٢٦.١ الهجرة من دار الكفر إلى دار الإسلام
26.1 The Emigration (hijrah) From Dar Al-kufr To Dar Al-islam
الهجرة هي الخروج من دار الكفر إلى دار الإسلام. قال الله تعالى:
Emigration (hijrah) is leaving from Dar al-Kufr to Dar al-Islam. Allah (swt) said:
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ تَوَفَّاهُمُ الْمَلَائِكَةُ ظَالِمِي أَنْفُسِهِمْ قَالُوا فِيمَ كُنْتُمْ ۖ قَالُوا كُنَّا مُسْتَضْعَفِينَ فِي الْأَرْضِ ۚ قَالُوا أَلَمْ تَكُنْ أَرْضُ اللَّهِ وَاسِعَةً فَتُهَاجِرُوا فِيهَا ۚ فَأُولَٰئِكَ مَأْوَاهُمْ جَهَنَّمُ ۖ وَسَاءَتْ مَصِيرًا [تُرجم عن (الحقيقي) (٤:٩٧)]
“Verily those whom the angels take in death while they are oppressing themselves. They said: ‘In what (situation) were you?’ They reply: ‘We were weak and oppressed in the earth.’ They say: ‘Was not the earth of Allah spacious enough for you to emigrate therein?’ For them is the abode of Hell, and what an evil destination!” [TMQ 4:97].
وَرَوَى أَبُو دَاوُدَ بِسَنَدِهِ عَنْ جَرِيرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ أَنَّهُ قَالَ:
And Abu Dawud narrated via the way of Jareer bin Abdullah from the Prophet (saw) who said:
أَنَا بَرِيءٌ مِنْ كُلِّ مُسْلِمٍ يُقِيمُ بَيْنَ أَظْهُرِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ. قَالُوا: لِمَ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ؟ قَالَ: لَا تَرَاءَى نَارَاهُمَا.
“I am free from every Muslim residing in the midst of the polytheists. They said: Why, O Messenger of Allah? He said: Do not take light from their fire.”
الهجرة من دار الكفر إلى دار الإسلام لا تزال غير منقطعة. أما ما رواه البخاري من قوله ﷺ
The emigration from Dar al-Kufr to Dar al-Islam remains without termination. As for what Al Bukhari narrated of his (saw) statement
لا هِجْرَةَ بَعْدَ الْفَتْحِ
“No emigration after the conquest of Makkah”
وَقَوْلُهُ ﷺ:
And his (saw) statement:
لا هجرة بعد الفتح
“No emigration after the conquest”
وَقَوْلُهُ ﷺ:
And his (saw) statement:
انْقَطَعَتِ الْهِجْرَةُ، وَلَكِنْ بَقِيَ الْجِهَادُ وَالنِّيَّةُ.
“The emigration has terminated but (there remains) jihad and intention.”
ورُوِيَ عن صفوان بن أمية أنه لما أسلم قيل له: لا دِينَ لمن لم يهاجر، فقدِم المدينةَ، فقال له النبي ﷺ:
And what was narrated about Safwan bin Umayya that when he became Muslim, it was said to him there is no deen for the one who does not emigrate so he came to Madinah and the Prophet (saw) said to him:
ماذا جئت به يا أبا وهب؟ فقال: قيل: لا دين لمن لا يهاجر. فقال: ارجع يا أبا وهب إلى سهول مكة، واسكن في مساكنك. انقطعت الهجرة، ولكن بقي الجهاد والنية، وإذا استُنفرتم فانفروا.
‘What did you come with, O Abu Wahab? He said: It was said there is no deen for the one who does not emigrate. He said: Return, Abu Wahab, to the planes of Makkah. Reside in your residences. Emigration has terminated but (there remains) jihad and intention, and when you are asked to go forth (in jihad) then go forth.”
كل هذا يدل على نفي الهجرة بعد فتح مكة، إلا أن ذلك مُستدَلٌّ عليه بعلة شرعية مستنبطة من الحديث نفسه، إذ جاء قوله: «بعد فتح مكة» بصيغة تتضمن تعليلاً شبيهاً بقوله ﷺ
All this is negating emigration after the conquest of Makkah. However this is reasoned with a Shari’ah reason deduced from the hadith itself since his statement: “after the conquest of Makkah” came in a way including reasoning similar to his (saw) statement:
لَا تَجْعَلُوا الْبُسْرَ وَالتَّمْرَ جَمِيعًا، وَلَا الزَّبِيبَ وَالتَّمْرَ جَمِيعًا، وَاجْعَلُوا كُلَّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا عَلَى حِدَةٍ، ... Wait: the original text says "Do not make into wine (nabidh) by mixing dates and grapes together". Translating faithfully: لَا تَنْبِذُوا التَّمْرَ وَالزَّبِيبَ جَمِيعًا، [...] Final: لَا تَجْعَلُوا النَّبِيذَ مِنَ التَّمْرِ وَالزَّبِيبِ مَعًا [أبو داود]
“Do not make into wine (nabidh) by mixing dates and grapes together” (narrated by Abu Dawud).
