2.16 لا يجوز في حق الرسول ﷺ أن يكون مجتهداً
2.16 It Is Not Allowed On The Part Of The Messenger Pbuh That He Be A Mujtahid
القول بأن سيدنا محمداً ﷺ اجتهد في بعض الأحكام فأخطأ في اجتهاده، فصحّحه الله له، يعني أن سيدنا محمداً ﷺ بلّغ الشريعة للناس من اجتهاده لا من الوحي، وأنه ليس معصوماً فيما بلّغه للناس من شريعة الإسلام في بعضها. وهذا القول باطل عقلاً وشرعاً. فسيدنا محمد ﷺ نبيٌّ ورسولٌ كسائر الأنبياء والرسل، معصومٌ من الخطأ فيما يبلّغه عن الله ﷻ، وهي عصمةٌ ثابتةٌ بدليلٍ عقلي قطعي. وقد دلّت النصوص الشرعية القطعية في دلالتها على أن تبليغ الرسول ﷺ للرسالة، عامّها وخاصّها، إنما كان من الوحي، وأنه ﷺ لم يُبلّغ الأحكام إلا عن وحيٍ. قال تعالى في سورة الأنبياء: {وَمَا يَنطِقُ عَنِ الْهَوَىٰ * إِنْ هُوَ إِلَّا وَحْيٌ يُوحَىٰ}
The opinion that our master Muhammad performed Ijtihād in certain rules and he made an error in his Ijtihād which Allah then corrected means that our master Muhammad conveyed the Sharī’ah to people from his Ijtihād and not a revelation. And that he is not ma'sum (infallible) in some of what he conveyed to the people from the Sharī’ah of Islam. Rationally & from the Sharī’ah point of view this is invalid (batil). Indeed our master Muhammad is a Prophet (nabiy) and a Messenger (rasul) like the rest of the Prophets and Messengers, protected from committing mistakes in that which he conveyed about Allah which is a definite protection proved rationally (dalīl 'aqli). Furthermore, there are Sharī’ah evidences that are definite in their meaning that the Prophet's conveyance of the Message (risala), in general and specific aspects, was only from revelation. And the Messenger did not convey the ahkām except from revelation. He said in Sura al-Ambiya:
قُلْ يَا مُحَمَّدُ ﷺ: إِنَّمَا أُنْذِرُكُمْ بِالْوَحْيِ [TMQ Ambiya: 45]
“Say (O Muhammad (saw)): “I warn you only by the revelation” [TMQ Ambiya: 45]
أي: قُلْ لهم يا محمدﷺ إنما أنذركم بالوحي الذي أُوحي إليّ، بمعنى أن إنذاري لكم مقصور على الوحي. وقال في سورة النجم:
That is, tell them O Muhammad that I warn you with the revelation that has been revealed to me. In other words my admonition to you is restricted to the revelation. And He said in Sura an-Najm:
{وَمَا يَنْطِقُ عَنِ الْهَوَىٰ إِنْ هُوَ إِلَّا وَحْيٌ يُوحَىٰ} [Sura Najm: 3-4]
“Nor does he speak of his own desire. It is only an revelation that is inspired” [Sura Najm: 3-4]
فإنّ عبارة «وما ينطق» جاءت بصيغة العموم، فتشمل القرآن والسنّة، وليس في الكتاب والسنّة ما يخصّصها بالقرآن. فتبقى عامّةً، أي إنّ كلّ ما بلّغه من الشريعة وحيٌ أُوحي إليه. وليس من الصواب تخصيصُ ما بلّغه بالقرآن وحده، بل ينبغي أن يبقى عامًّا شاملًا للقرآن والحديث.
The expression 'wama yantiqu' is from the general form (sighat al-'umum). So it includes the Qur’ān and Sunnah. There is nothing in the Book and Sunnah that makes it specific to the Qur’ān. So it remains general that is, everything he has conveyed from the Sharī’ah is a revelation that has been revealed. It is not correct that it be specified to say that what he conveyed is only from the Qur’ān. Rather, it should remain general and inclusive of the Qur’ān and the hadīth.
وهذا ما تؤكّد عليه الآية الثانية حين يقول،
And this is what the second ayah emphasises on when he says,
"إِنْ هُوَ إِلَّا وَحْيٌ يُوحَىٰ" [TMQ Najm: 4]
“It is only an revelation that is inspired” [TMQ Najm: 4]
أما تخصيص ما بلّغه عن الله من تشريع وغيره من الأحكام والعقائد والأفكار والقصص، وفصله عن أساليب الدنيا ووسائلها وشؤونها، كالأنشطة الزراعية والصناعة والعلوم وغيرها، فقد كان لسببين: أولهما أن بعض النصوص الواردة فيها قد خصّصتها بالتشريع، فقد قال ﷺ في شأن تلقيح النخل:
As for the specification of what he conveyed from Allah in terms of legislation, and other rules, beliefs, thoughts and stories and the seperation of the styles and means and affairs of the world such as the agricultural activities, industry and sciences etc from it, This specification occurred due to two reasons: Firstly, Some of the texts [nusoos] revealed regarding them have specified them to legislation. He said regarding the subject of pollinating the date palm:
أَنْتُمْ أَعْلَمُ بِأَمْرِ دُنْيَاكُمْ [Reported by Muslim]
“You are more knowledgeable in the affairs of your dunya” [Reported by Muslim]
وَقَالَ ﷺ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ فِي غَزْوَةِ بَدْرٍ لَمَّا سَأَلُوهُ: أَهَذَا وَحْيٌ مِنَ اللهِ أَمْ هُوَ رَأْيٌ وَحَرْبٌ وَمَكِيدَةٌ؟ فَأَجَابَ:
And he told the Muslims in the battle of Badr when they asked him: Is this revelation from Allah or is it a matter of opinion, war and strategy? He replied:
هذه مسألة اجتهادية، وتتعلق بالحرب والاستراتيجية. [Reported by Alhakim]
“It is a matter of opinion, war and strategy” [Reported by Alhakim]
ذكرت هذه النصوص أن الوحي مختصّ بما عدا أمور الدنيا، وما يتعلّق بالحرب والرأي والتدبير.
These texts have specified the revelation to things that are other than the affairs of the world and whatever is related to war, opinion and strategy.
أما المسألة الثانية، وهي تخصيص الوحي بالتشريع والعقائد والأحكام ونحوها، فهو واضح من موضوع الكلام، وذلك لأنه رسول، والكلام فيما أُرسل به لا في غيره، فقد تخصص موضوع الكلام، وصيغة العموم تبقى عامة، لكن فقط بالنسبة إلى الموضوع الذي وردت فيه بالعموم، لا بالنسبة إلى جميع الموضوعات. نعم، المعتبَر عموم اللفظ لا خصوص السبب (العبرة بعموم اللفظ لا بخصوص السبب). غير أن المقصود بالسبب الحادثة التي نزل القرآن من أجلها، والموضوع ليس خاصًا بها، بل هو عام لجميع الحوادث، فالموضوع ليس متعلقًا بالحادثة المعينة، بل بجميع الحوادث، وهو متعلق بموضوع الكلام لا بجميع الموضوعات. ومادة الوحي هي الإنذار، أي التشريع والأحكام. قال ﷺ:
As for the second matter which specifies the revelation to legislation, beliefs and rules etc, it is clear from the topic of discussion. That is because he is a messenger and the discussion is in what he has been sent with and not anything else. So the subject of discussion has been specified, and the general address (sighat al-'umum) remains general, however only in respect to the subject which was addressed in generality and not all the subjects. Yes, the consideration is for the generality of the wording and not for the specificity of the cause (sabab) (al-'ibra bi 'umum al-lafz la bi khusus al-sabab). However what is meant by the cause (sabab) is the incident for which the Qur’ān was revealed. The topic is not specific to it rather it is general to all the incidents, so the subject is not regarding the particular incident rather all the incidents and it is pertaining to the subject of discussion and not in all subjects. The subject matter of revelation is the warning (indhar) that is, legislation and rules. He said:
قُلْ إِنَّمَا أُنْذِرُكُمْ بِالْوَحْيِ [TMQ Ambiya: 45]
'Say: “I warn you only by the revelation” [TMQ Ambiya: 45]
وَقَالَ فِي سُورَةِ صٓ:
And He said in sura Sād:
"إِنَّمَا أُوحِيَ إِلَيَّ أَنَّمَا أَنَا نَذِيرٌ مُّبِينٌ" [TMQ Sād: 70]
“Only this has been revealed to me, that I am a plain warner" [TMQ Sād: 70]
هذه الآيات تدل على أن المقصود هو ما جاء به من العقائد والأحكام وكل ما أُمر بتبليغه وتحذير الناس منه، ولذلك لا يشمل الوسائل والأساليب أو السلوكيات الغريزية التي هي من جِبلّته الطبيعية، مثل طريقة مشيه، ونطقه، وأكله ونحو ذلك.
