الأداء（按时完成）与القضاء（补做已错过的） - 《Al-Waadih Fee Usool ul-Fiqh》 | Quran Course

الأداء（按时完成）与القضاء（补做已错过的） - 《Al-Waadih Fee Usool ul-Fiqh》 | Quran Course

"القضاء" يُقصد به فعل الواجب بعد انقضاء وقته الذي حدّده له الشرع.

Al-Qadaa’ refers to the undertaking of the Waajib after the passing of its time that has been specified for it by the Shar’a.

"قضاء"（Qadaa'）与被限定（Muqayyad）于特定时间的"واجب"（Waajib）相关，无论该时间是"موسّع"（Muwassa'，即有宽裕空间的时间，如拜功的时间），还是"مضيّق"（Mudayyaq，即没有宽裕空间的时间，如斋月的斋戒）。

The Qadaa’ relates to the Waajib which is restricted (Muqayyad) to a specific time whether that time was Muwassa’ (was extended and had room) like the time for the Salaah or Mudayyaq (no extended room) like the fasting of Ramadhaan.

واجب的قضاء（即补做）对于有能力的人来说是必须的。这是因为在规定时间内履行义务，即是完成了其所应尽的责任；如果时间已过，而此人在有能力履行时却未履行该义务，那么他的责任仍然存在，他必须通过补做（قضاء）来完成它。需要补做的遗漏义务共有三种类型。

The Qadaa’ of the Waajib is obligatory upon the one who is capable. That is because the undertaking of the Waajib in its time represents a performance of what is obliged upon him and if the time passes without the person having undertaken the Waajib whilst he was capable of it then his responsibility would remain active and it is obligatory for him to fulfil it through the Qadaa’. The leaving of the Waajib that demands the performance of the Qadaa is of three types:

1 ——故意放弃的行为:

1 – That which the Mukallaf leaves deliberately:

如果应当履行义务的人（Mukallaf）故意（‘Amd）放弃履行瓦吉卜（Waajib）的功修，例如拜功（Salaah）或斋戒（Sawm），那么他就有罪，并且有义务补还（Al-Qadaa’）。

If the Mukallaf leaves the performance of the Waajib intentionally (‘Amd) like the Salaah or Sawm then he is sinful and Al-Qadaa’ is obligatory upon him.

2 – 因遗忘而被忽略的（事项）：

2 – That which the Mukallaf left out of forgetfulness:

如果负有责任者（Mukallaf）因遗忘（Sahw）而未履行Waajib（义务之事），则他有义务补做（Qadaa'），但他并无罪过。真主的使者ﷺ说：

If the Mukallaf leaves the performance of the Waajib due to forgetfulness (Sahw), the Qadaa’ becomes obligatory upon him but there is no sin upon him. The Messenger of Allah (saw) said:

如果在这种情况下，此人不补做所错过的礼拜（Qadaa’），那么他就会有罪。

If in this case the person does not perform the Qadaa’ for what he missed he would then be sinful.

3 ——《因有合理借口（ʿUdhr）而未做之事》

3 – That which the Mukallaf leaves due to an excuse (‘Udhr):

如果穆卡拉夫因存在阻碍履行的合法借口（沙里'易'乌祖尔）而放弃履行瓦吉卜义务，那么在该阻碍消失之后，此人有责任补做该功课。这就像月经期的妇女（哈伊德）和产后出血的妇女（尼法萨'）在斋戒方面的情况一样。这是因为立法者（沙里'）特许她们在月经期和产后期间不斋戒，并禁止她们斋戒；而在她们洁净之后，补还所缺的斋戒就成为她们的义务。至于拜功（萨拉），真主至高无上已经赦免了月经期和产后期的妇女补做所缺的拜功。

If the Mukallaf leaves the performance of the Waajib dues to a Shar’iy ‘Udhr (excuse) that prevents its performance, then it is a duty for that person to make Qadaa’ for that action after the passing of that preventer (or excuse). That is like the Haa’id (menstruating woman) or the Nufasaa’ (women who are bleeding post birth) in respect to Ramadhaan. That is because the Shaari’ has given her a special permission not to fast and prevented her from fasting during the Haid and Nifaas whilst it is obligatory for her to make Qadaa’ for what she missed after she has become purified. As for the Salaah then Allah Ta’Aalaa has pardoned the Haa’id and the Nufasaa’ from making Qadaa’ for what was missed.

旅行者（Musaafir）和病人（Mareed）在斋月不禁食时必须补还（Qadaa'）。虽然旅行和疾病与经期（Haid）和产后出血（Nifaas）不同，但这是因为前两者属于不妨碍人禁食的两种借口，其依据是安拉的经文：

The Musaafir (traveller) and Mareed (sick person) must make Qadaa’ if they do not fast in Ramadhaan although the travel and sickness differ from the Haid (menstruation) and the Nifaas (post childbirth bleeding). That is because they are two excuses which do not prevent the person from performing the fast due to the Qawl of Allah Ta’Aalaa: