7. قوة الدليل (قُوَّةُ الدَّلِيلِ)
7. The Strength Of The Evidence (quwwa Al-dalīl)
إن الدليل الشرعي دليلٌ على أن الحكم الذي يدل عليه حكمٌ شرعي، ولذلك فإن اعتبار الحكم حكماً شرعياً يتوقف على اعتبار دليله. وبناءً على ذلك فإن البحث في حجية الدليل هو الأساس في اعتبار الأحكام الشرعية. فإذا وُجد دليلٌ صالح لواقعة ما يُثبت أن حكمها كذا، عُدّ هذا الحكم حكماً شرعياً لتلك الواقعة استناداً إلى اعتبار دليله. أما إذا وُجد دليلان صالحان لواقعة واحدة؛ يدل أحدهما على حكمٍ معين، كالتحريم (الحُرمة) مثلاً، ويدل الآخر على حكمٍ مختلف، كالإباحة (الإباحة)، فيجب حينئذٍ ترجيح أحد الدليلين على الآخر، حتى يصبح ممكناً الأخذ بحكمٍ على أساس أن دليله أقوى من غيره. لذلك ينبغي معرفة وجوه ترجيح الأدلة الصالحة للاستدلال، ليسهل الأخذ بالدليل الأقوى بترجيحه على غيره من الأدلة. أما الدليل على وجوب الترجيح والعمل بالدليل الأقوى، فهو إجماع الصحابة (رضي الله عنهم أجمعين)، إذ رجّحوا رواية عائشة رضي الله عنها في مسألة مسّ الختانين، وذلك بقولها: ...
The Sharī’ah evidence is a proof that the hukm it denotes is a hukm shar’i. Therefore, the consideration of a hukm as a Sharī’ah rule depends on the consideration of its evidence. Consequently, the discussion about the judgement of an evidence is the basis in considering the Sharī’ah rules. When there is a suitable evidence for an incident to prove that its hukm is such and such, then this hukm is considered a Sharī’ah rule for that incident based on the consideration of its evidence. However, if there are two appropriate evidences for an incident; one indicates a certain hukm, a prohibition (hurma) for example and the other indicates a different hukm such as permissibility (ibaha). Then we must outweigh (tarjeeh) one of the evidences over the other until it becomes possible to adopt a hukm on the premise that its evidence is stronger than the other. Therefore, one must know the angles of outweighing (tarjeeh) the appropriate evidences that are used as proof so as to facilitate adopting the strongest evidence by outweighing it over other evidences. The evidence for the obligation of outweighing and acting upon the strongest evidence, that is, the strongest evidence, is the ijma’ of the Sahabah (May Allah be pleased with them for that). So, they (the Sahabah) outweighed the report of ‘A'isha with regards to the touching of the two circumcised parts. Her statement:
«إذا مسّ الختانُ الختانَ وجب الغسلُ. فعلتُ أنا ورسولُ الله ﷺ ذلك فاغتسلنا.» [Reported by Tirmidhi]
“When the circumcised part touches the circumcised part ghusl is obligatory. I and the Messenger of Allah did this, so we made ghusl.” [Reported by Tirmidhi]
وَرَجَّحُوا قَوْلَهَا عَلَى رِوَايَةِ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ الْخُدْرِيِّ الَّذِي قَالَ: إِنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ قَالَ:
They outweighed her saying over the report of Abu Sa’id al-Khudri who said that the Prophet PBUH said:
يَجِبُ الْغُسْلُ بِخُرُوجِ الْمَنِيِّ. [Reported By Muslim]
“It is with the seminal emission that ghusl becomes obligatory.” [Reported By Muslim]
وذلك لأن أزواج النبي ﷺ كنّ أعلم بهذه المسائل من الرجال. وقد رجّح الصحابة روايةَ إحدى أزواج النبي ﷺ التي روت أنه كان يصبح جنبًا، على ما رواه أبو هريرة عن الفضل بن عباس أن النبي ﷺ قال:
This is because the wives of the Prophet PBUH were more versed about these matters than the men. The Sahabah also outweighed the report of one of his PBUH wives who narrated that he used to wake up in the morning in a state of janaba (major ritual impurity) against what Abu Hurairah reported from al-Fadl ibn ‘Abbas that the Prophet PBUH said:
"مَن أَصْبَحَ جُنُبًا فَلَا صِيَامَ لَهُ" [Reported by Ahmad]
“Whoever wakes up in a state of major impurity, there is not fast for him” [Reported by Ahmad]
وبالمثل، رجّح علي بن أبي طالب رواية أبي بكر، فلم يستحلفه كما استحلف غيره. وبالمثل، رجّح أبو بكر رواية المغيرة في ميراث الجدة لما انضم إليها من رواية محمد بن مسلمة. كذلك رجّح عمر رواية أبي موسى الأشعري في الاستئذان بعد أن عضدتها رواية أبي سعيد الخدري. ولم يُرجّح الصحابة الآراء والأقيسة إلا بعد دراسة النصوص إلى الحد الذي لم يكن معه إمكان للمزيد من الدراسة. ومن تأمل أحوالهم وتتبع وقائع اجتهاداتهم علم بلا أدنى شك أنهم كانوا يُلزمون بالعمل بالدليل الراجح دون المرجوح من دليلين ظنيين. ويدل على ذلك أيضاً إقرار النبي ﷺ لمعاذ حين بعثه قاضياً إلى اليمن على ترتيب الأدلة وتقديم بعضها على بعض.
