1) 辩证神学家（Mutakallimeen）的方法：

1) Tareeqah of the Mutakallimeen:

“al-Mutakallimoon”是一个称谓，授予那些运用理性（‘Aql）来论证并确立Usool ud Deen（宗教根本）的‘Ulamaa，例如对安拉的信仰，以及对《古兰经》源自安拉Ta’Aalaa的信仰。这一称谓也授予那些研究以下问题的人：先知在被委任为先知之前的无过错性（‘Ismah）问题；善（Husn）与恶（Qubh）的理性判定问题；以及对Mun’im（恩赐者，即安拉）表示感恩是否为义务，该义务是依据Daleel Ash-Shar’iy（法理证据）而产生，还是理性上即为义务。他们还讨论了语言的起源，即语言是Tawqeefiyah（由安拉所授）还是Tawfeeqiyah，即依人们的约定而确立。

Al-Mutakallimoon is an expression that was given to the ‘Ulamaa who utilised the ‘Aql to arrive to affirm and establish the Usool ud Deen, like the Imaan in Allah and Imaan in respect to the Qur’aan being from Allah Ta’Aalaa. The title was given to those who looked into the issue of the infallibility of the Anbiyaa’ before Prophethood, the issue of the rational or ‘Aqliy determination of Husn and ‘Aqliy determination of Qubh and the issue of showing gratitude to the Mun’im (the provider of the Ni’mah) who is Allah and whether it is obligatory to listen due to the Daleel Ash-Shar’iy or is it obligatory rationally! They also discussed the origin of languages and whether they are Tawqeefiyah (from Allah) or are they Tawfeeqiyah i.e. by the agreement of the people upon them.

"Tareeqah"(方法)之所以被称为"Tareeqat ul-Mutakallimeen"(神学家之道),有两个原因:

The Tareeqah (method) was called Tareeqat ul-Mutakallimeen for two reasons:

一些Mutakallimeen（辩论学家）之所以以这种方式研究Usool ul Fiqh（伊斯兰教法根基），是因为他们发现其中与他们自身的研究方法有很强的相似之处。因此，他们以研究‘Ilm ul-Kalaam（凯拉姆学）的方式来审视、接近并研究Usool ul-Fiqh。

1) Some of the Mutakallimeen entered into the study of Usool ul Fiqh in this method because they found within it a strong resemblance between it and their own methodologies of study. As such they looked into, approached and studied Usool ul-Fiqh just as they had studied the ‘Ilm ul-Kalaam.