لا يجوز بيع السلعة قبل إتمام ملكيتها، فيكون بيعها في هذه الحال بيعاً باطلاً. ويتحقق ذلك في حالتين: الأولى: أن يبيع الإنسان السلعة قبل أن يملكها. والثانية: أن يبيعها بعد شرائها وقبل أن يتم ملكه لها بالقبض، فيما يكون تمام الملك فيه مشروطاً بالقبض. وذلك لأن عقد البيع إنما يقع على مملوك، فما لم يُملك بعد، أو اشتُري ولم تتم ملكيته لعدم قبضه بعد، فلا يقع عليه عقد البيع، إذ لا يوجد محلٌّ يقع عليه العقد في الشرع. وقد نهى رسول الله ﷺ عن بيع ما ليس عند الإنسان. فعن حكيم بن حزام رضي الله عنه قال:

It is not allowed to sell a good before completing its ownership so selling it in this situation is a void sale. This is verified in two situations. Firstly, that one sells the good before he owns it. Secondly, he sells it after buying it but before he completes owning it via taking possession in that whose completion of ownership is conditioned upon taking possession. This is because the sale contract only occurs upon owned property so that which is not owned yet or is purchased but its ownership is not yet completed since its possession has not yet been taken, then there cannot occur over it the sale contract because there does not exist a place for the contract to occur over it in the Shar’a. The Messenger of Allah (saw) prohibited the sale of what the seller does not own. It is narrated from Hakeem bin Hazam (ra) who said:

وَعَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ شُعَيْبٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ جَدِّهِ، قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ:

And from Amru bin Shuaib from his father from his grandfather who said: The Messenger of Allah (saw) said:

إنَّ قولَ الرسولِ ﷺ: «ما ليسَ عندَك» عامٌّ يشملُ عدمَ قدرتِك على تسليمِ ما لا تملكُه تمامًا. ويتأيّدُ هذا بالأحاديثِ التي جاءت بالنهيِ عن بيعِ ما لا يُملَك فيما يتوقّفُ تمامُ ملكيّتِه على القبض، وهذا يدلُّ على أنَّ مَن اشترى ما يحتاجُ إلى القبضِ لا يجوزُ له بيعُه حتى يقبضَه، فصار حكمُه حكمَ بيعِ ما لا يملكُه، لقولِ النبيِّ ﷺ:

The expression of the Messenger (saw) of “what you do not have” is general including your ability to deliver what you don’t completely own. This is strengthened by the ahadith which came with a prohibition of selling that which is not possessed in that whose completion of ownership is conditioned upon taking possession. This indicates that whoever buys that which requires taking possession until his purchase is completed is not permitted to sell until he takes its possession. So its rule became the rule of selling that which he does not own due to the Prophet (saw)’s statement:

وَبِمَا رَوَاهُ أَبُو دَاوُد

And due to what Abu Dawud narrated

وَبِمَا رَوَاهُ ابْنُ مَاجَهْ

And due to what ibn Majah narrated

وبسبب ما رُوِيَ

And due to what was narrate

هذه الأحاديث صريحة في النهي عن بيع ما لم يقبضه البائع، لأن البائع لم يُتمّ ملكه عليه، ولأن ما يشترط فيه القبض لا يتم ملكه حتى يقبضه المشتري، ولأنه في ضمان بائعه.

These ahadith are explicit in prohibiting that which they have not taken possession of since the seller has not completed his ownership over it. This is because that which requires taking possession of, then its ownership is not completed until the buyer possesses it and also because it is in the guarantee of its seller.

لذلك يتبيّن أن من شروط صحة البيع أن يكون البائع مالكًا للسلعة وأن يكون قد أتمّ قبضه لها. فإن لم يكن مالكًا لها، أو كان مالكًا لها لكنه لم يُتمّ ملكيته عليها، فلا يجوز بيعها أصلًا. ويدخل في ذلك ما يملكه لكنه لم يقبضه، وهو ما يكون القبض شرطًا لإتمام البيع فيه، وهو ما يُكال أو يُوزن أو يُعدّ. أما ما لا يكون القبض شرطًا لإتمام الملك فيه، وهو غير المكيل والموزون والمعدود، كالحيوان والدار والأرض وما شابهها، فيجوز للبائع أن يبيعه قبل قبضه. وذلك لأن مجرد انعقاد عقد البيع بالإيجاب والقبول يُتمّ البيع سواء قبض المبيع أو لم يقبضه، فيكون قد باع ما تمّ له ملكه عليه. ولا علاقة لبطلان البيع بالقبض أو عدمه، وإنما يتعلق ببملكية المبيع وإتمام الملك فيه. أما جواز بيع ما لم يُقبض في غير المكيل والموزون، فقد ثبت بالحديث الصحيح. وقد روى البخاري عن ابن عمر رضي الله عنه أنه كان يركب جملًا صعبًا كان لعمر ﷺ... Note: the last sentence is cut off in the source text ("which belonged to Umar") and I have translated it as given, but I should flag that the original quote is incomplete: "كان لعمر" is rendered faithfully, and the narration's ending is not included in the source.

