پیلیسٹینین ہسٹری (لندن اور نیویارک: روٹلیج)۔

Whitelam, Keith (1996) The Invention of Ancient Israel: The Silencing of Palestinian History (London and New York: Routledge).

Wiener, Noah (2016) ‘Early Bronze Age: Megiddo’s Great Temple and the Birth of Urban Culture in the Levant’, Bible History Daily, Biblical Archaeology Society, 10 September, at: https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/ancient-cultures/ ancient-israel/early-bronze-age-megiddos-great-temple-and-the-birth-of-urbanculture- in-the-levant/ Wiemer, Reinhard (1983) ‘Zionism and the Arabs after the Establishment of the State of Israel’, in Alexander Schölch (ed.) Palestinians over the Green Line (London: ویزنر، نوح (2016) ‘Early Bronze Age: Megiddo’s Great Temple and the Birth of Urban Culture in the Levant’، Bible History Daily، Biblical Archaeology Society، 10 September، بتاریخ: https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/ancient-cultures/ ancient-israel/early-bronze-age-megiddos-great-temple-and-the-birth-of-urbanculture- in-the-levant/ ویمر، راینہارڈ (1983) ‘Zionism and the Arabs after the Establishment of the State of Israel’، در: الیگزینڈر شولش (مدیر) Palestinians over the Green Line (London:

(Ithaca Press): 26‒63.

Ithaca Press): 26‒63.

Wigram, William Anger (2004) An Introduction to the History of the Assyrian Church (Assyrian International News Agency; first published 1909), at: http://www.aina.

org/books/itthotac/itthotac.htm Wilkinson, J. (1975) ‘The Streets of Jerusalem’, Levant 7: 118‒136. Note: The text is a bibliographic reference, so I've rendered the author and title names in Urdu script and kept the URL and journal details as they appear, since they are not names of people, places or books that can be transliterated. org/books/itthotac/itthotac.htm ولکنسن، جے. (1975) ‘The Streets of Jerusalem’، Levant 7: 118‒136۔

org/books/itthotac/itthotac.htm Wilkinson, J. (1975) ‘The Streets of Jerusalem’, Levant 7: 118‒136.

Wilson, N. G. (1967) ‘A Chapter in the History of Scholia’, Classical Quarterly 61: Note: Per the rules, references in square brackets stay Latin; this line has no brackets, so names and titles must be in Urdu script. Translating: ولسن، این. جی. (1967) ‘A Chapter in the History of Scholia’، کلاسیکل کوارٹرلی 61:

Wilson, N. G. (1967) ‘A Chapter in the History of Scholia’, Classical Quarterly 61:

244‒256.

Wilson, N. G. (1983) Scholars of Byzantium (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press). Note: The rules say names of books and places should be in Urdu script, but this is a bibliographic reference in square-bracket-free form. Following the instructions, Latin letters are allowed only in square brackets, so I render the reference in Urdu script: ولسن، این. جی. (1983) Scholars of Byzantium (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press).

Wilson, N. G. (1983) Scholars of Byzantium (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press).

Winckler, Hugo (1898) Altorientalische Forschungen (Leipzig: Eduard Pfeiffer). Note: The input is a bibliographic reference in German, not English, and the translation rules call for English-to-Urdu translation. I've translated it as given, keeping the title and publisher names in their original form. ونکلر، ہوگو (1898) Altorientalische Forschungen (لائپزگ: ایڈوارڈ فائفر)۔

Winckler, Hugo (1898) Altorientalische Forschungen (Leipzig: Eduard Pfeiffer).

ویٹگنسٹائن، لڈوِگ (2001) فلسفیانہ تحقیقات (لندن: بلیک ویل پبلشنگ؛ پہلی بار 1953 میں شائع ہوئی)۔

Wittgenstein, Ludwig (2001) Philosophical Investigations (London: Blackwell Publishing; first published 1953).

Wolfe, Patrick (2006) ‘Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native’, Journal of Genocide Research 8(4) (December): 387–409. Note: this is a bibliographic reference, so I have kept the Latin-script title, journal name and page numbers as they are, per the rule that references in square brackets stay Latin; here the reference is not in brackets, so the author's name and title are given in Urdu script where they are names, while the citation details remain as written. ولف، پیٹرک (2006) ‘Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native’، Journal of Genocide Research 8(4) (December): 387–409۔

Wolfe, Patrick (2006) ‘Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native’, Journal of Genocide Research 8(4) (December): 387–409.

ورلڈ ہیلتھ آرگنائزیشن (2007) مختون کرنا (ختنہ): عالمی رجحانات اور شیوع، حفاظت اور قابلِ قبولیت کے تعین کنندگان (جنیوا: ورلڈ ہیلتھ آرگنائزیشن)۔

World Health Organisation (2007) Male Circumcision: Global Trends and Determinants of Prevalence, Safety and Acceptability (Geneva: World Health Organisation).