These verses show that what was intended is what he brought from the beliefs and rules and anything he had been ordered to convey and warn people of. That is why it does not include the means and styles or the instinctual behaviour which are part of his natural disposition such as the manner of walking, pronunciation, eating etc..
إنّما هي في الأمور المتعلقة بالعقائد وأحكام الشريعة، لا الوسائل والأساليب وغيرها من الأمور المشابهة التي لا تدخل في العقائد والأحكام. فكل ما جاء به الرسول ﷺ، مما أُمر بتبليغه في جميع الأمور المتعلقة بأفعال العباد وأفكارهم، فهو وحيٌ من الله.
They are regarding the matters related to the beliefs and Sharī’ah rules and not the means and styles and other things of a similar nature which do not come under beliefs and rules. Therefore, whatever the Messenger brought, regarding what he has been ordered to convey in all matters that relate to the actions of the servants and the thoughts, is a revelation from Allah .
يشمل الوحي أقوال الرسول ﷺ وأفعاله وتقريره، لأننا أُمرنا باتباعه. وقال الله تعالى:
The revelation includes the sayings, actions and silence of the Messenger , because we have been ordered to follow him. And He said:
وَمَا آتَاكُمُ الرَّسُولُ فَخُذُوهُ وَمَا نَهَاكُمْ عَنْهُ فَانْتَهُوا ﷺ [TMQ Hashr: 7]
“Whatsoever the Messenger (saw) gives you, take it, and whatsoever he forbids you, abstain from it” [TMQ Hashr: 7]
وَقَالَ:
And He said:
لَقَدْ كَانَ لَكُمْ فِي رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ أُسْوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ
“Indeed in the Messenger of Allâh (saw) you have a good example to follow”
ولهذا فإن قول الرسول ﷺ وفعله وإقراره دليلٌ شرعي، وكلها وحيٌ من الله.
Thus, the speech, action and silence of the Messenger PBUH is a Sharī’ah evidence. They are all revelations from Allah .
كان رسول الله ﷺ، سيدنا محمد ﷺ، يتلقى الوحي ويبلّغ ما جاء به من الله، ويحكم الأمور وفق الوحي ولا يحيد عنه. وقال في سورة الأحقاف:
The Messenger of Allah, our master Muhammad used to receive revelation and convey what he brought from Allah , and resolve matters according to the revelation and did not deviate from the revelation. He said in sura al-Ahqaf:
إِنَّمَا أَتَّبِعُ مَا يُوحَىٰ إِلَيَّ [TMQ Ahqaaf: 9]
“I only follow that which is revealed to me” [TMQ Ahqaaf: 9]
وَقَالَ فِي سُورَةِ الْأَعْرَافِ:
And He said in sura al-A'raf:
قُلْ إِنَّمَا أَتَّبِعُ مَا يُوحَىٰ إِلَيَّ مِن رَّبِّي [TMQ A’raaf: 203]
“Say: "I but follow what is revealed to me from my Lord” [TMQ A’raaf: 203]
إنّي لا أتّبع إلا ما يُوحى إليّ من ربّي. وعمومًا فإنّ هذا كلّه صريحٌ واضحٌ جليٌّ. وكلُّ ما يتعلّق بالنبيّ ﷺ من حيث ما أُمر بتبليغه إنما هو وحيٌ. وقد جرت السيرة التشريعية للنبيّ ﷺ في بيان الأحكام للناس على هذا النحو؛ فكان ينتظر الوحي في كثير من الأحكام، كما في قضية الظهار واللعان ونحوهما. ولم يكن يُقرّر حكمًا في مسألة، أو يُجري فعلًا تشريعيًا، أو يسكت تشريعيًا، إلا بالوحي من الله ﷺ. وقد كان الصحابة ﷺ أحيانًا يلتبس عليهم الحكم في فعلٍ من أفعال العباد بالرأي المتعلق بأمرٍ من الأمور أو وسيلةٍ أو أسلوب، فكانوا يسألون رسول الله ﷺ: أوحيٌ هو يا رسول الله؟ أم هو الرأي والمشورة؟ فإن قال: هو وحي، سكتوا لعلمهم بأنه ليس من النبيّ ﷺ من تلقاء نفسه. وإن قال لهم: لا، بل هو الرأي والمشورة، ناقشوه، وربما اتّبع رأيهم كما في بدرٍ وأُحدٍ والخندق. وفي غير ما يبلّغه عن الله ﷺ كان يقول:
I.e I do not follow anything except what my Lord has revealed to me. Generally, all of this is explicit, clear and evident. Everything that relates to the Prophet in terms of what he has been ordered to convey is only revelation. The legislative life of the Prophet in clarifying the rules to the people proceeded on this manner, he used to wait for the revelation in many of the ahkām such as in the case of zihar, li'an (imprecation) and the like. He did not state a hukm (rule) on an issue or perform an act of legislation or remain silent legislatively except on the revelation from Allah . Sometimes the Sahabah used to confuse the ruling on an action of the servants with an opinion concerning a thing, or a means or style. So they would ask the Messenger : is that a revelation O Messenger of Allah? Or is it a matter of opinion and mashura (advice)? If he said it was revelation they would remain silent because they knew that it was not from the Prophet himself. But if he told them: no, it is an issue of opinion and mashura (advice) they would discuss with him and perhaps he would even follow their opinion as in Badr, Uhud and Khandaq. And in matters other that what he conveyed from Allah he used to say:
أَنْتُمْ أَعْلَمُ بِأَمْرِ دُنْيَاكُمْ
“You are more knowledgeable in the affairs of your dunya”
كما ورد في الحديث المتعلق بتلقيح النخل. فلو كان النبي ﷺ قد قال شيئًا يتعلق بالتشريع دون وحي، لما انتظر الوحي ليبيّن الحكم. ولو أن الصحابة سألوه هل ما قاله وحيٌ أم رأي، لأجابهم من عنده، أو لناقشوه في المسألة دون أن يسألوه هل هي وحي أم لا.
As reported in the hadīth concerning the pollination of the date palm. Had the Prophet PBUH said something pertaining the legislation without revelation he would not have waited for the revelation to state the hukm (ruling). And when the Sahabah asked him whether a statement was a revelation or opinion, he would have either replied to them from his mind or they would have discussed with him the matter without asking him whether it was a revelation or not.
