伊斯提哈桑（Istihsaan）应用的实际例子
Practical Examples Of The Application Of Istihsaan
在讨论伊斯提哈桑（Istihsaan）时，我们提到了它在实践中的一些应用例子以及伊斯提哈桑的不同类型，现在我们将再列举一些其他例子。
Whilst discussing Istihsaan we mentioned some practical examples of the application of Istihsaan and the different types of Istihsaan and now we will present some other examples:
示例:
Example:
猛禽喙中的唾液（口水），这一问题涉及猛禽饮水后留在水中的残余，例如鹰、秃鹫、乌鸦和老鹰。依据istihsaan（istihsaan，即“认为更好”的推理），这些鸟的唾液是纯净的（Taahir）；依据qiyaas（类比推理），则是不洁的（Najas）。
The saliva (spittle) of the beak of the predatory bird and this issue relates to what is left behind in the water after predatory birds drink from it like a hawk, vulture, crow or eagle. The spittle of these birds is pure (Taahir) based on Istihsaan and Najas (impure) based on Qiyaas.
类比的角度（القياس）：
The angle of analogy (Al-Qiyaas):
禁食其肉的动物，其唾液为纳贾斯（不洁之物），例如豹（或称作弊者）、老虎、狮子（或称猛兽）和狼。禁食其肉的猛禽，其唾液或口水，依类比（Qiyaas）推论也被判定为纳贾斯（不洁）。
The saliva of animals whose flesh is prohibited is Najas like that of a panther (or cheater), tiger, lion (or beast of prey) and wolf. The saliva or spittle of the predatory birds, which are prohibited to eat the flesh of, has by analogy (Qiyaas) been judged to be Najas (impure).
伊斯提哈桑（Istihsaan）的角度：
The angle of Istihsaan:
关于猛禽，即使其肉被禁食，其由肉所生的唾液也不会与其口水混合，因为它们是用喙饮水的，而喙是纯净的骨质。至于猛兽，它们是用舌头饮水的，唾液便与其口水混合在一起，因此其口水是Najas（不洁之物）。
In respect to the predatory birds, even if the flesh is prohibited, their saliva generated from their flesh does not mix with their spit because they drink with their beaks and this is a pure bone. As for the spittle of the predatory beasts then they drink with their tongues which is mixed with their saliva and for that reason their spit is Najas.
Another example:
Another example:
不存在之物（Al-Ma'doom）的买卖是无效的（Baatil），这是因为先知（愿主赐他平安）ﷺ的话语：
The sale of that which does not exist (Al-Ma’doom) is Baatil (invalid) due to the Qawl of the Messenger (saw):
不要出售你不拥有（不占有）的东西（《提尔米兹》）
Do not sell that which you do not have (possess) (At-Tirmidhi)
然而,"السلم"(预付定金购买,即预购)因依据使者ﷺ的话而按照"istihsaan"(合法的优先原则)被豁免。
However, ‘As-Salam’ (forward/advanced buying) has been exempted by way of Istihsaan due to the statement of the Messenger (saw):
黄金换黄金，白银换白银，小麦换小麦，大麦换大麦，盐换盐，等量相换，当场交割。如果这些种类不同，那么只要是当场交割，便可按你们的意愿进行交易。（由五部圣训集收录。）
Gold with gold, and silver with silver, and wheat with wheat, and barley with barley, and salt with salt, like for like, hand to hand. So if these types are different then sell them how you wish if it was hand to hand (Related by the five).
因此，原则上，如果两枚迪拉姆的重量有差异，则以一枚迪拉姆换另一枚迪拉姆是不被允许的。然而，依据隐学（Istihsaan）的原则，这种交换是被允许的。
The original position is therefore the impermissibility to exchange the Dirham for a Dirham if there is a difference in their weight. However, by way of Istihsaan it is permissible to exchange the
一个迪拉姆换另一个价值相等的迪拉姆，即使两者在重量上略有差异，这是为了消除困难（Al-Haraj）。
Dirham for another Dirham that is equal in value and even if there was a slight disparity in respect to the weight and this is to lift or remove the difficulty (Al-Haraj).
Another example:
Another example:
先知（愿主赐福并使其平安）禁止附带条件的买卖。然而，依据istihsan（善用裁量）原则，哈乃斐学派的大多数学者允许这种做法，因为卖方为保障债务，可以要求买方提供一项特定的抵押物（rahn），这符合卖方的利益（maslahah）。
The Messenger of Allah (saw) forbade the sale with the condition (Shart). However, by Istihsaan the majority of the Hanafiyah permitted it due to the Maslahah (interest) for the seller to stipulate upon the buyer to assure the debt by putting down a specific security (Rahn)