قوله «جميعاً» جاء على وجه يتضمن التعليل، فكان السبب هو تحريم جعل الخمر خلاً. وهذا يعني أن فتح مكة هو علة نفي الهجرة، وأن العلة تدور مع المعلول وجوداً وعدماً، ولا تختص بمكة، بل بفتح أي أرض، بدليل رواية أخرى: «لا هجرة بعد الفتح». ويتأكد ذلك بما رواه البخاري عن عائشة رضي الله عنها، وقد سُئلت عن الهجرة فقالت: «لا هجرة، كان المؤمن يفر بدينه إلى الله ورسوله ﷺ مخافة أن يُفتن عليه، أما اليوم فقد أعز الله الإسلام، والمؤمن يعبد ربه حيث شاء». وهذا يدل على أن الهجرة كانت واجبة على المسلم قبل الفتح، يفر بدينه خشية الفتنة، فلما فُتحت مكة وصار المسلم قادراً على إظهار دينه وإقامة شعائر الإسلام، انتفت الهجرة. فالفتح الذي أدى إلى ذلك هو علة نفي الهجرة، وليس فتح مكة وحدها. وعليه فلا هجرة بعد الفتح من أي أرض فُتحت. أما قوله ﷺ لصفوان: «قد انقطعت» فالمراد: انقطعت الهجرة من مكة بعد فتحها، لأن الهجرة هي الخروج من دار الكفر، فإذا فُتحت الأرض وصارت دار إسلام لم تعد دار كفر، فلم تبقَ هجرة. وكذلك لا تبقى هجرة من سائر البلاد المفتوحة. ويتأكد ذلك بما رواه أحمد من طريق معاوية رضي الله عنه قال: سمعت رسول الله ﷺ يقول:
His statement “together” came in a way including reasoning so the reason was the prohibition of making into wine. This means that the conquest of Makkah is the reason for negating the emigration which means that the reason revolves around the reasoned (matter) in existence and absence, nor is it specified to Makkah but rather conquering any land by the evidence of another narration “no emigration after conquest.” This is strengthened by what Al-Bukhari narrated from Aisha (ra) who was questioned about the emigration and said: “There is no emigration. The believer would flee with his deen to Allah (swt) and His Messenger (saw) for fear of being persecuted. As for today, Islam has become dominant and the believer worships his Lord wherever he wishes.” This indicates that the emigration was upon the Muslim before the conquest fleeing with his deen fearing he would be persecuted. It was negated after the conquest as he become able to show his deen and perform the rules of Islam. So the conquest which resulted in that became the reason for negating the emigration; nor is it the conquest of Makkah alone. Therefore that means there is no emigration after conquest from the land which was conquered. His (saw) statement to Safwan “it has ended” means from Makkah after it was conquered since emigration is leaving from the land of disbelievers and the Dar al-Kufr, so if the land is conquered and becomes Dar al-Islam it no longer remains a land of disbelievers or a Dar al-Kufr so emigration no longer remains. Similarly there remains no emigration from all conquered lands. This is strengthened by what Ahmad narrated via the way of Muawiya who said: I heard the Messenger of Allah (saw) saying:
"لَا تَنْقَطِعُ الْهِجْرَةُ مَا دَامَتِ التَّوْبَةُ مَقْبُولَةً، وَلَا تَزَالُ التَّوْبَةُ مَقْبُولَةً حَتَّى تَطْلُعَ الشَّمْسُ مِنْ مَغْرِبِهَا."
“Emigration will not end as long as repentance is accepted, and repentance will continue being accepted until the sun rises in the west.”