فَلَا يَصْدُرُ عَنْهُ ﷺ شَيْءٌ مِنْ أَقْوَالِهِ وَأَفْعَالِهِ وَتَقْرِيرَاتِهِ إِلَّا إِذَا كَانَ بِوَحْيٍ مِنَ اللَّهِ، لَا عَنْ رَأْيِهِ الشَّخْصِيِّ. وَلَمْ يَجْتَهِدْ ﷺ قَطُّ، وَالِاجْتِهَادُ غَيْرُ جَائِزٍ لَهُ ﷺ وَفْقَ الشَّرِيعَةِ وَكَذَلِكَ عَقْلًا. أَمَّا مِنْ حَيْثُ الشَّرِيعَةُ، فَإِنَّ آيَاتِ الْقُرْآنِ تَدُلُّ دَلَالَةً صَرِيحَةً عَلَى قَصْرِ كُلِّ مَا يَتَعَلَّقُ بِالْوَحْيِ عَلَيْهِ ﷺ.
Therefore, nothing emanated from his sayings, actions, and silence except if it came via revelation from Allah and not from his own opinion. He never made Ijtihād and Ijtihād is not allowed for him according to the Sharī’ah and rationally also. As for the Sharī’ah, the verses of the Quran explicitly indicate the restriction of everything that relates to the revelation:
قُلْ يَا مُحَمَّدُ ﷺ: «إِنَّمَا أُنْذِرُكُمْ بِالْوَحْيِ» [TMQ Ambiyaa’: 45]
Say (O Muhammad (saw)): "I warn you only by the Revelation” [TMQ Ambiyaa’: 45]
إِنَّمَا أَتَّبِعُ مَا يُوحَىٰ إِلَيَّ [TMQ Ahqaaf: 9]
“I only follow that which is revealed to me” [TMQ Ahqaaf: 9]
وَمَا يَنْطِقُ عَنِ الْهَوَىٰ [TMQ Najm : 3]
“Nor does he speak of his own desire” [TMQ Najm : 3]
أما الدليل العقلي، فلأن النبي ﷺ كان ينتظر الوحي في كثير من الأحكام مع شدة الحاجة إلى بيان حكم الله، ولو كان الاجتهاد جائزًا له ﷺ لما تأخر في إعطاء الحكم، بل كان سيجتهد. فلما كان يؤخر إعطاء الحكم حتى ينزل الوحي، دلّ ذلك على أنه لم يجتهد، وعلى أنه لم يكن جائزًا له الاجتهاد، إذ لو جاز لما أخّر بيان الحكم مع الحاجة إليه. وأيضًا، فإن اتباع النبي ﷺ واجب، فلو اجتهد لكان ممكنًا أن يخطئ، فإن أخطأ وجب علينا أن نتبعه، فيلزم من ذلك أن نتبع الخطأ، وهذا باطل، إذ لم يأمر الله باتباع الخطأ. ثم إن الرسول ﷺ معصوم من الخطأ في تبليغ الرسالة، ومن المستحيل في حقه أن يخطئ في تبليغ رسالة الله، لأن تجويز الخطأ عليه ينفي مفهوم الرسالة والنبوة. فإثبات الرسالة والنبوة يقتضي أن الرسول لا يجوز عليه الخطأ. وفيما يتعلق بتبليغ الرسالة، فإن ذلك يقتضي حفظه من الخطأ في التبليغ، فيستحيل في حقه ﷺ أن يخطئ فيما يبلّغه عن الله. وبناءً على ذلك، لا يجوز في حقه ﷺ الاجتهاد. فكل ما بلّغه من الأحكام، قولًا وفعلًا وتقريرًا، فهو وحي من الله وليس غيره.
As for the rational reason, it is because the Prophet PBUH used to wait for the revelation in many rules despite the urgent need to clarify the ruling of Allah . If ijthad was allowed for him he would not have delayed in giving the ruling but he would have performed Ijtihād. Because he used to postpone giving the ruling until the revelation was sent down. This indicates he did not make Ijtihād. It also indicates that it was not allowed for him to make Ijtihād. Had it been allowed he would not have put off giving the ruling despite the need to do so. Also, it is obligatory to follow the Prophet , if he exercised Ijtihād it would be possible for him to make a mistake. If he made a mistake we would be obliged to follow him so the matter would necessitate that we follow a mistake which is not valid because Allah did not order to follow a mistake. Furthermore, the Messenger PBUH is infallible (ma'sum) from making mistakes in the conveyance of the Message. It is absolutely impossible on his part to make a mistake in the conveyance of (Allah's Message). Since allowing the Messenger PBUH to make a mistake negates the (concept of) Messengership and prophethood. So the affirmation of Messengership and Prophethood determines that the Messenger is not allowed to make mistakes. Regarding the conveyance of the Message it necessitates that he is protected from making mistakes in the conveyance. So it is impossible on the part of the Messenger PBUH to err in what he conveys from Allah . Consequently, it is not allowed on his part to exercise Ijtihād. Everything conveyed by him from the rulings, in his saying, action and silence is revelation from Allah and nothing else.
لا يجوز أن يُقال إن الله لا يتركه على الخطأ، وأنه سيبيّنه له سريعًا. وذلك لأن الخطأ في الاجتهاد إذا وقع من الرسول ﷺ يصير فرضًا على المسلمين أن يتبعوه إلى أن يأتي البيان، ثم يكون هذا البيان قد أثبت حكمًا آخر يخالف الحكم الأول، فيُؤمر المسلمون باتباع هذا الحكم وترك الحكم السابق الذي هو خطأ. وهذا باطل، إذ لا يجوز في حق الله أن يأمر الناس باتباع خطأ ثم يأمرهم بتركه واتباع الصواب. وكذلك لا يجوز في حق الرسول ﷺ أن يبلّغ حكمًا ثم يقول للناس إن هذا الحكم خطأ لأنه صادر عني، وإن الصواب هو ما جاءني من الله، فيُخبرهم بأن يتركوا الحكم الأول لأنه خطأ، ويُعلمهم الحكم الصحيح.