In a similar way ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib found the report of Abu Bakr stronger, thus he did not put him to oath as he did with others. In a similar way abu Bakr found the report of al-Mughira about the inheritance of the grandmother stronger due to what was narrated in addition to it by Muhammad ibn Maslama. Also, ‘Umar found the report of Abu Musa al-Ash’ari about the isti’zan (seeking permission) stronger after it has been corroborated by Abu Sa’id al-Khudri’s narration. The Sahabah did not outweigh opinions and analogies except after studying the texts up to the point that it was not possible to go (in study) any further. Whoever scrutinises their situation and observes the facts of their Ijtihādat will come to know without any doubt whatsoever that they used to oblige the use of a preponderant evidence as opposed to a weaker one from two speculative (zanni) evidences. This is also indicated by the Prophet’s acceptance of Mu’az, when he sent him to Yemen as a judge, on the order of evidences and the precedence of one evidence over the other.
لیکن جب دو دلیلیں باہم متعارض ہوں تو ایک دلیل کو دوسری پر ترجیح دینا درست نہیں ہوگا، سوائے اس صورت کے جب ان دونوں کو اکٹھا استعمال کرنا ممکن نہ ہو۔ اگر دونوں پر عمل کرنا ممکن ہو تو یہی بہتر ہے، کیونکہ دونوں دلیلوں پر عمل کرنا اس سے بہتر ہے کہ ان میں سے کسی ایک کو بالکل نظر انداز کر دیا جائے، کیونکہ دلیل کا اصل تقاضا یہ ہے کہ اس پر عمل کیا جائے نہ کہ اسے چھوڑ دیا جائے۔ مزید یہ کہ دونوں دلیلوں پر عمل بہانوں اور حیلوں کے ذریعے کرنا درست نہیں، بلکہ نص کے دلالت کے مطابق کرنا ضروری ہے۔ دو متعارض دلیلوں کے استعمال کی ایک مثال نبی ﷺ کا یہ فرمان ہے:
However, when two evidences conflict it will not be correct to resort to the outweighing of one evidence over the other except in the event when it not possible to use both of them together. If it is possible to act upon both of them that is better, since it is better to act upon both evidences than to disregard one of them altogether because an evidence in principle is to act upon and not to disregard. Furthermore, it is not correct to act upon both evidences through excuses and pretexts but according to the indication of the text. An example of using two conflicting evidences is the saying of the Prophet :
"أَلَا أُخْبِرُكُمْ بِخَيْرِ الشُّهَدَاءِ؟ هُوَ الَّذِي يَأْتِي بِشَهَادَتِهِ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُسْأَلَهَا."ﷺ [Reported by Muslim on Behalf of Zayd Bin Khaled Aljuhni]
“Shall I tell you who are the best of witnesses? He is the one who comes with his testimony before he is asked to do so.” [Reported by Muslim on Behalf of Zayd Bin Khaled Aljuhni]
وقولُه:
And his saying :
ثُمَّ يَفْشُو الْكَذِبُ حَتَّى يَحْلِفَ الرَّجُلُ دُونَ أَنْ يُسْتَحْلَفَ، وَيَشْهَدَ دُونَ أَنْ يُسْتَشْهَدَ. [Reported by Ahmad & Tirmizi on Behalf of Ibn Umar]
“Then lies will become widespread until a man will take an oath without being asked and will give witness without being asked to give witness.” [Reported by Ahmad & Tirmizi on Behalf of Ibn Umar]