وَرَوَى أَحْمَدُ أَيْضًا أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ قَالَ:
Ahmad also narrated that the Prophet (saw) said:
"لا تنقطع الهجرة ما دام الجهاد"
“Emigration will not end as long as there is jihad”
وفي رواية أخرى:
And in another narration:
«لَا تَنْقَطِعُ الْهِجْرَةُ مَا دَامَ الْكُفَّارُ يُقَاتَلُونَ»
“Emigration will not end as long as disbelievers are fought”
هذا يدل على أن الهجرة من دار الكفر إلى دار الإسلام باقية ولم تنقطع. أما حكم الهجرة فهو متعلق بالقادر عليها، فتجب في بعض الأحوال وتُستحب في أحوال أخرى. وأما العاجز عنها، فإن الله سبحانه قد عفا عنه، ولا يُطالَب بها، وذلك لعجزه عن الهجرة إما بسبب المرض، أو الإكراه على البقاء، أو الضعف كالنساء والصبيان ومن في حكمهم، كما جاء في آخر آية الهجرة.
This indicates that emigration from Dar al-Kufr to Dar al-Islam remains and has not ended. As for the rule of emigration, it is in relation to the one capable of it, obligatory in some situations and recommended in other situations. As for the one not capable, verily Allah (swt) forgave him and it is not required from him. That is due to his inability to emigration either due to illness, compulsion to stay or weakness like women, children and their like as it came at the end of the ayah of emigration.
مَن كان قادراً على الهجرة وغير قادر على إظهار دينه ولا على أداء الأحكام الشرعية المفروضة عليه، فإن الهجرة واجبة عليه لِما جاء في آية الهجرة. قال الله تعالى:
Whoever is capable of emigration and unable to show his deen and neither is he able to perform the Islamic rules required from him, then emigration is obligatory upon him due to what came in the ayah of emigration. Allah (swt) said:
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ تَوَفَّاهُمُ الْمَلَائِكَةُ ظَالِمِي أَنفُسِهِمْ قَالُوا فِيمَ كُنتُمْ ۖ قَالُوا كُنَّا مُسْتَضْعَفِينَ فِي الْأَرْضِ ۚ قَالُوا أَلَمْ تَكُنْ أَرْضُ اللَّهِ وَاسِعَةً فَتُهَاجِرُوا فِيهَا ۚ فَأُولَٰئِكَ مَأْوَاهُمْ جَهَنَّمُ ۖ وَسَاءَتْ مَصِيرًا [TMQ 4:97]
“Verily those whom the angels take in death while they are oppressing themselves. They said: ‘In what (situation) were you?’ They reply: ‘We were weak and oppressed in the earth.’ They say: ‘Was not the earth of Allah spacious enough for you to emigrate therein?’ For them is the abode of Hell, and what an evil destination!” [TMQ 4:97]
المعلومات هنا تعني الأمر، وهو من صيغة الطلب كأنّه سبحانه قال: هاجروا فيها. والطلب في هذه الآية مقرون بالتأكيد ومقرون بوعيدٍ شديد على ترك الهجرة. فهو طلبٌ جازم يدل على أنّ الهجرة في هذه الحال واجبة على المسلم، وأنّه يأثم إن لم يهاجر. أمّا من كان قادرًا على الهجرة لكنه يستطيع أن يُظهر دينه ويؤدي الشرائع المطلوبة منه، فالهجرة في حقه مستحبة لا واجبة. وأمّا كونها مستحبة، فلأنّ النبي ﷺ كان يرغّب في الهجرة من مكة قبل الفتح حين كانت دار كفر، وقد جاء في ذلك آيات صريحة. قال الله تعالى:
The information here means the command and it is from the language of request as if He (swt) said: Emigrate therein. The request in this ayah is linked with emphasis and linked with a severe threat upon leaving emigration. So it is a decisive request which indicates that emigration in this situation is obligatory upon the Muslim and he sins if he does not emigrate. As for the one able to emigrate but is capable to manifest his deen and perform the Shar’a rules requested from him, emigration is recommended not obligatory. As for it being recommended, this is because the Messenger (saw) would encourage emigration from Makkah before the conquest when it was Dar al-Kufr and there came explicit ayah about that. Allah (swt) said:
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَالَّذِينَ هَاجَرُوا وَجَاهَدُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ أُولَٰئِكَ يَرْجُونَ رَحْمَتَ اللَّهِ وَاللَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ [تفسیر ماجدی، ٢:٢١٨]
“Verily those who believe and those who fought in the way of Allah, those are the ones hoping for the mercy of Allah and Allah is forgiving, merciful” [TMQ 2:218].