مَا كَانَ لِنَبِيٍّ أَن يَكُونَ لَهُ أَسْرَىٰ حَتَّىٰ يُثْخِنَ فِي الْأَرْضِ [TMQ Anfāl: 67]
“It is not for a Prophet that he should have prisoners of war (and free them with ransom) until he had made a great slaughter (among his enemies) in the land ” [TMQ Anfāl: 67]
وَمِثْلُ قَوْلِهِ:
And such as His saying:
عَفَا اللّٰهُ عَنْكَ يَا مُحَمَّدُ ﷺ، لِمَ أَذِنْتَ لَهُمْ [TMQ Tawba: 43]
“May Allâh forgive you (O Muhammad [sal-Allâhu 'alayhi wa sallam]). Why did you grant them leave (to remain behind)” [TMQ Tawba: 43]
{وَلَا تُصَلِّ عَلَىٰ أَحَدٍ مِّنْهُم مَّاتَ أَبَدًا وَلَا تَقُمْ عَلَىٰ قَبْرِهِ} ... but the original uses "(saw)" after the Prophet's name, so the translation should carry ﷺ in place of that honorific, and the verse text itself must stay unmarked. و**لا تصل على أحد منهم مات أبداً ولا تقم على قبره** — this is the Qur'an, so no ﷺ inside the verse. The parenthetical honorific refers to the Prophet, so: "وَلَا تَقُمْ عَلَىٰ قَبْرِهِ" — ... rendered as: وَلَا تُصَلِّ عَلَىٰ أَحَدٍ مِّنْهُم مَّاتَ أَبَدًا وَلَا تَقُمْ عَلَىٰ قَبْرِهِ ولا تصلِّ على أحدٍ منهم مات أبدًا ولا تقمْ على قبره — and the Prophet's address: يا محمد ﷺ **Final translation:** وَلَا تُصَلِّ عَلَىٰ أَحَدٍ مِّنْهُم مَّاتَ أَبَدًا وَلَا تَقُمْ عَلَىٰ قَبْرِهِ (Note: the bracketed "(O Muhammad (saw))" is rendered as the address to the Prophet, with ﷺ written once after his name:) يَا مُحَمَّدُ ﷺ، وَلَا تُصَلِّ عَلَىٰ أَحَدٍ مِّنْهُم مَّاتَ أَبَدًا وَلَا تَقُمْ عَلَىٰ قَبْرِهِ
“And never (O Muhammad (saw)) pray (janazah) for any of them (hypocrites) who dies, nor stand at his grave”
وكقوله:
And like His saying:
عَبَسَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ وَتَوَلَّى، أَنْ جَاءَهُ الْأَعْمَى [TMQ ‘Abasa: 1-2]
“(The Prophet (saw)) frowned and turned away, because there came to him the blind man” [TMQ ‘Abasa: 1-2]
وكذلك الآيات والأحاديث الأخرى، فإن ذلك ليس بسبب اجتهاده ﷺ في حكم ما وتبليغه إياه للناس، بل هو على سبيل العتاب الخفيف على القيام بأفعال تخالف ما هو أليق بالرسول ﷺ أن يفعله. ولم يحدث قط أن بلّغ الرسول ﷺ حكمًا معينًا للناس ثم جاءت آية تبيّن خطأ الحكم الذي بلّغه، وتوضح الخطأ في اجتهاده، وتطالبه بتبليغ الرأي الصحيح في هذا الحكم. بل الحقيقة أن الرسول ﷺ قام بفعل في تطبيق حكم شرعي من أحكام الله ﷿ قد أُنزل من قبل في الوحي، وكان ﷺ قد بلّغه للناس بالفعل، لكنه ﷺ تصرف على نحو يخالف ما كان أليق به أن يفعله وفقًا لهذا الحكم، فعوتب عتابًا خفيفًا على هذه المخالفة. وهذا العتاب الخفيف ليس تشريعًا لحكم جديد، فالحكم قد نزل من قبل، وقد أُمر بتطبيقه، وكان ﷺ قد بلّغه. فهو ﷺ في هذه الوقائع التي تذكرها تلك الآيات قام بفعل وفقًا لما أمر الله ﷾ به، غير أن أداءه لهذا الفعل كان على خلاف الأولى، فعوتب على ذلك. ولذلك فإن هذه الآيات تعاتب النبي ﷺ عتابًا خفيفًا على فعله ما يخالف الأولى، وليست آيات تشرّع أحكامًا جديدة لم تكن قد شُرعت من قبل، ولا تصحح اجتهادًا أو تشرع حكمًا آخر يخالف الحكم الذي اجتهد فيه الرسول ﷺ من قبل. وإن الشرع والعقل يجيزان للأنبياء والمرسلين أن يفعلوا ما هو خلاف الأولى، لأن معنى فعل خلاف الأولى أنه أمر مباح، غير أن بعض الأفعال أفضل من بعض. أو أن هناك أمرًا مستحبًّا، لكن بعض الأفعال أفضل من بعض. فيجوز للإنسان أن يسكن في المدينة أو في القرية، غير أن السكنى في المدينة أفضل من السكنى في القرية لمن يريد أن يتولى شؤون الحكم ويحاسب الحكام. فإن سكن في القرية فقد خالف ما هو الأولى. وإعطاء الصدقة علنًا أو سرًّا أمر مستحب، لكن إعطاء الصدقة سرًّا أفضل من إعطائها علنًا، فإن أعطاها علنًا فقد خالف الأولى. فيجوز للرسول ﷺ أن يفعل ما خالف الأولى، بل يجوز له أن يفعل كل ما لا يُعدّ معصية. وقد فعل ما خالف الأولى، فعاتبه الله عتابًا لطيفًا على ذلك. ومن تدبّر الآيات التي يستشهدون بها وجد أن نظم الآية وفهمها ومعناها يدل على ذلك.
And other such ayats and hadīth, this is not due to his exercising Ijtihād regarding a ruling and conveying it to the people. Rather, it is by way of a mild rebuke for undertaking actions which are contrary to what is more befitting for the Messenger PBUH to do. It never happened that the Messenger PBUH conveyed a specific ruling to the people and then an ayah came to clarify the error of the ruling which he had conveyed and clarify the mistake in his Ijtihād and demand that he convey the correct opinion regarding this ruling. Rather the matter of truth is that the Messenger undertook an action in applying a Sharī’ah rule from the rules of Allah which had previously been sent down in the revelation and the Messenger PBUH had already conveyed it to the people. The Messenger PBUH acted in a manner contrary to what was more befitting for him to have done in accordance with this ruling. Thus, he was mildly reproached for this contradiction. This mild reproach is not a legislation of a new ruling. So the ruling has already been revealed, and its application had been ordered and the Messenger PBUH had already conveyed it. Thus, in these incidents mentioned in these verses he undertook an action in accordance with what Allah had ordered, except that his performance of this action was contrary to what was best, thus he was mildly rebuked for this. Therefore, these ayat mildly rebuke the Messenger PBUH for undertaking what was contrary to the best action. They are not ayat which legislate new rules which had not been legislated earlier. Nor do they correct an Ijtihād or legislate another ruling which is at variance with the ruling the Messenger PBUH had already made Ijtihād for. From the Sharī’ah and rationally it is allowed for the Prophets and Messengers to do what is contrary to the best because the meaning of doing what is contrary to the best is that it is a permissible (mubah) issue, however, some actions are better than others. Or, there is a matter which is preferable (mandub) but there are actions which are better than others. Thus, it is permissible for a person to live in the city or in the village. But living in the city is better than living in the village for the one who wishes to see to the matters of ruling and accounting the rulers. If he lives in the village he has done contrary to what is the best. Giving sadaqa openly or discreetly is a preferable matter (mandub) but giving sadaqa secretly is better than giving it publicly. If he gives it in public, he has acted contrary to what is best. So, it is allowed for the Messenger PBUH to undertake what is contrary to the best, rather it is allowed for him to do everything that is not considered sinful. He infact undertook what was contrary to the best so Allah mildly censured him for it. The one who thinks deeply about these verses that they cite will find that the wording of the verse, its understanding and meaning indicates this.
