《在〈天经〉与〈圣训〉中的措辞(用语)》
Al-alfaazh (worded Expressions/wordings) In The Kitaab And The Sunnah
导言:
Introduction:
从《古兰经》与先知的圣训中推导出伊斯兰教法的律例(Ahkaam Ash-Shar'iyah),有赖于对阿拉伯语的掌握、对其各门学科(类别)的了解,以及对其所蕴含的意义和指示(Dalaalaat)的理解。这是因为《古兰经》和圣训都是以阿拉伯语降示的。《古兰经》通篇都是阿拉伯语,其中没有一个词不是阿拉伯语。这一点已由《古兰经》的确定性(Qat'iy)经文所证实。安拉(SWT)说:
Deducing the Ahkaam Ash-Shar’iyah from the Qur’aan Al-Kareem and the Sunnah An-Nabawiyah rests upon knowledge of the Arabic language, knowledge of its categories (disciplines) and its Dalaalaat (implications and indications). That is because the Qur’aan and the Hadeeth have come in the Arabic language. The Qur’aan is Arabic in its entirety and there is no word in it which is not Arabic. That has been established by the Qat’iy (definite) text of the Qur’aan. Allah (swt) said:
我们确已将它降为阿拉伯文的《古兰经》,以便你们理解。(《祖赫鲁弗》:3)
Verily, We have made it and Arabic Qur’aan so that may understand (Az-Zukhruf 3)
And:
And:
以清晰的阿拉伯语(《诗人》章 195)。
In a clear Arabic tongue (language) (Ash-Shu’araa 195).
安拉—至高无上—说:
And Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
这是一部阿拉伯文的《古兰经》,其中没有任何弯曲,以便他们能够敬畏(正道)。(《队伍》章 28)
[It is] an Arabic Qur'an, without any crookedness so that they might become righteous. (Az-Zumar 28).
关于《古兰经》中含有其他语言词汇的问题:这些词汇已经被阿拉伯化,在《古兰经》降示之前就已被阿拉伯人使用。其中包括:المشكاة、السجيل、القسطاص、القرطاس 等词。这些词以及与之相似的词,在阿拉伯人将其按照阿拉伯语的规则和字母进行调整之后,即被阿拉伯化而成为阿拉伯语词汇,即它们经过了阿拉伯化的处理,使其符合阿拉伯语的构词规律和字母体系。随后,一些阿拉伯诗人在《古兰经》降示之前就已使用这些词。例如,塔尔法·本·阿卜德曾用“Qirtaas”(القرطاس)一词来描写他的马,该词源于希腊语“Kuartees”,意为纸张或叶片。
As for the Qur’aan containing Alfaazh (worded expressions) from other languages, then these Alfaazh have been arabized and they were used by the Arabs before the descent of the Qur’aan. These include words like: المشكاة, السجيل, القسطاص, القرطاس amongst others These Alfaazh and those similar to them became Arabic after the Arabs arabized them i.e. after they framed them in accordance to the workings of the Arabic language and its letters. They were then used by some of their poets before the revelation of the Qur’aan Al-Kareem. For example Tarfah Bin Al-‘Abd used the word ‘Qirtaas’ (القرطاس (to describe his horse in a line of poetry in the case where the word is of Greek orgin ‘Kuartees’ with the meaning of paper or leaves.
因此,《伊斯兰教法原理》(Usool ul-Fiqh)中必须包含一些与阿拉伯语及其门类或学科相关的研究内容,尤其是那些与从《古兰经》和圣训文本中推导(Istinbaat)伊斯兰教法规定(Ahkaam Ash-Shar'iyah)直接相关的部分。至于阿拉伯语研究中其余那些详细、深入、全面论述的领域,则属于语言学家的专门范畴,即语法学(An-Nahw)和修辞学(Al-Balaaghah)的学者,以及语言学中的法学家(Fuqahaa')。
It is therefore essential for Usool ul-Fiqh to include within it some of the studies related to the Arabic language and its categories or disciplines and particularly in regards to that which is directly related to the Istinbaat (deduction) of the Ahkaam Ash-Shar’iyah from the texts of the Kitaab and the Sunnah. As for the remainder of the areas of Arabic study that go into the subject at length, in depth and great detail, then these are the remit and area of speciality of the scholars of language like the ‘Ulamaa of An-Nahw (grammar) and Al-Balaaghah (eloquence/metaphorical usage) in addition to the Fuqahaa’ of the language.
在本章中,我们将尝试如实呈现古典或传统《伍苏勒·菲格赫》(Usool ul-Fiqh)著作所提及和论述的阿拉伯语研究领域。随后,我们将提出自己的看法,并说明我们认为正确的观点。此外,我们还增加了一个与阿拉伯语各研究领域相关的专题,供希望深入考察该主题并获得更多收益的读者参考。
In this chapter we will attempt to present the study areas of the Arabic language that the old or classical books of Usool ul-Fiqh mentioned and dealt with as they are. Then, following that, we will present our opinion and explain that which we believe to be correct in regards to this matter. We have also added a subject area related to the areas of the Arabic language for those who wish to examine and look into the subject area and benefit further.
伍苏勒·乌勒-菲格赫(教法原理)学者将《古兰经》与《逊奈》的措辞(用语)分为两类:
The ’Ulamaa of Usool ul-Fiqh divided the Alfaazh (worded expressions) of the Kitaab and the Sunnah into two categories: