٣٢۔ رَهْنُ الضَّمَانِ (الرَّهْن)
32. Mortgage/ Pledging Security
العَهْدُ فِي اللُّغَةِ يَعْنِي التَّأْكِيدَ وَالثَّبَاتَ، وَذَهَبَ بَعْضُهُمْ إِلَى أَنَّهُ يَعْنِي الإِلْزَامَ وَالحَبْسَ. قَالَ اللهُ تَعَالَى
The pledge in the language means certainity and persistence, and some also referred it to mean confinement. Allah (swt) said
كُلُّ امْرِئٍ رَهِينٌ بِمَا كَسَبَ [TMQ 52:21]
“Each person is a pledge over what he acquired (kasaba)” [TMQ 52:21]
و
And:
كُلُّ نَفْسٍ بِمَا كَسَبَتْ رَهِينَةٌ [TMQ 74:38]
“Each soul is a pledge over what he acquired (kasaba)” [TMQ 74:38]
أي: مقيّد. والرهن في الشرع هو المال الذي يُعطى وثيقةً للدَّين ليُستوفى من ثمنه إذا عجز من عليه الدين عن أدائه. وهو جائز، وهو من المعاملات التي أباحتها الشريعة. ودليله الكتاب والسنة. قال الله تعالى:
i.e. restricted. The pledge in Shar’a is the property which is given as security for the debt so as to pay from its price if the one upon whom it is due finds it impossible to pay it. It is permitted and among the transactions which the Shar’a permitted. Its evidence is the Book and Sunnah. Allah (swt) said:
﴿وَإِن كُنتُمْ عَلَىٰ سَفَرٍ وَلَمْ تَجِدُوا كَاتِبًا فَرِهَانٌ مَّقْبُوضَةٌ﴾ [البقرة: ٢٨٣]
“And if you are travelling and cannot find a writer, then let there be a pledge taken (mortgaging)” [TMQ 2:283].
روى البخاري عن عائشة أم المؤمنين،
Al-Bukhari narrated from Aisha, the mother of the believers,
أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ اشْتَرَى طَعَامًا مِنْ يَهُودِيٍّ إِلَى أَجَلٍ، وَرَهَنَهُ دِرْعًا مِنْ حَدِيدٍ.
“That the Prophet (saw) bought food from a Jew for a (deferred) period and pledged an iron coat of armour to him.”
وَرَوَى التِّرْمِذِيُّ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ قَالَ:
And At-Tirmidhi narrated from ibn Abbas who said:
تُوُفِّيَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ وَدِرْعُهُ مَرْهُونَةٌ عِنْدَ يَهُودِيٍّ بِعِشْرِينَ صَاعًا مِنْ طَعَامٍ أَخَذَهُ لِأَهْلِهِ.
“The Prophet (saw) died and his coat of armour was pledged for twenty (sa’a) of food which he took for his family.”
وروى البخاري عن ابن عباس رضي الله عنهما أنه قال:
And Al-Bukhari narrated from ibn Abbas (ra) who said:
رَهَنَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ دِرْعًا لَهُ عِنْدَ يَهُودِيٍّ بِالْمَدِينَةِ، وَأَخَذَ مِنْهُ شَعِيرًا لِأَهْلِهِ.
“The Prophet (saw) pledged a coat of armour of his in Madinah to a Jew and he took barley from him for his family.”
يجوز الرهن في السفر وفي الحضر، لأن قوله تعالى: {وَإِن كُنتُمْ عَلَىٰ سَفَرٍ} إنما هو بيانٌ لواقعٍ حاصلٍ، وليس تقييدًا بالدليل.
The pledge is permitted in travel and when resident because the words “and if you are travelling” is explaining a situational reality and is not a restriction by the evidence
أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ اشْتَرَى طَعَامًا مِنْ يَهُودِيٍّ إِلَى أَجَلٍ، وَرَهَنَهُ دِرْعًا مِنْ حَدِيدٍ
“That the Prophet (saw) bought food from a Jew to a (deferred) period and pledged him an iron coat of armour”
بينما كان النبي ﷺ في المدينة وليس في سفر. لا يجوز الرهن إلا إذا كان مقبوضاً في نفس العقد، وهو «الرهن المقبوض». وصفة القبض في الرهن أن يضع يده عليه، فيُنقل إليه ما كان منقولاً. أما ما لا يُنقل كالدور والأراضي، فيده عليه، أي أن قبضه يكون بأن يخلي الراهن بينه وبين المرتهن دون أن يكون هناك عائق أمامه. ويجوز التوكيل في قبض الرهن، فيقوم قبض الوكيل مقام قبضه في أخذ الرهن وسائر أحكامه. ويجوز الرهن في كل ما يجوز بيعه، لأن كل ما جاز بيعه جاز رهنه، إذ الغرض من الرهن توثيق الدين حتى يُستوفى من ثمن الرهن إذا تعذر وفاؤه من قدرة الراهن. ولا يجوز الرهن فيما لا يجوز بيعه كالخمر والأصنام والأرض الموقوفة، والمرهون نفسه ونحو ذلك مما لا يجوز بيعه.
While the Prophet was in Madinah and not travelling. The pledge is not permitted except when delivered during the same contract “a (maqbudha) pledge”. The description of the possession in the pledge is that he places his hand over it, so that which is moveable is transported to him. As for what is immovable like houses and land, his hand is upon it i.e. its possession is by its pledger withdrawing between it and the pledgee without any obstacle in front of him. It is permitted to delegate in taking possession of the pledge so the delegate’s taking possession stands in his place in his taking possession and the rest of its rules. The pledge is permitted in all that is allowed to sell. Everything permitted to sell is permitted to pledge because the objective of the pledge is to secure the debt to reach its payment from the pledge’s price if it becomes impossible to pay it from the capability of the pledger. The pledge is not permitted in that which is not permitted to sell like alcohol, idols, land on trust, the pledged thing and similar things which are not permitted to be sold.