فَأَثْنَى الرَّسُولُ ﷺ عَلَى مَنْ شَهِدَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُدْعَى إِلَى الشَّهَادَةِ، وَذَمَّ مَنْ شَهِدَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُدْعَى إِلَى الشَّهَادَةِ. فَثَنَاءُ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ عَلَى مَنْ شَهِدَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُسْأَلَ الشَّهَادَةَ يَدُلُّ عَلَى أَنَّهَا مَأْمُورٌ بِهَا مِنْ قِبَلِ الشَّارِعِ. وَذَمُّ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ لِمَنْ شَهِدَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُسْأَلَ الشَّهَادَةَ يَدُلُّ عَلَى أَنَّهَا مَنْهِيٌّ عَنْهَا مِنْ قِبَلِ الشَّارِعِ. وَهَذَا تَعَارُضٌ بَيْنَ الدَّلِيلَيْنِ، وَالْجَمْعُ بَيْنَهُمَا: أَنَّ الشَّهَادَةَ فِي حَقِّ اللهِ ﷻ قَدْ أَمَرَتِ الشَّرِيعَةُ بِأَدَائِهَا دُونَ أَنْ يُطْلَبَ ذَلِكَ، وَأَمَّا الشَّهَادَةُ فِي حَقِّ الْعَبْدِ فَقَدْ نَهَتِ الشَّرِيعَةُ أَنْ يَشْهَدَ الشَّاهِدُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُسْتَشْهَدَ. وَيَجِبُ الْبَتَّةَ أَنْ يُحَاوَلَ الْعَمَلُ بِالدَّلِيلَيْنِ مَعًا، فَإِنْ لَمْ يُمْكِنْ الْعَمَلُ بِهِمَا جَمِيعًا وَتَعَارَضَا مَعَ تَسَاوِيهِمَا فِي الْقُوَّةِ وَالْعُمُومِ، فَيَجِبُ النَّظَرُ فِيهِمَا: فَإِنْ عُلِمَ الدَّلِيلُ الْمُتَأَخِّرُ فَإِنَّهُ يَنْسَخُ الْمُتَقَدِّمَ، سَوَاءٌ كَانَ الدَّلِيلَانِ قَطْعِيَّيْنِ أَوْ ظَنِّيَّيْنِ، وَسَوَاءٌ كَانَا مِنَ الْقُرْآنِ أَوِ السُّنَّةِ، وَلَا يَجُوزُ أَنْ يَكُونَ الدَّلِيلَانِ مِنَ الْقُرْآنِ وَالسُّنَّةِ مَعًا لِأَنَّ السُّنَّةَ لَا تَنْسَخُ الْقُرْآنَ، وَلَوْ كَانَتْ مُتَوَاتِرَةً. أَمَّا إِذَا لَمْ يُعْلَمِ الدَّلِيلُ الْمُتَأَخِّرُ، فَيَجِبُ أَنْ يَكُونَ الدَّلِيلَانِ ظَنِّيَّيْنِ، لِأَنَّ الْأَدِلَّةَ الْقَطْعِيَّةَ لَا تَتَعَارَضُ. فَإِنْ كَانَا ظَنِّيَّيْنِ، فَيَجِبُ التَّرْجِيحُ وَالْأَخْذُ بِالدَّلِيلِ الْأَقْوَى، وَقُوَّةُ الدَّلِيلِ تَعْنِي قُوَّتَهُ مِنْ حَيْثُ تَرْتِيبُ الْأَدِلَّةِ، وَمِنْ حَيْثُ دَرَجَةُ اعْتِبَارِ الدَّلَالَةِ فِي كُلِّ نَوْعٍ مِنَ الْأَدِلَّةِ الظَّنِّيَّةِ. أَمَّا تَرْتِيبُ الْأَدِلَّةِ: فَالْقُرْآنُ أَقْوَى مِنَ السُّنَّةِ وَلَوْ كَانَتِ السُّنَّةُ مُتَوَاتِرَةً. المتواتر من السنة أقوى من الإجماع، والإجماع المنقول بالتواتر أقوى من خبر الآحاد. وخبر الآحاد أقوى من القياس إذا أُخذت علّته بطريق الدلالة أو الاستنباط أو القياس. أما إذا أُخذت علّته بالتصريح، فإنه يُعامَل معاملة النص الذي صرّح بالعلة، ويأخذ حكمه من حيث قوة الدليل؛ فإن كان النص قرآنيًا فحكمه حكم القرآن، وإن كان من السنة فحكمه حكم السنة. وإن دلّ عليه الإجماع أُخذ حكم الإجماع. ومن حيث النظر في الاستدلال في كل نوع من الأدلة الظنية، فإن الأدلة الظنية نوعان: الأول السنة، والثاني القياس. ولكل منهما اعتبارات خاصة في الترجيح بين الأدلة، أي بحسب قوة الدليل. أما السنة، فإن قوة الدليل فيها تعني قوتها من حيث السند، وقوتها من حيث المتن، وقوتها من حيث المعنى. وأما قوة الدليل من السنة من حيث السند فتقوم على المسائل الآتية:
So the Messenger praised the one who gave witness before he was called to give testimony, and he criticised the one who gave witness before he was called to give testimony. Thus, the Prophet’s praise of the one who gave witness before he was asked to give it indicates that it has been ordered by the Legislator. And the Prophet’s criticism of the one who gave witness before he was asked to give testimony indicates that it has been prohibited by the Legislator. This is a contradiction between the two evidences, and their reconciliation is: that giving testimony regarding a right of Allah , the Sharī’ah has ordered to provide it without being requested to do so. And giving testimony regarding a right of the servant, the Sharī’ah has forbade that the witness testifies before he is asked to do