《沙里尔·敏·噶布林纳》的类别
The Categories Of Shar’u Min Qablinaa
在此前于我们的伊斯兰教法之前降下的那些律法（沙里亚）中，属于立法性的教律（Ahkaam，即律例）可分为四类：
The legislative Ahkaam (rulings) found in those Sharee’ahs (Sharaa’i) that came previously to our Sharee’ah are of four types:
1 ——凡在我们的沙里亚（Sharee'ah）中被提及的、并被定为我们的法定义务（Fard）或圣行（Sunnah）的，同样也曾被定为先前各民族的法定义务或圣行。我们采纳这类律例，只是因为它们在我们的沙里亚中被提及，而不是因为它们存在于先前民族的沙里亚之中。
1 – That which is found (or mentioned) within our Sharee’ah and was made Fard or Sunnah upon us just as it had been made Fard or Sunnah upon the previous nations. When we take Ahkaam like this we only do so because they have been mentioned within our Sharee’ah and not because they were found within the Sharee’ah of those who preceded us.
例如，“As-Siyaam”（斋戒）已经像在我们之前的人身上那样，被规定（成为义务）于我们。安拉（SWT）说：
So for example As-Siyaam (fasting) has been written (made obligatory) upon us just as it had been for those who came before us. Allah (swt) said:
"你们信道的人啊！斋戒已被你们规定了，正如以前的民众被规定了一样，以便你们敬畏。"（黄牛章183节）
O you who have believed, decreed upon you is fasting as it was decreed upon those before you that you may become righteous (Al-Baqarah 183).
“乌德希叶”（献祭宰牲）已被定为我们的逊奈，正如它曾是易卜拉欣（愿他平安）的逊奈一样。艾哈迈德和伊本·马哲有记载：有人问先知ﷺ：“这些阿达希（献祭牲）是什么？”他ﷺ回答：“这是你们的父亲易卜拉欣的逊奈。”
The ‘Udhiyah (sacrificial slaughter) has been made Sunnah for us just as it was for Ibraheem (as) in the case where Ahmad and Ibn Maajah related that he (saw) was asked: “What are these Adaahiy (sacrificial slaughters)? He (saw) replied: “A Sunnah of your father Ibraheem”.
2 ——第二类是：其提及在我们的教法中出现，并以某种暗示表明它对先前的民族是被禁止的，而对我们则是允许的（Ibaahah）。例如蹄不分瓣的动物（Dhu Zhufr）被禁止，以及牛和羊的脂肪对犹太人是被禁止的。安拉（SWT）说：
2 – The second type is that which its mention is found within our Sharee’ah upon an angle indicating its prohibition upon those who came before us and its permissibility (Ibaahah) for us. This is like the prohibition of Dhu Zhufr (undivided hoof) and the Tahreem (prohibition) of the fats of the cows and sheep upon the Jews. Allah (swt) said:
"你说：'在启示给我的经典中，我找不到任何对要吃它的人禁止的东西，除非是死物、流出的血、猪肉——因为它确实是不洁的——或者是因违抗而宰杀、献给真主以外之物的。但若有人因迫不得已，既不是出于贪欲，也不是过分越限，那么，你的主确是至赦的，确是至慈的。'对犹太教徒，我曾禁止他们一切蹄不分瓣的动物；我也禁止他们牛和羊的脂肪，但背上的、肠子上的，或与骨头相连的除外。这是我因他们的不义而对他们的报应。我们确是诚实的。'（《古兰经》6:145-146）"
Say, "I do not find within that which was revealed to me [anything] forbidden to one who would eat it unless it be a dead animal or blood spilled out or the flesh of swine - for indeed, it is impure - or it be [that slaughtered in] disobedience, dedicated to other than Allah. But whoever is forced [by necessity], neither desiring [it] nor transgressing [its limit], then indeed, your Lord is Forgiving and Merciful." And to those who are Jews We prohibited every animal of uncloven hoof; and of the cattle and the sheep We prohibited to them their fat, except what adheres to their backs or the entrails or what is joined with bone. [By] that We repaid them for their injustice. And indeed, We are truthful (Al-An’aam 145- 146).
关于这类教法（Ahkaam）问题，学者之间并无分歧：我们应当遵循我们的沙里阿所指引的，使它所许为合法（Halaal）的，我们视为合法；使它所禁为非法（Haraam）的，我们视为非法。
In regards to the Ahkaam like this, there is no difference or disagreement amongst the ‘Ulamaa in respect to us looking to what our Sharee’ah has guided us to, so that we make Halal that which it has made Halaal and we make Haraam that which it has made Haraam.
3 ——第三类是指那些在他们的典籍中有所提及，但我们的伊斯兰教法对其保持沉默的事物。这类事物在《古兰经》和圣训中没有任何相关的依据可以指明，因此，依据学者们的共识，我们不予采纳，也不能以之作为判断的依据。这是因为我们奉命只能遵循安拉所启示给穆罕默德ﷺ的经训。安拉至尊至大说：
3 – The third category relates to that which our Sharee’ah has been silent upon whilst it has been mentioned in their books. This is that which has not been mentioned by any indication within the Qur’aan Al-Kareem and the Sunnah An-Nabawiyah. This category is disregarded by us and it is not possible to take it or go to it for judgement by the agreement of the ‘Ulamaa. That is because we have been commanded to only follow that which Allah (swt) revealed upon Muhammad (saw). Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
{وَمَا آتَاكُمُ الرَّسُولُ فَخُذُوهُ وَمَا نَهَاكُمْ عَنْهُ فَانتَهُوا} (الحشر：7)
And whatever the Messenger has given you take it and whatever he has forbidden you from abstain from it (Al-Hashr 7).
4 – 在我们的伊斯兰教法中被提及、但既未被否认也未被确认（支持）的事项，例如安拉至高的话语：
4 – That which its mention has been found in our Sharee’ah without denial or affirmation (support) and that is like the Qawl of Allah Ta’Aalaa:
我们在《讨拉特》中为他们规定：以命偿命，以眼还眼，以鼻还鼻，以耳还耳，以牙还牙，一切伤害都要以同等的方式报复（Qisaas）。（《筵席章》45节）
And We ordained for them therein a life for a life, an eye for an eye, a nose for a nose, an ear for an ear, a tooth for a tooth, and for wounds is legal retribution (Qisaas) (Al-Maa’idah 45).
关于这一类别的律例，学者之间存在一些分歧，其数量不到一只手的手指数，分歧涉及其作为证据的效力（Hujjiyah），以及是否应当采纳或舍弃。
There are points of difference amongst the ‘Ulamaa in relation to this category of Ahkaam, numbering less than the number of fingers on a hand, in respect to its Hujjiyah and whether it should be taken or left?