Hence it is clarified that it is a condition of the validity of sale that the seller owns the good and has completed his possession therein. If however he does not own it or he owns it but has not completed his own ownership therein then it is absolutely not allowed to sell it. This includes what he owns but has not taken possession in what taking possession is a condition to complete the sale which is what is measured, weighed and counted. As for those for which taking possession is not a condition of completing ownership which is other than that which is measured, weighed or counted such as the animal, house and land and what is similar then it is permitted for the seller to sell it before taking possession. This is because the mere occurrence of the sale contract by offer and acceptance completes the sale whether he takes possession of it or not, so he would have sold that which his ownership over it is accomplished. The issue of the sale being void is not related to taking possession or not; rather it is related to the ownership of the sale and the completion of ownership therein. As for permitting the sale of something that has not been possessed in other than what is weighed or counted, this is established by the sahih hadith. And Al-Bukhari narrated from ibn Umar (ra) that he was riding troublesome camel which belonged to Umar

هذا النهي عن التصرف في المبيع قبل قبضه يدل على أن الملك في المبيع لا يتم إلا بالقبض قبل القبض، ويدل على عدم جواز بيعه لأن ملك البائع فيه لم يتم. وعليه فكل ما يملكه البائع ويتم ملكه عليه فيجوز له بيعه، وكل ما لم يتم ملكه عليه فلا يجوز بيعه. ومن ثم فما يفعله صغار التجار من المساومة مع المشترين للسلعة ثم الاتفاق معه على الثمن وبيعها له، ثم الذهاب إلى تاجر آخر لشرائها لمن باعها له، ثم عرضها وتسليمها للمشتري، لا يجوز لأنه بيع لما لا يملك. فإذا سُئل التاجر عن السلعة لم تكن عنده ولا يملكها، وإنما يعلم أنها موجودة في السوق عند غيره، فيكذب ويخبر المشتري بأنها موجودة فيبيعها له، ثم يذهب ليشتريها بعد بيعها. وهذا حرام لا يجوز لأنه بيع لما لا يملك. وكذلك ما يفعله أصحاب المحلات في سوق الخضار والحبوب حين يبيعون الخضار والقمح قبل أن يتم ملكهم فيه، فإن بعض التجار يشترون الخضار أو القمح من المزارعين ويبيعونه قبل أن يقبضوه، وهذا لا يجوز لأنه من الأطعمة التي لا يتم الملك فيها إلا بالقبض. ومثل ذلك ما يفعله المستوردون من البلدان الأخرى، فإن بعضهم يبيع السلع ويشترط التسليم في البلد، ثم يبيعونها قبل وصولها، أي قبل أن يتم ملكهم عليها. وهذا البيع محرم لأنه بيع قبل تمام الملك عليه.

This is disposal in the sale by gift before taking possession of it which indicates the completion of ownership in the sold good before taking possession of it. It indicates the permissibility of selling it because the seller’s ownership therein has been completed. Accordingly whatever the seller owns and his ownership is completed over it then it is permitted for him to sell it. And whatever (good) whose ownership is not completed is not permitted to be sold. Hence what is done by small traders of bargaining with the buyers of the good then agreeing with him over the price and selling it to him, then going to another trader to buy it for the one whom he sold it to and then presenting it and delivering it to the buyer is not permitted because it is selling that which is not owned. When the trader is asked about the good, it is not before him nor does he own it but he knows it exists in the market with others. So he lies and tells the buyer that it is present and sells it to him, then he goes to buy it after selling it. This is haram and not permitted as it is selling that which is not owned. Similarly what is done by the owners of shops in the vegetable and grain market when they sell vegetables and wheat before their ownership therein is completed. Some traders buy vegetables or wheat from farmers and sell it before they have taken possession of it. This is not permitted as it is from the foodstuff wherein ownership is not completed except by taking possession of it. Similar is what importers from other countries do. Some of them sell the goods and make the delivery in the country a condition therein, then sell them before they arrive i.e. before their ownership over them is completed. This sale is forbidden as it is selling before the ownership over it is completed