so. It is absolutely essential that one attempts to act upon both the evidences. If it is not possible to practise them both together and they contradict despite being equal in strength and generality, then it must be looked into. If the later evidence is known then it abrogates the earlier one whether both evidences were definite (qat’i) or speculative (zanni), whether from the Quran or Sunnah. Both evidences cannot be from the Quran and Sunnah at the same time because the Sunnah does not abrogate the Quran, even if it is mutawatir (recurrent report). As for when the later evidence is unknown; then both of them must be speculative (zanni) because definite evidences (qat’i) do not contradict each other. If they are speculative (zanni), then they should be outweighed and the stronger evidence is used. The strength of the evidence means its strength in terms of the order of the evidences and in terms of the level of considering the deduction in each type of the speculative evidences. As for the order of the evidences; the Quran is stronger than the Sunnah even if the Sunnah is mutawatir (recurrent). The mutawatir (recurrent) Sunnah is stronger than the ijma’ (consensus) and the ijma’ which has been transmitted recurrently is stronger than the isolated hadīth (khabar al-ahad). The isolated hadīth (khabar al-ahad) is stronger than the qiyas (analogy) if its ‘illah was taken by way of indication (dalāla), deduction or analogy. As for when its ‘illah is taken explicitly, it is treated as the text which has indicated the ‘illah explicitly, and it takes its rule in terms of the strength of the evidence. If the text was Qur’ānic then its hukm is that of the Qur’ān, and if it was the Sunnah then its hukm is that of the Sunnah. If it is indicated by the ijma’ then the rule of the ijma’ is taken. In terms of considering the deduction in each type of the speculative evidences, the speculative evidences are of two types; the first is the Sunnah and the second is the analogy (qiyas). Each one has specific considerations in the outweighing of evidences. i.e, based on the strength of the evidence. As for the Sunnah, the strength of the evidence with respect to it means its strength in terms of the chain (sanad) of transmission, its strength in terms of the text, and its strength in terms of the meaning. As for the strength of the Sunnah evidence in terms of the chain (sanad) it will be based on the following issues:
"تزوّج النبي ﷺ ميمونة وهو غير محرم" [رواه مسلم]
“The Prophet PBUH married Maymuna when he was not in a state of ritual consecration” [Reported by Muslim
يُستحب ما ورد في رواية ابنِ عباسٍ أنّ
It is preferred to the narration of Ibn ‘Abbas that
تَزَوَّجَهَا وَهُوَ مُحْرِمٌ [Reported by Bukhari]
“He married her when he was in a state of ritual consecration” [Reported by Bukhari]
هذا لأنّ أبا رافع كان الوسيطَ بينهما، وكان وكيلاً لرسول الله ﷺ في زواجها منه. ويُرجَّح الحديثُ بحسب الفهم الفقهيّ للراوي. فروايةُ الراوي الفقيهِ مقدَّمةٌ على روايةِ الراوي غيرِ الفقيه. والحديثُ الذي نقله راوٍ بالحفظ مقدَّمٌ على الحديثِ الذي نقله راوٍ بالاعتماد على الكتب المكتوبة. فإذا اعتمد أحدُ الراويَين على حفظه للحديث، واعتمد الآخرُ على الكتب المكتوبة، كان مَن حفظه أرجحَ لأنه أبعدُ عن الشبهة. والحديثُ الذي رواه راوٍ مشهور مقدَّمٌ على الحديث الذي رواه راوٍ أقلُّ شهرة.
