《古兰经》所涵盖的教法条文（Al-Ahkaam）
The Ahkaam that are encompassed by the Qur’aan Al Kareem
《古兰经》涵盖了宗教的根本（即信条，Aqeedah），以及各类教法规定（Ahkaam），包括以概括（‘Aamm）和简略（Mujmal，需要详细解释）方式出现的规定，也包括以详细方式出现的规定。安拉塔阿拉说：
The Qur’aan encompasses Usool Ud-Deen (fundamentals of the Deen i.e. Aqeedah) and all types of Ahkaam including those which came in an ‘Aamm (general) and Mujmal (requiring detail) way and it also includes that which has come in a detailed manner. Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
我还降示了这部经典给你，作为对万事的阐明，作为向导、慈悯和对穆斯林的喜讯（《蜂房章》89）。
And We have sent down to you the Book as clarification for all things and as guidance and mercy and good tidings for the Muslims (An-Nahl 89).
它对这些“Ahkaam”（律例）进行了组织和规范：人与他的主（Rabb）的关系、人与自身的关系，以及人与他人的关系。
It has organised and regulated these Ahkaam (rulings): The relationship of the human with his Rabb, the relationship of the human with himself and the relationship of the human with others.
1) 规范人与其主之间关系的律例（Ahkaam）：
1) The Ahkaam that regulate the relationship of the human with his Rabb:
- 信条（Al-Aqaa’id）：《古兰经》的经文已经阐明并清楚说明了穆斯林必须信仰的内容，例如信仰真主、信仰祂的天使（Malaa’ikah）、信仰祂的经典（Kutub）、信仰祂的使者（Rusul）、信仰末日、信仰天堂（Jannah）和火狱（Naar）、信仰精灵（Jinn）以及其他事项……真主至尊至高说：
- Al-Aqaa’id (beliefs): The Aayaat of the Qur’aan Al-Kareem have explained and made clear that which is obligatory for the Muslim to believe in like the Imaan in Allah, His Malaa’ikah (Angels), His Kutub (Books), His Rusul (Messengers), the Last Day, Jannah (paradise) and Naar (hellfire), Jinn and other matters... Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
哦，信道的人们啊！你们应当信仰真主，信仰他的使者，信仰他降示给他的使者的经典，以及他在此之前降示的经典。谁不信仰真主、他的天使、他的经典、他的使者和末日，谁就确已深入迷误了。（《妇女章》136节）
O you who have believed, believe in Allah and His Messenger and the Book that He sent down upon His Messenger and the Scripture which He sent down before. And whoever disbelieves in Allah, His angels, His books, His messengers, and the Last Day has certainly gone far astray (An-Nisaa 136).
- 功修（Al-Ibaadaat）：例如拜功（Salaah）、天课（Zakaah）、斋戒（Siyaam）、朝觐（Hajj）和圣战（Al-Jihaad），这些功修在经文中是以总体（'Aamm）和概括（Mujmal）的方式出现的，随后由安拉的使者ﷺ加以解释和详述。他说："你们要从我这里学习朝觐的礼仪（Manaasik）。"（艾哈迈德辑录）他又说："你们怎样看见我拜，就怎样拜。"（艾哈迈德和布哈里辑录）
- Al-Ibaadaat (Acts of worship): Like the Salaah, Zakaah, Siyaam, Hajj and Al-Jihaad which came in an ‘Aamm (general) and Mujmal manner and were then explained (and detailed) by the Messenger of Allah (saw) who said: “Take your rituals (Manaasik of Hajj) from me” (Ahmad) and said: “Pray as you have seen me pray” (Ahmad and Al-Bukhaari).
2）规范人与自身关系的教法规定：
2) Ahkaam that have organised the relationship of the human or person with himself:
**Al-Mat'oomaat**(食物)与**Malboosaat**(衣物):安拉塔阿拉说:
- Al-Mat’oomaat (foodstuffs) and Malboosaat (clothing/dress): Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
人们啊！你们当吃地上合法而佳美的食物。（黄牛章 168）
O mankind, eat from that which is upon the earth (that is) lawful and good (Al Baqarah 168).
在这些事情中，有一些事项被排除在外，并被定为哈拉姆（禁止），例如下面这段经文所提到的：
From these things some matters have been exempted and have been made Haraam like that which is mentioned in the following Aayah:
禁止你们食用的有：死物、血液、猪肉，以及为真主以外的其他对象而宰杀的牲畜……（筵席章第3节）。
Prohibited to you are dead animals, blood, the flesh of swine, and that which has been dedicated to other than Allah... (Al-Maa’idah 3).