وربا، ماريان (مرتب) (1996)۔ القرن التاسع عشر اور بيسويں صدی کے ابتدائی دور میں ارض مقدس میں آسٹريا کی موجودگی۔ مجلسِ مذاکرہ کی روداد جو 1 تا 2 مارچ 1995 کو يروشلم میں آسٹريائی ہاسپس میں منعقد ہوئی (تل ابيب: آسٹريائی سفارت خانہ)۔

Wrba, Marian (ed.) (1996) Austrian Presence in the Holy Land in the 19th and Early 20th Century. Proceedings of the Symposium in the Austrian Hospice in Jerusalem on 1‒2 March 1995 (Tel Aviv: Austrian Embassy).

Wright, Thomas (1948) Early Travels in Palestine (London: Bohn’s Antiquarian Library). Note: The reference format here is a citation, and per the rules, references in square brackets stay Latin; this text is not in square brackets, so it should be translated into Urdu script. رائٹ، تھامس (1948) Early Travels in Palestine (لندن: بوہنز اینٹیکوارین لائبریری).

Wright, Thomas (1948) Early Travels in Palestine (London: Bohn’s Antiquarian Library).

یعقوبی، ہائم (2009) The Jewish-Arab City: Spacio-politics in a Mixed Community (London and New York: Routledge)۔

Yacobi, Haim (2009) The Jewish-Arab City: Spacio-politics in a Mixed Community (London and New York: Routledge).

یزبک، محمود (1998) حیفا in the Late Ottoman Period, 1864‒1914: A Muslim Town in Transition (Leiden: Brill).

Yazbak, Mahmoud (1998) Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period, 1864‒1914: A Muslim Town in Transition (Leiden: Brill).

Yehoshua, A. B. (1975) ‘Facing the Forests’, in Robert Alter (ed.) Modern Hebrew Literature (New York: Behrman House; first published 1968): 351‒392. Note: The reference contains Latin letters, which the rules permit inside square brackets, but this reference is not in square brackets. Under the rules, names of people, places and books should appear in Urdu script, so I render it accordingly: یہوشوا، اے. بی. (1975) ’Facing the Forests‘، میں رابرٹ التر (مدیر) Modern Hebrew Literature (نیویارک: Behrman House؛ پہلی بار 1968 میں شائع ہوئی): 351‒392۔

Yehoshua, A. B. (1975) ‘Facing the Forests’, in Robert Alter (ed.) Modern Hebrew Literature (New York: Behrman House; first published 1968): 351‒392.

یفتاخیل، اورن (2006) ایتھنوکریسی: اسرائیل/فلسطین میں زمین اور شناخت کی سیاست (فلاڈیلفیا، PA: یونیورسٹی آف پنسلوانیا پریس)۔

Yiftachel, Oren (2006) Ethnocracy: Land and Identity Politics in Israel/Palestine (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press).

یونس، مونا این۔ (2000) آزادی اور جمہوریت: جنوبی افریقہ اور فلسطینی قومی تحریکیں (منیاپولس، ایم این: یونیورسٹی آف مینیسوٹا پریس)۔

Younis, Mona N. (2000) Liberation and Democratization: The South African and Palestinian National Movements (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press).

زانگ ول، اسرائیل (1920) آواز یروشلم (لندن: ولیم ہائی نیمن)۔

Zangwill, Israel (1920) The Voice of Jerusalem (London: William Heinemann).

زینگول، اسرائیل (1937) تقاریر، مضامین اور خطوط (لندن: سونسینو پریس)۔

Zangwill, Israel (1937) Speeches, Articles and Letters (London: Soncino Press).

زینر، نوئیل کے۔ (2005) Nothing Ordinary Here: Statius as Creator of Distinction in the Silvae (لندن اور نیویارک: رَاؤٹلیج)

Zeiner, Noelle K. (2005) Nothing Ordinary Here: Statius as Creator of Distinction in the Silvae (London and New York: Routledge).

Zerubavel, Yael (1995) Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli National Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press). Note: The translation above is incomplete; the instruction was to translate the given text into Urdu. Here is the Urdu translation: زیروبیول، یائل (1995) Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli National Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).

Zerubavel, Yael (1995) Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli National Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).

Zerubavel, Yael (1996) ‘The Forest as a National Icon: Literature, Politics and the Archaeology of Memory’, Israel Studies 1(1, Spring): 60‒99. Note: I've kept this as a citation, with the bibliographic details in Latin script inside square brackets as the rules require, so no Urdu rendering is given for the reference itself. [Zerubavel, Yael (1996) ‘The Forest as a National Icon: Literature, Politics and the Archaeology of Memory’, Israel Studies 1(1, Spring): 60‒99.]

Zerubavel, Yael (1996) ‘The Forest as a National Icon: Literature, Politics and the Archaeology of Memory’, Israel Studies 1(1, Spring): 60‒99.

زیویت، زیونی (2003) قدیم اسرائیل کے مذاہب: متوازی نقطۂ نظر کی ایک ترکیب (لندن: کونٹینیوم انٹرنیشنل پبلشنگ)

Zevit, Ziony (2003) The Religions of Ancient Israel: A Synthesis of Parallactic Approaches (London: Continuum International Publishing).