ما كان لنبيٍّ أن يكون له أسرى حتى يُثخن في الأرض [TMQ Anfāl: 67]
“It is not for a Prophet that he should have prisoners of war (and free them with ransom) until he had made a great slaughter (among his enemies) in the land'” [TMQ Anfāl: 67]
يدلّ على أنّ أخذ الأسرى قد شُرع بشرط أن يقع قبله القتل الشديد (الإثخان). ويشهد لذلك قوله تعالى: {مَا كَانَ لِنَبِيٍّ أَن يَكُونَ لَهُ أَسْرَىٰ حَتَّىٰ يُثْخِنَ فِي الْأَرْضِ}
indicates that the taking of prisoners had already been legislated on the condition that a severe slaughter (ithkhan) took place before it. This is supported by the ayah:
فَاضْرِبُوا فَوْقَ الْأَعْنَاقِ وَاضْرِبُوا مِنْهُمْ كُلَّ بَنَانٍ ... Note: the English given is a Qur'an verse (Muhammad 47:4) rendered in translation: "فَإِذَا لَقِيتُمُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا فَضَرْبَ الرِّقَابِ حَتَّىٰ إِذَا أَثْخَنْتُمُوهُمْ فَشُدُّوا الْوَثَاقَ فَإِمَّا مَنًّا بَعْدُ وَإِمَّا فِدَاءً". Translation: «فَاضْرِبُوا الرِّقَابَ حَتَّىٰ إِذَا أَثْخَنْتُمُوهُمْ فَشُدُّوا الْوَثَاقَ» [TMQ Muhammad: 4]
“Smite at their necks till when you have killed and wounded many of them, then bind a bond firmly on them (that is, take them prisoners)” [TMQ Muhammad: 4]
وَلِهٰذَا لَمْ يَنْزِلْ حُكْمُ أَخْذِ الْأُسَرَاءِ فِي الْآيَةِ
Thus, the ruling of taking prisoners was not revealed in the ayah:
"مَا كَانَ لِنَبِيٍّ أَن يَكُونَ لَهُ أَسْرَىٰ حَتَّىٰ يُثْخِنَ فِي الْأَرْضِ" [TMQ Anfāl: 67]
“It is not for a Prophet that he should have prisoners of war (and free them with ransom)” [TMQ Anfāl: 67]
بل نزلت قبل ذلك في سورة محمد التي تسمى سورة القتال. نزلت قبل سورة الأنفال. فإنه في هذه السورة، سورة القتال، نزل حكم أخذ الأسرى. قال:
Rather, it was revealed before that in Sura Muhammad which is called the Sura of fighting (sura al-qital). It was revealed before Sura al-Anfal. Thus, it is in this Sura of fighting that the ruling of taking prisoners was revealed. He said:
فَإِذَا لَقِيتُمُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا فَضَرْبَ الرِّقَابِ حَتَّىٰ إِذَا أَثْخَنْتُمُوهُمْ فَشُدُّوا الْوَثَاقَ فَإِمَّا مَنًّا بَعْدُ وَإِمَّا فِدَاءً حَتَّىٰ تَضَعَ الْحَرْبُ أَوْزَارَهَا [TMQ Muhammad: 4]
“So, when you meet (in jihad), those who disbelieve smite at their necks till when you have killed and wounded many of them, then bind a bond firmly on them (that is, take them prisoners) Thereafter (is the time) either for generosity (that is, free therm without ransom), or ransom, until the war lays down its burden” [TMQ Muhammad: 4]
فَكَانَ حُكْمُ أَخْذِ الْأَسْرَى قَدْ نَزَلَ وَعُرِفَ قَبْلَ نُزُولِ:
So the rule of taking prisoners had been revealed and was known before the revelation of:
"ما كان لنبيٍّ..." [TMQ Anfāl: 67]
“It is not for a Prophet...” [TMQ Anfāl: 67]
في هذه الآية ليس فيها تشريع للأسرى، ولا يوجد في لفظها تشريع للأسرى. وإنما هي خطاب للرسول ﷺ بأنه ما كان ينبغي له أن يأخذ أسرى حتى يُثخن في الأرض. والمراد بالإثخان القتل وإحداث الرعب الشديد. ولا شك أن الصحابة يوم بدر قتلوا عددًا كبيرًا من الناس، وانتصروا في المعركة. وليس من شرط الإثخان في الأرض أن يُقتل الجميع، بل قتلوا عددًا كبيرًا ثم أخذوا جماعة منهم أسرى. وهذا جائز مما في سورة محمد وهي سورة القتال، ومن هذه الآية أيضًا، فإنها تدل على أنه بعد الإثخان في الأرض يجوز أخذ الأسرى. فجاءت هذه الآية لتدل دلالة واضحة على أن أخذ الأسرى كان جائزًا بحكم هذه الآية. فليس صحيحًا أن يقال إن الرسول ﷺ اجتهد في حكم أسرى الحرب حين أخذ الأسرى فنزلت الآية لتصحيح اجتهاده. ولا أن الأسر الذي فعله الرسول ﷺ في بدر كان تشريعًا ونزلت الآية لتبيين خطئه. وكذلك لم يكن هذا الأسر معصية ولا مخالفةً لحكم قد أُنزل. وإنما تدل الآية على أن الرسول ﷺ في تطبيقه لحكم أخذ الأسرى المذكور في سورة محمد
In this verse there is no legislation for prisoners. And in the wording there is no legislation for prisoners to be found. Rather, it is only an address to the Messenger that he should not have taken prisoners until he had inflicted a severe slaughter (ithkhan). What is meant by ithkhan is killing and creating intense fear. There is no doubt that on the day of Badr the Sahabah killed a great number of people and that they won the battle. It is not a condition of inflicting a severe slaughter in the land that everyone should be killed. Then after killing a great number they took a group as prisoners. This is permitted from the ayah in Sura Muhammad which is the Sura of fighting and from this ayah as well. It indicates that after inflicting a severe slaughter (ithkhan) it is allowed to take prisoners. So this ayah has come to indicate a clear indication that the capture of prisoners was allowed according to the ruling of this ayah. So it is not correct to say that the Messenger PBUH made Ijtihād regarding the ruling of prisoners of war when he took prisoners and the ayah was revealed to correct his Ijtihād. And nor is it the case that the capture done by the Messenger PBUH in Badr was a legislation and the ayah came to clarify his mistake. Likewise this capture was not a sin or a breach of the rule that had been revealed. However, it indicates that the Messenger PBUH in applying the rule of taking captives as mentioned in Sura Muhammad:
فَاضْرِبُوا فَوْقَ الْأَعْنَاقِ وَاضْرِبُوا مِنْهُمْ كُلَّ بَنَانٍ [TMQ Muhammad : 4]
“Smite at their necks till when you have killed and wounded many of them” [TMQ Muhammad : 4]
في هذه الواقعة أي غزوة بدر، كان الأفضل أن يكون القتل أكثر حتى يظهر الإثخان أكثر. وعليه نزلت الآية لتعاتب النبي ﷺ عتابًا خفيفًا على تطبيقه الحكم بصورة مخالفة للأولى. وهو عتاب على فعل فعله ﷺ بتطبيق حكم سابق، وليس تشريعًا لحكم ولا تصحيحًا لاجتهاد. أما قوله في آخر الآية:
in this incident i.e the battle of Badr, it was better if the killing was greater so that the ithkhan was more evident. Thus, the verse was revealed to mildly reproach the Prophet PBUH for applying the ruling in a manner which is contrary to the best. It is the censure of an action undertaken by him to apply a previous ruling, it is not the legislation of a ruling and nor is it the correction of an Ijtihād. As for His saying at the end of the ayah:
"أَنتُمْ تُرِيدُونَ عَرَضَ الدُّنْيَا وَاللَّهُ يُرِيدُ الْآخِرَةَ وَاللَّهُ عَزِيزٌ حَكِيمٌ" [TMQ Anfāl: 67]
“You desire the good of this world, but Allah desires for you the hereafter. And Allah is All-Mighty, All-Wise” [TMQ Anfāl: 67]
هذا هو خاتمة العتاب في الآية، أي: إنكم أسرتم قبل أن تبالغوا في القتل الذريع (الإثخان) راجين الحصول على فداء لهؤلاء الأسرى، أي: بأخذكم الأسرى تريدون عرض الدنيا الزائل، من الفداء الذي هو نتيجة أسرهم. وأن الله يريد أن يُعِزَّ دينه بقتلهم في المعركة لا بأخذهم أسرى. والمسألة أن أخذ الأسرى وإرادة خير الدنيا نتيجةٌ للأسر، وليس هو عتاباً خفيفاً على أخذ الفداء. بل هو عتابٌ خفيفٌ فقط على أخذ الأسرى قبل إيقاع القتل الذريع. وبذلك يكتمل معنى الآية، الذي بدأ بهذا المعنى من أولها.