This is because Abu Rafi’ was the mediator between them and he was the representative of the Messenger of Allah in her marriage to him. And the hadīth is outweighed according to the legal comprehension of the transmitter. The report of a transmitter who is a faqih (jurist) is preferable over the report of a transmitter who is not a faqih (jurist). The hadīth which has been transmitted by a rawi through memorisation is preferred to the hadīth which has been transmitted by a rawi through the medium of written materials, So when one of the two transmitters relies on his memorisation of the hadīth and the other relies on written materials, the one who has committed it to memory is more preferable because he is more free from suspicion. The hadīth narrated by a well known transmitter is preferred to the hadīth narrated by a lesser known transmitter.
ثانياً: فيما يتعلق بالخبر نفسه، يُقدَّم الخبرُ المتواتر على خبر الآحاد، ويُقدَّم الخبرُ المسنَد الذي اتصل سنده على المرسل، لأننا نعرف راوي المسنَد، ولا نعرف راوي المرسل.
Second: Pertaining to the same report. The recurrent hadīth (khabar mutawatir) is preferred to the isolated hadīth (khabar al-ahad). The report which has a complete chain (musnad) is preferred to a mursal report because we know the transmitter of the musnad and we do not know the transmitter of the mursal.
ثالثاً: ما يتعلق بوقت التحمل. فالراوي الذي روى الحديث في حال كبره يُقدَّم على الحديث الذي رواه الراوي في حال صغره، أي حين كان طفلاً.
Third: Pertaining to the time of transmission. The transmitter who narrated the hadīth in his maturity is preferred to the hadīth which has been narrated by a transmitter at the time of his childhood that is, when he was a child.
الرابع: ما يتعلق بكيفية الرواية. الحديث الذي اتُّفق على اتصاله (رفعه) إلى النبي ﷺ مقدَّم على الحديث الذي اختُلف في اتصاله إلى النبي ﷺ. والحديث الذي يُروى بلفظ رسول الله ﷺ نفسه أرجح من الحديث الذي رُوي بالمعنى.
Fourth: Pertaining to the manner of transmission. The report on which there is agreement over its continuous link (raf’ihi) to the Prophet is preferred to the report about which there is disagreement over its continuous link to the Prophet . The report which cites the actual words of the Messenger is better than the report which has been transmitted by meaning.
