责任（At-takleef）相关的形式
The Forms Associated To At-takleef (legal Responsibility)
通过考察指导教法判定的沙里亚经文，法理学者发现，责成性的沙里亚判决（Al-Hukm Ash-Shar'iy At-Takleefiy）是立法者（Ash-Shaari'）的指令（Khitaab Ash-Shaar'i），它与众仆人（Al-'Ibaad）的行为（Af'aal）相关，形式为要求（Iqtidaa'）或选择（Takhyeer），即以命令（At-Talab）的形式，或以提供选择的形式。这一指令包含五种判决，它们是：
Through an examination of the Shar’iyah texts guiding to the Ahkaam, the scholars of Usool found that the Hukm Ash-Shar’iy At-Takleefiy is the Khitaab Ash-Shaar’i (address of the Legislator) related to the Af’aal (actions) of the ‘Ibaad (servants/people) in the form of Iqtidaa’ or Takhyeer i.e. in the form of a request (At-Talab) or the form of providing a choice. This address consists of five types of Ahkaam and they are:
Al-Fard (Al-Waajib)、Al-Mandoob、Al-Mubaah、Al-Haraam 和 Al-Makrooh。
Al-Fard (Al-Waajib), Al-Mandoob, Al-Mubaah, Al-Haraam and Al-Makrooh.
每一种类型都有其语言形式和沙里尔（Shar'iy）形式，可以用来表明其所属类型；这些形式可以分为三类。
Each of these types has linguistic and Shar’iy forms that indicate them and it is possible to divide these forms into three types or categories:
表示"Mubaah"（允许的、可自由选择的行为）的形式。
The forms that are indicative of the Mubaah (permissible action of choice).
表示命令（أمر）的句式形式。
The forms that are indicative of the Amr (command).
表示禁止（النهي）的句式。
The forms which are indicative of the Nahi (forbiddance).
表示"允许"（Mubaah）的句式（Siyagh）：
The forms (Siyagh) that are indicative of the Mubaah:
“مباح”是指立法者（Shaari'）赋予人在做这件事或不做这件事之间选择的权利。表示这一含义的形式包括以下几种：
The Mubaah is that which the Shaari’ has provided the choice between doing the action or leaving it. Forms indicative of this include the following:
1 – 从祈使形式中可以理解"Ibaahah"（许可）的含义，例如祂的经文（swt）所说：
1 – The Ibaahah (permissibility) can be understood from the command form like in His Qawl (swt):
你们可以吃用真主的给养，也可以饮用它（《黄牛》60）
Eat and drink from the Rizq (sustenance) of Allah (Al-Baqarah 60)
2 – 允许性（Ibaahah）可以在词形之中找到，即“Halaal”（合法的）这一词的各种形式。这如同安拉至高者的话：
2 – The Ibaahah (permissibility) can be found within the form: i.e. forms of the word Halaal). This is like the Qawl of Allah Ta’Aalaa:
今天，一切美好的食物都已为你们而合法了。那些曾经获赐天启经典的人的食物，对你们是合法的；你们的食物，对他们也是合法的。
This day [all] good foods have been made lawful, and the food of those who were given the Scripture is lawful for you and your food is lawful for them (Al-Maa’idah 5)
3 – 在允许性（Ibaahah）的各种表达形式中，有一种是否定行为者的罪过，或否定其有"Haraj"（困难/不便）或"Junaah"（过失）。例如安拉至高的话语：
3 – From among the forms (Siyagh) of the Ibaahah (permissibility) is the text negating the sin from the one undertaking the action, or Al-Haraj (difficulty/problem) or Al-Junaah (blame). This is like the Qawl of Allah Ta’Aalaa:
那么，如果妻子为了解除婚约（Al-Khul'）而退还（聘礼或其一部分），二人都不负罪责。（《黄牛》章 229节）
Then there is no sin (or blame) on either of them if she gives back (the Mahr or a part of it) for her Al-Khul' (divorce). (Al-Baqarah 229).
4 – 文本表明做这件事与放弃这件事是等同的。例证如：至-塔巴拉尼在《奥萨during》中所辑录的：一具灵柩经过伊本·阿拔斯和哈桑·本·阿里身边，其中一人站了起来，另一人仍然坐着。站立者对坐着的人说：“先知ﷺ难道没有站起来吗？”他回答说：“确实站过，但他也坐下了。”由此可以从这段圣训理解到，灵柩经过时站立与坐着都是允许的（মুবাহ）。
4 – That the text comes indicating equalness between undertaking the action and leaving it. An example of this is what was extracted by At-Tabaraani in Al-Awsat that a Janaazah (funeral procession) passed by Ibn ‘Abbaas and Al-Hasan Bin ‘Ali and then one of them stood up and the other remained sitting. The one standing said to the one sitting: “Did the Messenger of Allah (saw) not stand up”. So he replied: “Indeed and he sat”. And so it is understood from the Hadeeth that the standing and the sitting when the Janaazah passes by are (both) Mubaah.