哪些穆贾塔希德（Mujtahideen）的一致意见构成伊制玛（Ijmaa'）？
Who are the Mujtahideen by which an Ijmaa’ is convened through their agreement?
1 ——逊尼派（Ahl us-Sunnah）的许多学者规定，哈瓦利吉派（Khawaarij）、盖德利耶派（Al-Qadariyah）和拉菲德派（Ar-Rawaafid）不得列入穆贾塔希德（Mujtahideen）之列。
1 – Many of the ‘Ulamaa of the Ahl us-Sunnah stipulated that the Khawaarij, Al-Qadariyah and Ar-Rawaafid are to be excluded from the Mujtahideen.
2 – 在著名的法学家中，有些人认为在衡量伊斯玛仪（共识）时应排除沙兑兑（偏离常规的）法学家的意见；而另一些人则允许将其计入，前提是他们没有坚持宣扬自己的观点。
2 – From amongst the well-known Fuqahaa there are those who counted the Shadh’dhaadh (irregular outside the norm) Fuqahaa to be excluded in respect to the Ijmaa’ whilst some permitted them if they were not calling to their own opinion.
3 – 沙卡尼在《Irshaad Al-Fuhool》中说:“在任何领域或学科中应当被采纳的公议（Ijmaa'），是该学科中具备相关知识的专家的公议，而非其他人的公议。”
3 – Ash-Shawkaani said in ‘Irshaad Al-Fuhool’: “The Ijmaa’ that is to be considered in any area or discipline of knowledge is the Ijmaa’ of the people of that discipline who are knowledgeable in it and not the Ijmaa’ of other than them”.
因此,就与教法问题相关的公议(Ijmaa')而言,应当考虑的是所有教法学家(Fuqahaa)的言论或观点(Qawl)。如果公议之人中的某些教法学家持反对意见,则不能认为公议已经达成。
Consequently, what is to be considered in respect to the Ijmaa’ in relation to the Fiqhi issues is the statement or opinion (Qawl) of all of the Fuqahaa. If some of the Fuqahaa of the people of Ijmaa’ are in opposition, then the Ijmaa would not be considered to have been convened.
4 – 一些fuqaha'（法学家）说：达成伊制马尔（Ijmaa'）的条件是，持有该伊制马尔的所有穆贾台希德（Mujtahideen）都已去世。在他们看来，只有当所有曾就某一观点达成共识的人都已去世之后，才算是伊制马尔；而其中一些人只是就“仅凭沉默的伊制马尔”这一点采纳了此观点。
4 – Some of the Fuqahaa said: It is stipulated for the Ijmaa’ to be completed for the Mujtahideen who held an Ijmaa’ to have all passed away. It would not be an Ijmaa’ in their view until the death of all those who had held a consensus upon an opinion whilst some of them only adopted this view in respect to the Ijmaa’ As-Sukootiy alone.
5 – 大多数法学家认为,只要某一时代所有的穆吉塔希德(Mujtahid)一致同意,即构成伊吉玛尔(Ijmaa’),无论其在世时还是去世之后,这一共识即告成立。
5 – Most of the Fuqahaa view that the Ijmaa’ is convened and represents an Ijmaa’ by the mere agreement of all of the Mujtahideen in a time in their lives and after their deaths.
6 – 其中有些学者规定，达成共识的人数必须达到构成“Tawaatur”（大量传述）所需的人数；而另一些学者则没有这样规定，例如阿尔-嘎则里（Al-Ghazaaliy）和阿布杜勒-阿利·阿尔-安萨里（Abdul ‘Ali Al-Ansaariy）。
6 – Some of them have stipulated that the number of those agreeing together must reach the number necessary for Tawaatur whilst others did not stipulate that like Al-Ghazaaliy and Abdul ‘Ali Al-Ansaariy.