پیامبر خدا ﷺ قاضیان را منصوب می‌کردند؛ ایشان علی را به قضاوت در یمن گماشت و به او دستورالعمل داد که چگونه قضاوت کند و فرمود: «اگر دو طرف دعوا نزد تو آمدند، برای هیچ‌یک حکم نکن تا آنگاه که سخن طرف دیگر را شنیده باشی.» ﷺ همچنین عبدالله بن نوفل را به قضاوت در مدینه گماشت ﷺ.

The Messenger of Allah (saw) used to appoint the judges; he appointed ‘Ali as judge over Yemen and he gave him instructions about how to judge by saying, “If two disputing persons came to you do not judge for either of them until you have heard what the other had to say.” He (saw) also appointed ‘Abdullah ibn Nawfal as judge over Madinah.

اما همه قاضیان یک نوع نبودند، و حوزهٔ صلاحیت آنان بر حسب نقشی که به ایشان واگذار می‌شد متفاوت بود. برخی از قاضیان به اختلافات میان مردم می‌پرداختند، برخی دیگر به رفع هر زیانی که منافع عمومی مردم را تهدید می‌کرد، و گروهی نیز به حوزهٔ اختلافات میان مردم و کسانی که بر ایشان فرمان می‌راندند.

However, all the judges were not of one type, and the areas over which they had jurisdiction varied according to the roles they were allocated. Some judges were concerned with the disputes between the people, others with settling whatever harms the common interest of the people and others dealt with the area of disputes between the people and those who were in authority over them.