由这两段经文以及其他经文可以推出如下原则：
From the two Aayaat and others the following principle was deduced:
“事物的原则（Asl）是允许（Al-Ibaahah），只要没有经据（Daleel）提出禁止它。”
‘The Asl (origin) in respect to things is Al-Ibaahah (permissibility) as long as no Daleel has been mentioned to prohibit it’.
- 品行（Al-Akhlaaq，道德）：《古兰经》劝勉人们具备高尚的品德，如诚实、谦卑、虔诚专注（Khushoo'，即礼拜时的专心致志）和忍耐（Sabr），并禁止恶劣的品性，如撒谎、欺诈、骄傲和自大，同时指明具有这些品性所带来的后果将与后世的惩罚相关联。
- Al-Akhlaaq (morals): The Qur’aan has urged the possession of the virtuous morals like truthfulness, humbleness, Khushoo’ (focus in worship) and Sabr (patience) and it has prohibited bad characteristics like lying, cheating, pride and arrogance whilst making the consequence of having these traits being linked to punishment in the hereafter:
“woe, that Day to the deniers” is a Qur'an verse, so the text inside { } is the verse itself. The original gives it as an English rendering with the reference, so translate it as is: {那日，否认者必遭灾殃。}（穆尔赛拉特章 19）
Woe, that Day to the deniers (Al-Mursalaat 19).
3) 规范和调整人与他人之间关系的律例（Al-Ahkaam）：
3) Al-Ahkaam that organise and regulate the relationship of the human with others:
- 统治制度:
- The Ruling System:
《古兰经》规范了统治者与被统治者之间的关系，并确立了总体的经据（Adillah）必须遵守的原则。其中最重要的有：
The Qur’aan regulated the relationship between the ruler and the ruled and placed down principles that must be observed by general Adillah. The most important of which are:
a) 依安拉所降示之物而裁决（Al-Hukm）。安拉至高无上说：
a) Al-Hukm (ruling) by what Allah Ta’Aalaa has revealed. Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
你们当依真主所降示的（经典）在他们之间作出判决，不要顺从他们的私欲（《筵席章》49节）。
And rule between them by what Allah has revealed and do not follow their desires (Al-Maa’idah 49).
b) 在解决人与人之间的分歧和纠纷时实行公正（Al-‘Adl）。安拉塔阿拉说：
b) Al-‘Adl (justice) in resolving disagreements and disputes between the people. Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
而当你们在人们之间裁决时，你们应当公正地裁决。（《妇女章》58）
And when (if) you judge (rule) amongst the people you must judge with justice (An-Nisaa’ 58).
c)服从被托付权力者（Uoli-l-Amr）的义务，前提是他们遵循真主至高所启示的裁决（Hukm）。真主至高说：
c) Obedience to those entrusted with authority (Uoli-l-Amr) as long as they adhere to the Hukm (ruling) by what Allah Ta’Aalaa has revealed. Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
{ 信道的人们啊!你们当服从真主,服从使者,服从你们中掌权的人。如果你们对于任何事情有争执,你们就把它交付真主和使者(裁决)。}(《妇女章》59节)
O you who have believed, obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you. And if you disagree over anything, refer it back to Allah and the Messenger (An-Nisaa’ 59).
d) 协商（Ash-Shouraa）：安拉塔阿拉说：
d) Ash-Shouraa (consultation): Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
并且在事务上与他们商议（《阿里·伊姆兰》159）。
And consult them in the matter/affair (Aali ‘Imraan 159).
他至高无上的真主说：
And He Ta’Aalaa said:
他们的事务是通过协商决定的（《协商章》38）。
And whose affair is Shooraa (consultation) between them (Ash-Shouraa 38).
e) 合作（At-Ta’aawun）：安拉至高说：
e) At-Ta’aawun (cooperation): Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
你们应当彼此合作，共行正义与敬畏（虔诚），而不要彼此合作犯罪与侵犯。（《筵席章》2）
And cooperate in righteousness and piety, but do not cooperate in sin and aggression (Al-Maa’idah 2).