وقال سبحانه:
And He (swt) said:
الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَهَاجَرُوا وَجَاهَدُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ بِأَمْوَالِهِمْ وَأَنفُسِهِمْ أَعْظَمُ دَرَجَةً عِندَ اللَّهِ ۚ وَأُولَٰئِكَ هُمُ الْفَائِزُونَ [التوبة: ٢٠]
“Those who believe and emigrated and fought in the way of Allah with their lives have greater rank before Allah and those are the successful ones” [TMQ 9:20].
وَقَالَ اللهُ سُبْحَانَهُ
And He (swt) said
وَالَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَلَمْ يُهَاجِرُوا مَا لَكُم مِّن وَلَايَتِهِم مِّن شَيْءٍ حَتَّىٰ يُهَاجِرُوا ۚ وَإِنِ اسْتَنصَرُوكُمْ فِي الدِّينِ فَعَلَيْكُمُ النَّصْرُ إِلَّا عَلَىٰ قَوْمٍ بَيْنَكُمْ وَبَيْنَهُم مِّيثَاقٌ ۗ [تفسير سورة الأنفال: 72]
“As for those who believed and did not emigrate then you have no (wilayah) with them in anything until they emigrate. And if they ask your support in the deen, support is obliged upon you except with a people whom between you and them is a (mithaq)- treaty of mutual alliance” [TMQ 8:72].
وقال سبحانه:
And He (swt) said:
وَالَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مِن بَعْدُ وَهَاجَرُوا وَجَاهَدُوا مَعَكُمْ فَأُولَٰئِكَ مِنكُمْ [الأنفال: ٧٥]
“Those who believed afterwards and emigrated and fought together with you, those are of you” [TMQ 8:75].
كل هذا صريح في طلب الهجرة. أما كونها غير واجبة، فقد أقرّ النبي ﷺ من بقي من المسلمين في مكة. وقد رُوي أن نُعيم النّحّام لما أراد الهجرة، جاءه قومه بنو عدي فقالوا له
All this is explicit in requesting emigration. As for it not being obligatory, the Messenger (saw) did consent to those who remained in Makkah of the Muslims. It is narrated that when Nu’aim An-Nahham intended to emigrate his people, Banu Adiyy, came and said to him
أَقِمْ مَعَنَا فَأَنْتَ عَلَى دِينِكَ، وَنَحْنُ نَمْنَعُ مَنْ أَرَادَ بِكَ سُوءًا. وَسَتُعِينُنَا بِمَا كُنْتَ تُعِينُنَا بِهِ. وَكَانَ يَتَوَلَّى أَيْتَامَ بَنِي عَدِيٍّ وَأَرَامِلَهُمْ، فَأَخَّرَ الْهِجْرَةَ ثُمَّ هَاجَرَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ. فَقَالَ لَهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: كَانَ قَوْمُكَ أَحْسَنَ إِلَيْكَ مِنْ قَوْمِي إِلَيَّ؛ أَخْرَجَنِي قَوْمِي وَأَرَادُوا قَتْلِي، وَآوَاكَ قَوْمُكَ وَمَنَعُوكَ. فَقَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ، بَلْ أَخْرَجَكَ قَوْمُكَ إِلَى طَاعَةِ اللهِ وَقِتَالِ أَعْدَائِهِ، وَلَكِنَّ قَوْمِي مَنَعُونِي مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ وَطَاعَةِ اللهِ.
Reside with us and you are upon your deen, and we will prevent anyone intending to harm you. And you will suffice us with whatever you used to suffice us in. He used to supervise the orphans of Banu Adiyy and their widows. So he delayed emigration then emigrated afterwards. The Prophet (saw) said to him: Your people were better to you than my people to me. My people forced me to leave and wanted to kill me, while your people protected you and prevented (harm from reaching) you. He said: O Messenger of Allah, rather your people forced you to leave to the obedience of Allah and fighting His enemies, but my people hindered me from emigration and the obedience of Allah.”
