被视为哈吉贾(证据)的“尔尔夫”及其证据(Adillah)
The ’urf That Is Considered To Be A Hujjah (proof) And Its Adillah (evidences)
"习惯"('Urf)可以是正确的(Saheeh),也可以是无效的(Faasid),而学者们作为立法依据(Hujjah)所采用的,是正确的"习惯"('Urf As-Saheeh)。
The ‘Urf can be Saheeh and it can be Faasid, and the ‘Urf that the ‘Ulamaa used as a Hujjah (legal proof) was the ‘Urf As-Saheeh.
"'Urf Ṣaḥīḥ"(有效的习惯)是指不与沙里亚文本相抵触,也不会导致应予考虑的公益(Maslahah)丧失,且不太可能引发损害或败坏之事(Mafsadah)的习惯。例如,人们习惯于求婚者向被求婚者赠送衣物或类似的物品作为礼物,而这些礼物并不影响聘礼(Mahr)。
The ‘Urf As-Saheeh is the ‘Urf that does not oppose a text from the Shar’iyah texts and does not cause a considered Maslahah (interest) to be lost nor is it most likely to bring a Mafsadah (harmful or corrupt matter). This is like the people being accustomed to the one proposing offering items of clothing or something similar to the one he is proposing to, as a gift whilst having no impact in relation to the Mahr (dowry).
一些学者认为,“ʿUrf”(习惯/惯例)是伊斯兰教法推导(Istinbaat)的根本依据之一,伊斯兰教律例(Al-Ahkaam Ash-Shar'iyah)建立在其上;他们将其列为概括性证据(Al-Adillah Al-Ijmaaliyah,即证据来源)之一,与类比(Qiyaas)和公议(Ijmaa')并列。在他们关于“ʿUrf”的言论中,有这样一句:“习惯具有决定作用”(Al-ʿAadah Muhkimah,即习俗可以裁定事务),还有这样一句:“依习惯而为所知之事,如同约定条件之事”(Al-Ma'roof ʿUrfan Ka-l-Mashroot Shartan)。