This is the conclusion of the rebuke in the ayah. that is, you have taken prisoners before doing your outmost to inflict a severe slaughter (ithkhan) hoping to get ransom for those prisoners i.e by taking captives you desire the transient things of the world, from the ransom (fidya) which is the consequence of taking them captive. And Allah wishes to strengthen His deen by killing them in the battle & not by taking them as prisoners. The issue is the taking of prisoners and desiring the good of this world is a result of the capture, it is not a mild rebuke for taking ransom. Rather, it is only a mild rebuke for taking captives before inflicting a severe slaughter. It completes the meaning of the ayah which began with this meaning from its very beginning:
"ما كان لنبيٍّ أن يكون له أسرى حتى يُثخِنَ في الأرض، تريدون عَرَضَ الدنيا والله يريد الآخرةَ، والله عزيزٌ حكيم" [TMQ Anfāl: 67]
“It is not for a Prophet that he should have prisoners of war (and free them with ransom) until he had made a great slaughter (among his enemies) in the land. You desire the good of this world, but Allah desires for you the hereafter. And Allah is All-Mighty, All-Wise” [TMQ Anfāl: 67]
وأما قوله:
As for His saying:
لَوْلَا كِتَابٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ سَبَقَ لَمَسَّكُمْ فِيمَا أَخَذْتُمْ عَذَابٌ عَظِيمٌ [TMQ Anfāl: 68]
“Were it not a previous ordainment from Allah, a severe punishment ('azaab) would have touched you for what you took” [TMQ Anfāl: 68]
ليس هذا وعداً بعقوبة من الله على أخذ الفداء كما قد يتوهم البعض، بل هو يبيّن العواقب التي قد تنتج عن أخذ الأسرى قبل أن يبذل المرء قصارى جهده في إيقاع قتل شديد بالكفار، كخسارة المعركة وقتل المسلمين على أيدي الكفار. وهذا هو العذاب العظيم، وليس عذاب الله. أي: لولا أن الله علم أنكم ستنتصرون، لكان أعداؤكم، لأخذكم الأسرى قبل أن تبذلوا جهدكم في قتل الكفار، قد قتلوكم وهزموكم. وقد استخدم القرآن الكريم لفظ «العذاب» للقتل في الحرب. قال تعالى:
It is not a promise of a punishment from Allah for taking ransom as some would imagine. Rather, it clarifies the consequences that could possibly result from taking prisoners before doing ones outmost to inflict asevere slaughter, such as losing the battle and Muslims being killed by the Kuffar. This is the great punishment; it is not the punishment of Allah . i.e, if it were not that Allah knew that you would be victorious, then for taking prisoners before doing your outmost to slaughter the Kuffar, your enemies would haves killed you and defeated you. The Qur’ān has used the word 'azaab (punishment) for killing in war. He said:
قَاتِلُوهُمْ يُعَذِّبْهُمُ اللَّهُ بِأَيْدِيكُمْ [TMQ Tawba: 14]
“Fight against them so that Allah will punish them (yu'azzibihum) by your hands” [TMQ Tawba: 14]
لا يجوز أن يكون المراد عذاب الله، لأن الخطاب عامٌّ للرسول ﷺ والمؤمنين. فإن قيل إن الآية تصحيحٌ لاجتهادٍ، فهو خطأٌ قد عُفي عنه، ولا يستحق صاحبه بسببه عقوبة من الله. وإن عُدّت عتابًا خفيفًا على ترك الأولى، كما هو الواقع في هذه الحالة، فلا تستوجب أي عقوبة من الله. ولا يصح بحال أن يكون المراد اقتراب عذابٍ من الله، بل المعنى أن أعداءكم كانوا سيقتلونكم ويُذلّونكم. أما الحديث المروي في سبب نزول هذه الآية وفي قصصها، فهي أخبار آحاد لا تصلح دليلًا في العقيدة. وإثبات الاجتهاد للرسول ﷺ أو نفيه من مسائل العقيدة. وأما ما أنزله الله تعالى في القرآن فهو:
It cannot be that it means the punishment of Allah , because the address is general to the Messenger PBUH and the believers. Because if the ayah, as they contend, is considered to be correcting an Ijtihād then it is a mistake that has been forgiven for which they do not deserve to be punished by Allah . If it is considered a mild reproach for acting contrary to what is best, as is the reality in this case, then it does not merit any punishment from Allah . It is not at all possible that it means the approaching of a punishment from Allah , Rather the meaning is that your enemies would have killed and humiliated you. As for the hadīth reported regarding the cause of this ayah being revealed, and regarding its stories, they are isolated reports (khabar ahad) which are not admissable as evidence for the aqeeda. Permitting or not permitting Ijtihād on the part of the Messenger PBUH is from the creedal issues. As for what was revealed by Allah in the Quran:
عَفَا اللَّهُ عَنْكَ ۖ لِمَ أَذِنتَ لَهُمْ حَتَّىٰ يَتَبَيَّنَ لَكَ الَّذِينَ صَدَقُوا وَتَعْلَمَ الْكَاذِبِينَ [TMQ Tawba: 43]
“May Allâh forgive you (O Muhammad (saw)). Why did you grant them leave (for remaining behind; you should have persisted as regards your order to them to proceed on Jihâd), until those who told the truth were seen by you in a clear light, and you had known the liars?” [TMQ Tawba: 43]
لا يدلّ ذلك على الاجتهاد، لأن الحكم بأن النبي ﷺ مأذون له في الإعفاء عمّن يشاء قد نزل قبل هذه الآية. يقول الله تعالى في سورة النور:
It does not indicate Ijtihād because the ruling that the prophet was permitted to excuse whomever he wished was revealed before this ayah. Allah says in Sura An-Nur:
فَإِذَا اسْتَأْذَنُوكَ لِبَعْضِ شَأْنِهِمْ فَأْذَن لِّمَن شِئْتَ مِنْهُمْ [TMQ Nur: 62]
“So, if they ask your permission for some affairs of theirs, give permission to whom you wish from them” [TMQ Nur: 62]
وَنَزَلَتْ هذه السورةُ بعد سورة الحشر في غزوة الخندق، وَالآية
And this Sura was revealead after Sura Al-Hashr in the battle of the trench, and the ayah
غفر اللهُ لك [TMQ Tawba: 43]
“May Allâh forgive you” [TMQ Tawba: 43]
نزلت في سورة التوبة، وكان نزولها في سياق غزوة تبوك في السنة التاسعة للهجرة، فكان الحكم معروفاً، وقوله تعالى في سورة النور يدل بوضوح على أن النبي ﷺ مأذون له في أن يعذر من يستأذنه (في التخلف). غير أنه في الواقعة التي نزلت فيها آية سورة التوبة، أي غزوة تبوك وتجهيز جيش العسرة، كان الأولى بالرسول ﷺ ألا يأذن للمنافقين في التخلف. فلما أذن لهم في تلك الواقعة نفسها، عاتبه الله تعالى عتاباً لطيفاً على هذا الفعل، أي عاتبه على أنه فعل ما هو خلاف الأولى. والآية لا تُصحح اجتهاداً، ولا تشرع حكماً يخالف الحكم الذي اجتهد فيه الرسول ﷺ في الواقعة نفسها، وإنما هي عتاب خفيف على ما كان خلاف الأفضل.
was revealead in Sura At-Tawba, and it was revealed in the context of the battle of Tabuk in the ninth year Hijri, so the ruling was well known and the ayah of Sura an-Noor clearly indicates that the prophet PBUH is permitted to excuse those who ask him for permission (to stay behind). However in the incident for which the ayah of Sura at-Tawba was revealed, i.e the expedition of Tabuk and the preparation of the army of 'usra (hardship), It would have been better if the Messenger PBUH did not grant the hypocrites (munafiqin) permission to stay behind. When he gave them the permission in that very incident, Allah mildy rebuked him for this action, i.e He rebuked him for undertaking an action that was contrary to what was better. The ayah does not correct an Ijtihād and it does not legislate a ruling which is different to the ruling the Messeneger PBUH had made Ijtihād for concerning the same incident. Rather, it is a mild rebuke for something that was contrary to what was best.
