关于瓦吉布的分类(就承担责任者而言)
The Aqsaam (categories) Of The Waajib In Relation To The Consideration Of Who Is Mukallaf (i.e. Who Has Been Charged To Undertake The Obligation)
1 – واجب عيني أو “فرض العين” 这是Shaari'(立法者,即安拉)要求每一位Mukallaf(成年有责任者)必须履行的事项,不能因部分人履行而免除其他人的责任。例如礼拜(Salaah)、斋戒(Sawm)、履行契约以及天课(Zakaah)。因此,放弃该行为的人有罪,他人代为履行也无法消除他身上的罪过。
1 – Waajib ‘Ainiy or “Fard ‘Ain” This is what the Shaari’ has requested to be done from every Mukallaf and it is not sufficient for some to do it whilst others do not. Examples of this include the Salaah, the Sawm, being faithful to contracts and the Zakaah. The one who leaves the action is therefore sinful and another person’s undertaking of it does not remove that sin from him.
2 – 集体义务(Waajib ‘Alaa Al-Kifaayah)
2 – Waajib ‘Alaa Al-Kifaayah:
这是立法者(Ash-Shaari')要求由一群应负责任的穆斯林(Mukallafeen)来承担的义务,而并非要求每一个人都承担。若有人承担了,其余的人便免除了此项义务,他们也没有罪过。反之,若“集体义务”(Waajib al-Kifaayah,即“充足义务”)没有完成,则所有人都有罪。这类义务的例子包括:圣战(Al-Jihaad)、司法审判、传播伊斯兰的召唤(Da'wah)以建立伊斯兰国家、发展社会所需的工业、科学和各类知识领域、准备必要的力量以震慑敌人,以及为亡者礼拜并安葬。
This is what the Shaari’ (Legislator) has requested to be undertaken by a Jamaa’ah (collective) of the Mukallafeen (and not all of them). If or when some have undertaken it, then it (the obligation) falls from the rest and there is no sin upon them. Rather, all are sinful if the Waajib upon the Kifaayah (sufficiency) is not met. Examples of this include Al-Jihaad, judiciary, carrying the Islamic Da’wah to establish the Islamic State, generating industries and sciences or areas of knowledge that the Ummah is in need of, preparing the necessary force to strike fear into the enemy and praying over the dead and burying them.