ijmā‘ 作为沙尔‘ī证据的确证性（Hujjiyat ul-Ijmā‘）
Hujjiyat ul-Ijmaa’ (the proof of its validity as a Daleel Shar’iy)
关于伊斯兰教法（Ahkaam）的来源之一——公议（Ijmaa'）的可据性（Hujjiyah），大多数教法学家（Fuqahaa）和法理学家（'Ulamaa of Usool ul-Fiqh）是一致认可的，据此建立的遵循义务以及不得违背依此而定的裁决，也都是在这一共识基础上确立的。然而，他们对于公议应当从哪些穆斯林中取得，存在分歧。
The Hujjiyah of Al-Ijmaa’ as a source for the Islamic Ahkaam is a place of agreement amongst the majority of the Fuqahaa and ‘Ulamaa of Usool ul-Fiqh in addition to what is built upon that in terms of the obligation to follow and not violate a ruling based upon it. However, they differed in respect to which Muslims the Ijmaa’ is taken from.
以下是伊斯兰教法学（Usool al-Fiqh）学者和教法学家所采纳的最著名的几项伊制马（Ijmaa'）：
The most well-known Ijmaa’s that the ‘Ulamaa of Usool ul-Fiqh and Fuqahaa adopted are:
Ijmaa’ As-Sahaabah（圣门弟子的共识）、Ijmaa’ Ahl ul-Madinah（麦地那人的共识）、某一时代或时期的Ijmaa’ Al-Ummah AlIslaamiyah（伊斯兰民众的共识）、某一时代或时期的Ijmaa’ Al-Mujtahideen（穆جتهد者的共识）、以及什叶派观点中的Ijmaa’ Ahl ul-Bait（先知家属的共识）。
Ijmaa’ As-Sahaabah, Ijmaa’ Ahl ul-Madinah, Ijmaa’ Al-Ummah AlIslaamiyah in a certain era or period, Ijmaa’ Al-Mujtahideen in a certain era or time and Ijmaa’ Ahl ul-Bait in the view of the Shee’ah.
我将首先讨论圣门弟子共识（Ijmaa’ As-Sahaabah）的证据效力（Hujjiyah），因为大多数来自usooliyyeen（法理学家）和Fuqahaa（教法学家）的学者都认为它是合法且有效的共识，然后我再探讨伊斯兰乌玛（Ummah）的共识。
I will first deal with the Hujjiyah of Ijmaa’ As-Sahaabah because most of the ‘Ulamaa from the Usooliyeen and Fuqahaa counted it as a legitimate and valid Ijmaa’ and then I will address the Ijmaa’ of the Islamic Ummah.
圣门弟子共识的证据效力
Hujjiyah Ijmaa’ As-Sahaabah
圣门弟子的共识（إجماع الصحابة）被视为一种证据（حجة），其依据如下：
The Ijmaa’ As-Sahaabah is regarded as a Hujjah (proof) due to the following evidences:
1 - 安拉在《古兰经》中对安拉的使者的同伴（Sahaabah）的称赞与赞扬（Thanaa'）
1 - Allah’s commendation and praise (Thanaa’) upon the companions (Sahaabah) of the Messenger of Allah (saw) in the Qur’aan:
穆罕默德ﷺ是安拉的使者，与他同在的人，对不信道者严厉，彼此之间慈爱。（《胜利》章 29节）
Muhammad (saw) is the Messenger of Allah, and those who are with him are severe against the disbelievers and merciful among themselves (Al-Fat’h 29).
在《古兰经·哈什尔章》中，安拉至高无上说：
And in Soorah Al-Hashr Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
他们寻求真主的恩赐和喜悦，并扶助真主及其使者。他们才是诚实的人。（黑舍尔 8）
They seek a bounty from Allah and [His] pleasure and supporting Allah and His Messenger, [there is also a share]. Those are the truthful (Al-Hashr 8).
接着，安拉至高说，在《古兰经·放逐篇》的以下经文中：
And He Ta’Aalaa said in the following Aayah of Soorah Al-Hashr:
这些人才是成功者（《古兰经》59:9）。
It is those who will be successful (Al-Hashr 9).
他至高无上地说道：{至于那些最先皈依的穆哈吉尔和安莎尔，以及那些善遵其行的人，安拉对他们喜悦，他们也对安拉喜悦，安拉为他们预备了下面有河流流过的乐园，他们将永居其中。那便是伟大的成功。}（悔罪章 100）
And He Ta’Aalaa said: And the first forerunners [in the faith] among the Muhajireen and the Ansar and those who followed them with good conduct - Allah is pleased with them and they are pleased with Him, and He has prepared for them gardens beneath which rivers flow, wherein they will abide forever. That is the great attainment (AtTaubah 100).