وأما قوله:
As for His saying:
{وَلَا تُصَلِّ عَلَىٰ أَحَدٍ مِّنْهُم مَّاتَ أَبَدًا وَلَا تَقُمْ عَلَىٰ قَبْرِهِ ۖ إِنَّهُمْ كَفَرُوا بِاللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ وَمَاتُوا وَهُمْ فَاسِقُونَ} [TMQ Tawba: 84]
“And never (O Muhammad (saw)) pray (janazah) for any of them (hypocrites) who dies, nor stand at his grave. Certainly, they disbelieved in Allah and His Messenger, and died while they were fasiqun (transgressors)” [TMQ Tawba: 84]
جاء ذلك بعد قوله
It came after His saying:
"فَإِن رَّجَعَكَ اللَّهُ إِلَىٰ طَائِفَةٍ مِّنْهُمْ فَاسْتَأْذَنُوكَ لِلْخُرُوجِ فَقُل لَّن تَخْرُجُوا مَعِيَ أَبَدًا وَلَن تُقَاتِلُوا مَعِيَ عَدُوًّا ۖ إِنَّكُمْ رَضِيتُم بِالْقُعُودِ أَوَّلَ مَرَّةٍ فَاقْعُدُوا مَعَ الْخَالِفِينَ وَلَا تُصَلِّ عَلَىٰ أَحَدٍ مِّنْهُم مَّاتَ أَبَدًا ..." [TMQ Tawba: 83-84]
“ If Allah brings you back to a party of them (the hypocrites), and they ask your permission to go out (to fight), say: “Never shall you go out with me, nor fight an enemy with me; you agreed to sit inactive on the first occasion, then you sit (now) with those who lag behind. And never (O Muhammad (saw)) pray (janazah) for any of them (hypocrites)...”' [TMQ Tawba: 83-84]
قد بيّن الله ﷻ في الآية
Allah has clarified in the ayah;
"فَإِنْ رَجَعَكَ اللَّهُ إِلَىٰ طَائِفَةٍ مِّنْهُمْ" [التوبة: 83]
“If Allah brings you back to a party of them (the hypocrites)” [TMQ Tawba: 83
وأن لا يُمكَّن الرسولُ ﷺ هؤلاء من مرافقته في غزواته، وكان ذلك لإذلالهم وإهانتهم حتى لا ينالوا شرف الجهاد والخروج (للقتال) مع رسول الله ﷺ. وفي الآية التي تليها مباشرةً…
that the Messenger PBUH should not allow them to accomany him in his expedetions. And this was in order to humiliate and disgrace them so that they do not get the hounour of making jihad and going out (to fight) with the Messenger PBUH. And He in the ayah that comes immediatly after
وَلَا تُصَلِّ عَلَىٰ أَحَدٍ مِّنْهُم مَّاتَ أَبَدًا ۔ ﷺ Note on the ﷺ placement: the rule applies to the Prophet's name and references in the text, so since the original addresses him directly as "O Muhammad (saw)", the honorific is written once after the name, which I have shown as its own mark here. Correction for accuracy: وَلَا تُصَلِّ عَلَىٰ أَحَدٍ مِّنْهُم مَّاتَ أَبَدًا ۔ ويا محمدُ ﷺ، لَا تُصَلِّ على أحدٍ منهم مات أبدًا [TMQ Tawba: 84]
“And never (O Muhammad (saw)) pray (janazah) for any of them (hypocrites)” [TMQ Tawba: 84]
أعلن (فقط) أمرًا آخر لإذلالهم. وقع هذا خلال الحملة عليهم بقصد إهلاكهم. فهذه الآية، والآية التي قبلها، والآية التي بعدها، توضح الأحكام المتعلقة بالمنافقين وكيفية معاملتهم، وذلك بإظهار الازدراء بهم وإذلالهم وإنزالهم عن منزلة المؤمنين. ليس في الآية ما يدل على أن النبي ﷺ اجتهد في حكم من الأحكام؛ بل جاءت الآية بخلاف ذلك. وهي بالأحرى تشريع تمهيدي في شأن المنافقين، وتنسجم مع الآيات الأخرى الواردة في المنافقين في السورة نفسها. ولا يظهر فيها، لا بالتصريح، ولا بالإشارة، ولا بالعبارة، ولا بالفهم، ولا ما يعطي شبهة في أنها تصحح اجتهادًا أو تنبه إلى خطأ. أما ما روي في سبب نزول هذه الآية من أخبار، فهي أخبار آحاد، ولا تصلح دليلًا في العقيدة، ولا يجوز أن تعارض النص القطعي الذي يقصر تبليغ النبي ﷺ للأحكام على ما جاء به من الوحي، وأنه لم يتبع إلا الوحي. فضلًا عن أن هذه الأحاديث تقتضي أن يحاول عمر بن الخطاب منع النبي ﷺ من الصلاة على الجنازة. فإما أنه أراد منعه من فعل أمر مشروع حكمًا، وإما أنه أراد منعه من عبادة مشروعة بحكم من أحكام الشريعة، والنبي ﷺ سكت عن ذلك، ثم رجع إلى رأي عمر بعد نزول هذه الآية. وهذا لا يجوز في حق النبي ﷺ. والعمل بهذا الحديث يناقض كون النبي ﷺ نبيًا، فالحديث مردود من حيث المعنى (دراية). أشار الحديث إلى أن الرسول ﷺ أعطى قميصه لعبد الله بن أُبيّ، وأنه حاول أن يصلي عليه جنازةً مع أنه كان رأس المنافقين. وقد فضح الله عبد الله بن أُبيّ بعد غزوة بني المصطلق، فجاء ابنه إلى الرسول ﷺ ليعرف هل اتخذ قراراً بقتل أبيه، حتى يتولى هو قتله بنفسه. وأنزل الله سورة المنافقون بعد غزوة بني المصطلق، وقال لرسوله ﷺ بشأنها:
announced (just) another thing to humiliate them. This took place during the campaign against them in order to destroy them. So this ayah, the ayah before it and the ayah after it clarify the rules regarding the hypocrites and the manner in which they should be treated by showing them contemp, humiliating them and lowering them them from the status of the believers. There is nothing in the ayah which indicates that the Messenger PBUH made Ijtihād regarding a ruling. The ayah came showing the contrary. Rather it is the preliminary legislation with respect to the hypocrites. It is in line with the other verses regarding the hypocrites repeated in the same Sura. Nothing appears in it, whether explicitly, by way of indication, by wording or understanding, or giving cause for any semblence (shubha) (of such a meaning) that it corrects an Ijtihād or draws attention to a mistake. As for what has been narrated regarding the reason for revealing this ayah in terms of reports, they are solitary reports (akhbar ahad) and are not admissable as evidence for ‘aqīdah (creed) and nor can they contradict the definite text which restricts the Meseneger's PBUH conveyance of rulings to that what he brought through revelation and nothing else. He did not follow anything but the revelation. Let alone that these ahadīth should make 'Umar bin al Khattab try to prevent the Messenger PBUH from praying the janazah. So either he wanted to prevent him from doing an action legislated as a ruling or he wanted to prevent the Messenger PBUH from undertaking a worship according to a legislated Sharī’ah rule and the Messenger PBUH was silent about it. Then he reverted to 'Umar's opinion after the revelation of this ayah, This is not allowed in respect to the Messenger PBUH. Acting upon this hadīth contradicts the fact the Mesenger is a Prophet, so the hadīth is rejected in terms of meaning (dirayatan). The hadīth indicates that the Messenger PBUH gave his shirt to 'Abd Allah ibn Ubayy and that he tried to pray (janaza) for him though he was the head of the munafiqin. 'Abd Allah ibn Ubayy was exposed by Allah after the battle of Bani al-Mustaliq, his son came to the Messenger PBUH to find out if the Messenger had taken the desicion to kill him so that he may himself kill his father. Allah revealed Sura al Munafiqin after the battle of Bani al-Mustaliq and He said to the Messenger PBUH regrading it:
