特定的(Al-Khaass)
Al-khaass (the Specific)
其定义:
Its definition:
"الخاص" هو اللفظ الموضوع أو المستعمل للدلالة على فرد واحد معيّن من الشخص، أو فرد واحد معيّن من النوع (النوع)، أو على عدد من الأفراد محصور ومقيّد (أي محدّد). Note: the translation above was written in Arabic, but you asked for Simplified Chinese. Here is the correct version: "特指"(al-Khaass)是指为了表示某一个特定个体(人)、或某一个特定类别(类)中的个别事物、或限定的一定数量的个体(即被限定的)而设立或使用的词语。
Al-Khaass is the Lafzh that has been provided or utilised to indicate to a single Fard (element) related to the person, or a single Fard related to the kind (Naw’u) or to a number of Afraad which are restricted or limited (i.e. specified).
因此它有三种类型。
It therefore has three types:
专有名词(特定人名),例如:Zaid、Muhammad 和 Baghdaad。
- Khaass Shakhsiy (specific person) like the nouns which are names like: Zaid, Muhammad and Baghdaad.
- 特定类型(种类)的“khaass naw’iy”,如男人、人类和女人。
- Khaass Naw’iy (specific type/kind) like man, human and woman.
或者是“Khaass”(特指),它指示若干个别的个体(Afraad),但不表示涵盖所有个体的“Istighraaq”(即完全的包含、涵盖),这一点与“‘Aamm”(普遍)不同。
- Or the Khaass which indicates to a number of individual elements (Afraad) but does not indicate Al-Istighraaq (i.e. complete absorption or taking in/encompassing) of all of the Afraad like the ‘Aamm.
特殊之律例(Al-Hukm al-Khaass):
The Hukm of the Khaass:
"الخاص"(特指)指向并引导至为其所设定的含义,此含义由确定性的指示(دلالة قطعية)所确立,即不存在他者与之共享的可能,也不存在对其作进一步限定的可能。例如真主的话(SWT):
The Khaass (specific) indicates and guides to the meaning that has been set for it by a Dalaalah Qat’iyah (definite indication) i.e. without the possibility arising for other than it to share with it or the possibility to specify it (further). This is like His Qawl (swt):
但是,不能找到[办法或负担不起]的人,则应斋戒三天(《筵席章》89节)。
But whoever cannot find [a way or afford it] - then a fast of three days [is required] (Al-Maa’idah 89).
这是因为“三日”这一措辞属于“特指性词语”(al-khaass min al-alfaazh),因此其含义表明为三天,既不增加,也不减少。
That is because the Lafzh ‘three days’ is from the Khaass (specific) Alfaazh (worded expressions) and so its meaning indicates three days without any increase or reduction.