2 – 圣门弟子(愿真主喜悦他们)是汇集《古兰经》的人,是保存它、传述它并抄录它的人。
2 – The Sahaabah (rah) are those who gathered together the Qur’aan, they are those who preserved it, transmitted and made copies of it.
安拉（塔阿拉）说：
And Allah Ta’Aalaa says:
诚然，是我降示了这“采”（即《古兰经》），我也必定保护它。（《黑石》9）
Verily it is We Who revealed the Dhikr (i.e. the Qur'an) and verily We will safeguard it (Al-Hijr 9).
因此，既然是圣门弟子（愿真主喜悦他们）通过他们的共识（Ijmaa'）实际上承担了对《古兰经》的护持工作，而真主至高无上已承担了它的保存，那么这段经文便指引着他们共识的真实性与可靠性。
Therefore, in the case where it was the Sahaabah (rah) who (practiacally) attended to the Qur’aan through their Ijmaa’ whilst Allah Ta’Aalaa had assumed its preservation, then the Aayah guides to the truthfulness and veracity of their Ijmaa’.
3 – 根据伊斯兰教法（Shar'a），圣门弟子（Sahaabah）就某一错误达成共识（Ijmaa'）是不可能的。若此事可以发生，那么在宗教（Deen）问题上出现错误或谬误也就成为可能，因为正是他们通过自己的共识（Ijmaa'）将这一宗教传递给了我们。
3 – It is impossible in accordance to the Shar’a for the Sahaabah to have an Ijmaa’ upon an error. If that was permissible, then it would be permissible for there to be an error or mistake in respect to the Deen because they are those who have transmitted this Deen to us via their Ijmaa’ (consensus).
4 – 圣门弟子的Ijmaa’（一致意见）能够揭示并表明一项沙里尔证据。这是因为，圣门弟子在未有来自安拉使者ﷺ的言语、行为或默许认可（Taqreer）作为依据的情况下，并不会对某项判决达成一致并视其为判决。这一事实不适用于圣门弟子之外的任何人，因为他们与使者ﷺ生活在同一时代，聚集在他身边，并从他那里传述。
4 – The Ijmaa’ As-Sahaabah discloses and is revealing of a Daleel Shar’iy. That is because they did not agree and hold a consensus upon a certain Hukm being a Hukm unless they had a Daleel from the statement, action or Taqreer (approval and consent) of the Messenger of Allah (saw). This reality does not apply to any other than the Sahaabah (rah) because they lived at the same time as the Messenger (saw), gathered around him and transmitted from him.
由上述证据可见,圣门弟子的共识(Ijmaa' AsSahaabah)是那些证据所指引、被确定为绝对可靠(Qat'iy Ath-Thuboot)的共识。原因在于,其证据来自确定无疑的经文(Aayaat),并且这些经文对圣门弟子的赞美与称颂具有确定的含义(Qat'iy Ad-Dalaalah)。135
From these evidences above it becomes evident that the Ijmaa’ AsSahaabah is the Ijmaa’ which the Adillah (evidences) have guided to being Qat’iy Ath-Thuboot (established and proven decisively). That is because its evidences are from the definite Aayaat and they are Qat’iy Ad-Dalaalah in respect to the commendation and praise upon their 135
诚实。这一点同样适用于第四个证据，即理性证据（'Aqliy）。
truthfulness. This is also the case in respect to the fourth Daleel which is ‘Aqliy (rational).
除了确定的证据之外，我们还被告知有一些圣训的记载，它们被用来赞美（某事），例如先知的话（ﷺ）：
In addition to the definite Adillah there are also Aahaad AlAhaadeeth that have been mentioned to us in respect to their praise like his Qawl (saw):
“最好的世代是我的世代，即我在其中被派遣的那一代。”（艾布·达乌德）
The best generation is my generation that I have been sent amongst them (Abu Daawood).
我的同伴就像星星。你们无论跟随其中哪一位，都会获得引导。（由 Al-Baihaqi 和 Ad-Dailamiy 从 Ibn ‘Abbaas 处转述。）
My companions are like the stars. Any one of them you follow you are guided (Al-Baihaqi and Ad-Dailamiy related it from Ibn ‘Abbaas).