يُرِيدُ اللَّهُ بِكُمُ الْيُسْرَ وَلَا يُرِيدُ بِكُمُ الْعُسْرَ [TMQ Baqarah: 185]
“Allah intends for you facility; He does not intend for you difficulty,” [TMQ Baqarah: 185]
وَقَوْلِهِ،
and His saying,
وَمَا جَعَلَ عَلَيْكُمْ فِي الدِّينِ مِنْ حَرَجٍ [TMQ Hajj: 78]
“And He has not laid upon you in religion any hardship” [TMQ Hajj: 78]
وَبِسَبَبِ قَوْلِهِ:
And due to his saying:
الإسلام يسر. [Reported by Bukhari on behalf of Abu Hurairah ]
“Islam is easy.” [Reported by Bukhari on behalf of Abu Hurairah ]
وقولُه:
“And his saying:
لَا ضَرَرَ وَلَا ضِرَارَ فِي الْإِسْلَامِ [Reported by Malik abd Ibn Majah on behalf on Ubadah ibn samit]
“There is no harm or reciprocating harm in Islam” [Reported by Malik abd Ibn Majah on behalf on Ubadah ibn samit]
ثانيًا: إذا كان أحد الخبرين يدل على التحريم والآخر يدل على الإباحة، فالخبر الدال على التحريم مقدَّم على الخبر الدال على الإباحة، لقوله ﷺ:
Second: If one of the reports conveys a prohibition and the other conveys a permission. The report which indicates a prohibition is preferred to the report which indicates a permission due to his saying:
"دَعْ مَا يَرِيبُكَ إِلَى مَا لَا يَرِيبُكَ" [Reported by Ahmad & Tirmidhi]
“Leave what you doubt for that which you do not doubt.” [Reported by Ahmad & Tirmidhi]
ثالثاً: إذا تعارض حديثان أحدهما يدل على التحريم والآخر يدل على الوجوب، ولم يوجد قرينة ترجح أحدهما، فإن الحديث الدال على التحريم يقدم على الحديث الدال على الوجوب.
Third: If one of the reports conveys a prohibition and the other conveys an obligation. If an indication (qarina) for outweighing does not exist then the report which indicates a prohibition is preferred to the report which indicates an obligation.
چهارم: اگر دو روایت میں سے ایک وجوب کی دلالت کرے اور دوسری اباحت کی، تو وجوب پر دلالت کرنے والی روایت اباحت پر دلالت کرنے والی روایت پر مقدم ہے۔ کیونکہ واجب کو ترک کرنا گناہ کا موجب ہے، جبکہ مباح کو ترک کرنے میں کوئی گناہ لازم نہیں آتا۔ لہٰذا اس چیز سے دور رہنا زیادہ مناسب ہے جس کے ترک میں گناہ ہو، بہ نسبت اس چیز سے دور رہنے کے جس کے ترک میں کچھ لازم نہ آئے۔ اور اس لیے بھی کہ وجوب والی روایت میں جازم طلب ہے، جبکہ اباحت والی روایت یا تو اختیار دینے والی طلب ہے یا خود اختیار ہے۔ اور جازم طلب دوسرے طلبات پر مقدم ہوتی ہے۔
Fourth: If one of the reports conveys an obligation and the other conveys permissibility, then the report which indicates an obligation is preferred to the report which indicates a permissibility. Because leaving an obligation entails a sin and leaving a permissibility does not entail anything. So, being further from the sin is more proper than being further from a thing that does not entail anything. Because, the report which indicates an obligation has a decisive request and the report which indicates a permissibility is either a request giving choice or it is itself a choice. The decisive request is preferred to other requests.
هذا فيما يتعلق بوجوه الترجيح في السنة. أما وجوه الترجيح في القياس، فهي بحسب أدلة العلة. فالقياس الذي تثبت عِلّة وصفه بالنص القطعي يُقدَّم على القياس الذي تثبت عِلّة وصفه بنصٍّ غير قطعي، لأن النص القطعي لا يُتصوَّر أن يدل إلا على العلة، بخلاف النص غير القطعي. والقياس الذي تثبت عِلّته بالتصريح يُقدَّم على القياس الذي تثبت عِلّته بالاستقراء أو بالاستنباط أو بالقياس. والذي تثبت عِلّته بالاستنباط يُقدَّم على الذي تثبت عِلّته بالقياس. وهكذا يكون ترجيح القياس بحسب العلة ودليلها.
This is with respect to the considerations of tarjeeh in the Sunnah. As for the considerations of tarjeeh in analogy (qiyas), they are according to the evidence of the reason (‘illah). So the analogy (qiyas) whose reasoning of its description (‘illayat wasfihi) is proved by the definite text is preferred to the one whose reasoning of its description is established by non definite text. Because the definite text is inconceivable to indicate other than reasoning (‘illah), while the indefinite text is not. The analogy whose ‘illah is proved explicitly is preferred to the one whose ‘illah is established through induction, deduction or analogy. That whose ‘illah is established by deduction is preferred to that whose ‘illah is established by analogy. Thus the outweighing (tarjeeh) of analogy is according to the ‘illah and its evidence.