关于“表现”(al-adaa’)与“请求”(at-talab)方面的障碍(Mawaani’,单数为Maani’)
The Mawaani’ (plural Of Maani’) In Respect To Performance (al-adaa’) And Request (at-talab)
在考虑履行与请求时,阻碍因素(Mawaani')分为两类:
The Mawaani’ (preventers) in consideration of the performance and request are divided into two categories:
1 —— 一种妨碍“talab”(要求)并阻止其履行的“Maani’”(障碍),它就像因睡眠或精神错乱而失去“‘Aql”(理智)一样。这是因为它既妨碍了对拜功、斋戒、商业以及其他与“Ahkaam”(教法律例)相关事务的要求,同时也阻止这些事务的履行;因此这一类型代表了对原初“Takleefiy Talab”(责成性要求)的一种障碍(Maani’)。
1 – A Maani’ that is preventative of the Talab (request) and prevents the performance and this is like the loss of the ‘Aql (mind) due to sleep or insanity. That is because it prevents the request of prayer, fasting and trade amongst other matters related to the Ahkaam. At the same time, it prevents its performance and so this kind represents a preventer (Maani’) from the original Takleefiy Talab (request).
2 —— 一种阻碍(马尼厄)只阻止命令(塔拉布),但不阻止履行(阿达),例如女性与主麻拜的关系。这是因为女性是不要求履行主麻拜(萨拉图·朱姆阿)的阻碍,然而如果女性去做这项拜功,对她来说是有效的,因为这一阻碍阻止的是命令(塔拉布),而不是履行(阿达)。同样,旅行(赛法尔)是斋戒(萨沃姆)命令或四拉克尔拜功必须完整完成的阻碍。然而,如果旅客(穆萨菲尔)斋戒,或不缩短而完整地拜四拉克尔,这对他是允许的,因为这一阻碍代表的是对命令(塔拉布)的阻止,而不是对履行(阿达)的阻止。
2 – A Maani’ that prevents the Talab but does not prevent the performance and this is like being female in respect to the Jumu’ah prayer. That is because being female is a preventer of the request of Salaat ul-Jumu’ah however if the woman was to perform the Salaah it would be valid for her because the Maani’ is preventative of the Talab but not the Adaa’ (the request but not the performance). Similarly, Safar (travelling) is a Maani’ for the Talab (request) of fasting (As-Sawm) or from completing the four Rak’ah of the four Rak’ah prayers. However, if the Musaafir (traveller) was to fast or pray four Rak’ah without shortening, that would be permitted for him because the Maani’ represents a preventer (Maani’) from the Talab and not the ‘Adaa (performance).
同样,所有的"Rukhas"(复数形式,单数为"Rukhsah",意为允许不做某事的特许或许可)的成因,都是免除了"Talab"(要求)的"Mawaani'"(阻碍因素),而不是免除了履行本身。
Similarly, all of the causes of Rukhas (plural of Rukhsah meaning special permission or licence to leave an action) represent Mawaani’ (preventers) from the Talab (request) and not from the performance.