经济制度:
- The Economic System:
这涉及所有权的组织与规范，包括其成因，以及在其方面应当如何行事和处置。其中说明了，财产在本源上属于真主。
This relates to the organisation and regulation of ownership, its causes and how to act or dispose in regards to it. It has explained that the property in origin belongs to Allah:
并从真主赏赐你们的财富中给予他们。（光明章 33）
And give them from the wealth of Allah which He has given you (An-Noor 33).
而安拉至高无上已将这份财产（Maal）托付给了人类。安拉至高无上说：
And Allah Ta’Aalaa has entrusted the human with this property (Maal). Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
并从祂使你们所托管的财富中施舍（《铁矿章》7）。
And spend of that whereof He has made you trustees (Al-Hadeed 7).
它确立了一项关于花费的总体原则（Qaa’idah ‘Aammah），这就是安拉塔阿拉的话语：
And it placed down a general principle (Qaa’idah ‘Aammah) for the spending and this is the Qawl of Allah Ta’Aalaa:
然而,你当借真主所赐予你的,追求后世的住所;但你也不要忘记你在今世应得的那一份(《故事》章77节)。
But seek, through that which Allah has given you, the home of the Hereafter; and [yet], do not forget your share of the world (Al-Qasas 77).
社会制度:
- The Social System:
《家庭制度》，这一制度规范男女之间的关系，以及由此关系产生的事务，如婚姻（Zawaaj）、离婚（Talaaq）、等待期（‘Iddah）和抚养开支（Nafaqah）。它以爱情（Mawaddah）和怜悯（Rahmah）来确立夫妻之间的关系。安拉（真主）至高无上说：
‘The Family System’ and this is the system that treats the relationship between the man and the woman and what arises from this relationship like Zawaaj (marriage), Talaaq (divorce), ‘Iddah (waiting period) and Nafaqah (spending). And it established the relationship between the husband and wife upon Mawaddah (affection) and Rahmah (mercy). Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
并且祂在你们之间设置了爱情与慈悲（《罗马人》21）。
And He placed between you (male and female) affection and mercy (Ar-Room 21).
惩罚制度：
- Punishment System:
这些就像是对谋杀（Al-Qatl）的哈德（法定刑罚）、对盗窃（Saraqah）的哈德、对通奸（Az-Zinaa）的哈德，以及对拦路抢劫（Al-Huraabah）的哈德。这些刑罚起到威慑作用，借此维护和保障生命、理智、后代（血统）和财产（财物）。例如，有解释指出，在报复刑（Al-Qisaas）之中有生命（Hayaat），正如安拉塔阿拉所说：
This is like the Hadd (set prescribed punishment) for Al-Qatl (murder), the Hadd for Saraqah (thievery), the Hadd for Az-Zinaa (fornication and adultery) and the Hadd for Al-Huraabah (highway robbery). They are punishments which act as a deterrence in which the preservation and safeguarding of the lives, minds, offspring (lineage) and wealth (properties) is observed. For example, it has been explained that there is life (Hayaat) in Al-Qisaas (law of retribution) as Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
而你们在抵偿中有生命（《黄牛》179）。
And there is for you in legal retribution [saving of] life (Al-Baqarah 179).
- 穆斯林与他人的关系：
- The relationship of Muslims with others:
穆斯林被要求履行与他人订立的盟约:《古兰经》指示穆斯林履行与他人的盟约,包括与各国、各民族和各国家订立的盟约。安拉至高无上说:
The Muslims have been directed to fulfil their covenant with others: The Qur’aan directed the Muslims to fulfil their covenant with others including the States, peoples and nations. Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
并且你们缔结了盟约，就当履行真主的盟约（《蜜蜂章》91节）。
And fulfil the covenant of Allah when you have convened it (An-Nahl 91).
并且它指示我们要善待俘虏、慷慨待之，正如安拉至高说：
And it instructed us to act kindly and generously with the captive as Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
他们因爱慕食物而将食物赏给贫民、孤儿和俘虏（《人》8）。
And they give food in spite of love for it to the needy, the orphan, and the captive (Al-Insaan 8).
《古兰经》也指示以同等方式对待敌人。安拉至高无上说：
And the Qur’aan directed treating the enemy in a like for like manner. Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
{"So whoever has assaulted you, then assault him in the same way that he has assaulted you (Al-Baqarah 194)."} Wait, I should translate properly. Here is the Chinese translation: 所以，谁侵犯了你们，你们就照他侵犯你们的方式去回击他（《黄牛》2:194）。
So whoever has assaulted you, then assault him in the same way that he has assaulted you (Al-Baqarah 194).