كل هذا يتعلق بدار الكفر، أي أرض الحرب كما هي، بغضّ النظر عمّا إذا كان سكانها مسلمين أو كفارًا، إذ لا يختلف حكم الأرض بحسب سكانها، بل يختلف بحسب النظام الذي تُحكم به والأمان الذي يتمتع به أهلها. وعليه لا فرق بين إندونيسيا والقوقاز، ولا بين الصومال واليونان. إلا من كان قادرًا على إظهار دينه وأداء الشرائع المطلوبة، وكان بوسعه أن يُحوّل دار الكفر التي يقيم فيها إلى دار إسلام؛ فإنه يحرم عليه في هذه الحال أن يهاجر من دار الكفر إلى دار الإسلام. ويستوي في ذلك أن يملك القدرة بنفسه، أو بتكتل جماعته مع المسلمين في أرضه، أو بطلب النصرة من المسلمين خارج أرضه، أو بالتعاون مع الدولة الإسلامية، أو بأي وسيلة أخرى. ويجب عليه أن يعمل على تحويل دار الكفر إلى دار إسلام، وعند ذلك يحرم عليه أن يهاجر منها. والدليل على ذلك أنه إذا كان في الأرض التي يعيش فيها كفار، وهي محكومة بالكفر، وجب على المسلمين قتال أهلها حتى يُسلموا أو يؤدّوا الجزية ويُحكموا بالإسلام. وهذا واجب عليه أيضًا بوصفه مسلمًا، وباعتباره من يلي الكفار ومن هو أقرب إلى العدو. وإن كان القاطنون فيها مسلمين، وحكمهم غير الإسلام، أي بنظام الكفر، وجب على المسلمين قتال حكامهم حتى يحكموا بالإسلام. وهذا واجب عليه أيضًا باعتباره من المسلمين المحكومين بالكفر. فعلى كل حال يجب عليه القتال، وأن يُعدّ العدة له إن كان قادرًا عليه. وضعُ المسلمِ الذي يعيشُ في دارِ الكفرِ لا يخرجُ عن إحدى هاتين الحالتين، فهو إما ممن يجبُ عليه الجهادُ ضد الكفارِ القريبين منه، أو ممن يجبُ عليه قتالُ الحاكمِ الذي يحكمُ بالكفر. وفي هاتين الحالتين يُعدُّ خروجُه من دارِ الكفرِ التي تحكمُ بغيرِ الإسلامِ أي بالكفرِ، فراراً من الجهادِ في مكانٍ يجبُ عليه فيه، أو فراراً من قتالِ من يحكمُ بالكفر، وكلاهما من الكبائرِ عند الله سبحانه. وبناءً على ذلك لا يجوزُ للقادرِ على تحويلِ دارِ الكفرِ إلى دارِ الإسلامِ أن يهاجرَ منها ما دام يملكُ القدرةَ على تحويلها إلى دارِ الإسلام، وهذا الحكمُ واحدٌ في تركيا وإسبانيا ومصرَ وألبانيا دون فرقٍ بينها ما دامت تحكمُها منظومةُ الكفر.
All this is in relation to Dar al-Kufr i.e. a land of war as it is irrespective of its residents being Muslims or disbelievers since the rule of the land does not differ according to the residents but rather differs by the system which it rules with and the security by which its people are secured. Accordingly there is no difference between Indonesia and the Caucasus or between Somalia and Greece. Except for the one able to manifest his deen and perform the requested Shar’a rules where he is able to change the Dar al-Kufr wherein he resides to Dar al-Islam; it is forbidden for him in this situation to emigrate from Dar al-Kufr to Dar al-Islam. This is the same whether he possesses the ability himself or his group structure with the Muslims in his land or by seeking assistance of Muslims outside his land or by cooperation with the Islamic State or any (other) means. It is obligatory upon him to work to make Dar al-Kufr into Dar al-Islam and at that point it is forbidden for him to emigrate from it. The evidence for this is that if there reside disbelievers in the land within which he lives and is ruled by kufr, it is obliged upon Muslims to fight its people until they become Muslims or pay the jizyah and be ruled by Islam. This is also obliged upon him in his attribute as a Muslim and in his consideration as one whom the disbelievers are next to and of those who are closer to the enemy. If those residing therein are Muslims and they are ruled by other than Islam i.e. by the system of kufr, it is obliged upon Muslims to fight their rulers until they rule by Islam. This is also obliged upon him in his consideration as one of the Muslims who is ruled by kufr. So in any case, fighting is obliged upon him and preparing for fighting if he is capable of it. The situation of the Muslim who lives in Dar al-Kufr does not go out of one of these two situations, so he is either of those upon whom jihad is obliged against the disbelievers near him or of those upon whom fighting the ruler ruling by kufr is obliged. In these two situations, it is considered that his leaving the Dar al-Kufr which rules by other than Islam i.e. by kufr as fleeing from the jihad from a place wherein it is obliged upon him or fleeing from fighting the one who rules by kufr, both of which are great sins before Allah (swt). Accordingly it is not allowed for the one capable of changing Dar al-Kufr into Dar al-Islam to emigrate from it as long as he possesses the capability to change it into Dar al-Islam; this is the same in Turkey, Spain, Egypt and Albania without difference between them as long as they are ruled by the system of kufr.