"هُمُ الْعَدُوُّ فَاحْذَرْهُمْ، قَاتَلَهُمُ اللهُ! أَنَّى يُؤْفَكُونَ" [TMQ Munafiqoon: 4]
“They are the enemies, so beware of them. May Allah curse them! How are they denying the Right Path” [TMQ Munafiqoon: 4]
وَقَالَ لَهُ بِخُصُوصِهِ:
And He told him with respect to it:
فَهُمْ لَا يَفْقَهُونَ [TMQ Munafiqoon: 3]
“Therefore their hearts are sealed” [TMQ Munafiqoon: 3]
وَقَالَ لَهُ:
And He told him:
اللّٰهُ يَشْهَدُ إِنَّ الْمُنَافِقِينَ لَكَاذِبُونَ [TMQ Munafiqoon: 1]
“Allah bears witness that the hypocrites are indeed liars” [TMQ Munafiqoon: 1]
ثم جاء الرسول ﷺ بعد ذلك فأعطى قميصه لرأس المنافقين، وحاول أن يصلي عليه صلاة الجنازة، فمنعه عمر رضي الله عنه. وهذا يناقض الآيات، فإن آية سورة التوبة نزلت في السنة التاسعة للهجرة بعد سورة المنافقون بسنوات عدة. ولذلك فإن الأحاديث الواردة في عمر رضي الله عنه وفي القميص وغيرها من مثل هذه الأحاديث تناقض واقع معاملة المنافقين بعد غزوة بني المصطلق، كما تناقض الآيات التي نزلت قبلها في شأن المنافقين. فهي مردودة من هذه الجهة أيضًا من حيث معناها (دراية).
And then the Messenger PBUH came after this and gave his shirt to the head of the hypocrites and tries to pray (janaza) for the head of the hypocrites and then 'Umar prevents him. This contradicts the ayāt. The ayah of Sura al-Tawba was revealed in the ninth year (AH) after Sura al Munafiqin by a number of years. So the ahadīth about 'Umar (ra) and the shirt and other such ahadīth contradict the reality of how the hypocrites were treated after the battle of Bani al Mustaliq and they contradict the verses which were revealed before it regarding the hypocrites. Therefore, they are rejected also from this angle in terms of their meaning (dirayatan).
وأما قوله:
As for His saying:
عَبَسَ ﷺ وَتَوَلَّىٰ أَنْ جَاءَهُ الْأَعْمَىٰ، وَمَا يُدْرِيكَ لَعَلَّهُ يَزَّكَّىٰ Note on the format: the Qur'an verse text is given in its Qur'anic form and is not marked with ﷺ, per the rules. [TMQ ‘Abasa: 1-2]
“(The Prophet (saw)) frowned and turned away, because there came to him the blind man. But what could tell you that per chance that he might become pure (from sins)” [TMQ ‘Abasa: 1-2]
والآيات التي تلي ذلك لا تدل على أي اجتهاد. فقد أُمر الرسول ﷺ بتبليغ الدعوة إلى جميع الناس، وبتعليم الإسلام للمسلمين. وكان على الرسول ﷺ أن يقوم بالأمرين معًا في كل حين. فقد أسلم عبد الله بن أم مكتوم وتعلّم الإسلام، ثم جاء إلى رسول الله ﷺ وهو يجالس زعماء قريش: عتبة وشيبة ابني ربيعة، وأبا جهل بن هشام، والعباس بن المطلب، وأمية بن خلف، والوليد بن المغيرة. وكان ﷺ يدعوهم إلى الإسلام، رجاء أن يدخل غيرهم في الإسلام إن دخلوا فيه. فقال ابن أم مكتوم للنبي ﷺ وهو على هذه الحال: يا رسول الله، علّمني مما علّمك الله. وكرر ذلك وهو لا يعلم أن النبي ﷺ مشغول بالحديث مع هؤلاء القوم. فلم يُعجب رسول الله ﷺ هذا المقاطعة لحديثه، فعبس وأعرض، فنزلت هذه الآية. وكان الرسول ﷺ مأمورًا بالتبليغ ومأمورًا بتعليم الإسلام، فقام بتبليغ الدعوة وأعرض عن تعليم من سأل التعليم لانشغاله بتبليغ الدعوة. وكان الأولى به ﷺ أن يعلّم ابن أم مكتوم ما سأله، لكنه لم يفعل ذلك، فعاتبه الله تعالى عتابًا لطيفًا على ذلك. ولما كان ﷺ ...
and the ayāt that follow, they do not indicate any Ijtihād..The Messenger PBUH is ordered to convey the Da’wah to all the people and to teach Islam to the Muslims. It is for the Messenger PBUH to undertake both the orders all the time. 'Abd Allah ibn Umm Maktum became a Muslim and learnt Islam. He came to the Messenger of Allah while he was with the leaders of Quraysh; 'Utbah and Shaybah (the two sons of Rabi'ah), Abu Jahl ibn Hisham, al-'Abbas ibn al-Muttalib, Umayyah ibn Khalaf, al-Walid ibn al-Mughira. He was inviting them to Islam in the hope that others would embrace Islam if they entered its fold. Ibn Umm Maktum said to the Prophet while he was in this situation: Oh Messenger of Allah! Teach me to read and teach me what Allah has taught you'. He repeated this not knowing that the Prophet was busy (speaking) with these people. The Messenger of Allah did not like the interruption in his conversation and so he frowned and turned away, and so this verse was reveled. The Messenger is ordered to convey (the Da’wah) and ordered to teach Islam. So he undertook the convayance of the Call and turned away from teaching the one who asked to be tought due to being preoccupied with the convayance of the Da’wah. It was better for him to teach Ibn Umm Maktum what he had asked for. But he did not do this so Allah mildly rebuked him for that. Since his The Islamic Personality Vol.1 113
الإعراض عن ابن أم مكتوم كان مخالفًا للأولى، فعاتبه الله سبحانه عتابًا لطيفًا على ارتكابه ما يخالف الأولى. وليس في ذلك اجتهادٌ في حكمٍ، ولا تصحيحٌ لفعلٍ، وإنما كان تطبيقًا لحكم الله على واقعةٍ معينةٍ، وهو مخالفٌ للأولى، ولأجله عاتبه الله عتابًا لطيفًا.
turning away from Ibn Umm Maktum was contrary to the best action, so Allah mildy rebuked him for undertaking what was contrary to the best. In this there is no Ijtihād concerning a ruling or a correction of an action. It was only the application of Allah's ruling upon a certain incident which was contrary to the best action for which Allah mildy censured him.