2.6 القضاء
2.6 Al-qadā’
يُقال في اللغة العربية: قضى، يقضي، قضاءً الشيءَ، أي أتمّه وأحكمه بدقّة وعزم؛ ويُقال: قضى بين المتخاصمين، أي حكم وفصل بينهما؛ والأمرُ أمضاه، أي نفّذه وأتمّه. وقد ورد لفظ القضاء في آيات القرآن الكريم في مواضع كثيرة. قال الله تعالى:
It is said in the (Arabic) language qadā, yaqdī, qadā’an al-shay’, meaning he perfected the thing with precision and determination; and it is said he judged [qadā] between two disputants, meaning he ruled and decided between them; al-‘amru amdāhu: the matter, he executed/accomplished it. The word al-qadā’ has come in the ayāt of the Qur’ān in numerous places. Allah says:
إِذَا قَضَىٰ أَمْرًا فَإِنَّمَا يَقُولُ لَهُ كُن فَيَكُونُ [TMQ Baqarah: 117]
“When He decrees [qadā] a matter, He only says to it: ‘Be!’ and it is” [TMQ Baqarah: 117]
ذَلِكَ، أَيْ: إِذَا قَضَى أَمْرًا فَإِنَّهُ يَكُونُ مِنْ غَيْرِ تَرَدُّدٍ أَوْ تَأَخُّرٍ، وَقَالَ:
That is, when He decides a matter it comes into existence without any hesitation or delay; and He said:
هُوَ الَّذِي خَلَقَكُم مِّن طِينٍ ثُمَّ قَضَىٰ أَجَلًا [TMQ-An’ām: 2]
“He it is who has created you from clay, and then has decreed [qadā] a term (for you)” [TMQ-An’ām: 2]
يعنی أنّه جعل لهذا الخلق الذي خلقه من طين أجلاً بين وجوده وفنائه. قال:
That is, He has made for this creation which He created from clay a lifespan [ajāl] between its coming to being and its termination. He said:
﴿وَقَضَىٰ رَبُّكَ أَلَّا تَعْبُدُوا إِلَّا إِيَّاهُ﴾ [TMQ-Isrā’: 23]
And your Lord has decreed [qadā] that you worship none but Him” [TMQ-Isrā’: 23]
أي أنه أمرٌ قاطعٌ أن لا تعبدوا أحدًا غيره، وقال:
That is, He commanded a definitive command that you should not worship anyone other than Him ; and He said:
"وَمَا كَانَ لِمُؤْمِنٍ وَلَا مُؤْمِنَةٍ إِذَا قَضَى اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ أَمْرًا أَن يَكُونَ لَهُمُ الْخِيَرَةُ مِنْ أَمْرِهِمْ" [الأحزاب: 36]
“It is not for a believer, man or women, when Allah and His Messenger have decreed [qadā] a matter that they should have an option in their decision” [TMQ-Ahzāb: 36
أي: إنه أمَرَ بأمرٍ، وحكَمَ بحكمٍ؛ وقال:
That is, He ordered with an order and judged with a judgement; and he said:
ثُمَّ قَضَاهُنَّ سَبْعَ سَمَاوَاتٍ [TMQ Fussilat: 12]
“Then He completed and finished [qadā] from their creation (as) seven heavens” [TMQ Fussilat: 12]
ثُمَّ اسْتَوَىٰ إِلَى السَّمَاءِ، أَيْ: ثُمَّ خَلَقَ السَّمَاءَ بِالإِحْكَامِ فِي طَبِيعَتِهَا بِأَنْ تَكُونَ سَبْعَ سَمَاوَاتٍ. قَالَ:
That is, then he made the heaven with the judgement/condition [ihkām] with regards to its nature that it be seven heavens. He said:
﴿وَلِّيَقْضِيَ اللَّهُ أَمْرًا كَانَ مَفْعُولًا﴾ [TMQ-Anfāl: 42]
“But (you met) that Allah might accomplish [yaqdi] a matter already ordained” [TMQ-Anfāl: 42]
أي: ليقضيَ الله أمرًا كان لا بدّ أن يُفعل؛ وقال:
That is, that He may accomplish a matter which necessarily had to be done; and He said:
"وَقُضِيَ الْأَمْرُ" — هكذا جاء في الأصل: وَ قُضِيَ الْأَمْرُ Wait, correcting the mistake: the quoted phrase is a translation, so I should render the English sentence and the bracketed word in Arabic naturally: "وَقَدْ قُضِيَ الْأَمْرُ [قُضِيَ]" [TMQ Baqarah: 210]
“And the matter has (already) been decided [qudiya]” [TMQ Baqarah: 210]
أي أنه أتمّ الأمر، وهو أمر إهلاكهم وإفنائهم، وقد قضى عليه؛ وقال:
That is, He completed the matter, namely, the matter of their destruction and annihilation, and He has brought it to an end; and He said:
"أَنَّ أَجَلًا مُسَمًّى يُقْضَى" — rendered as: أَنْ يُقْضَى أَجَلٌ مُسَمًّى [TMQ An’ām: 60]
“That a term appointed be fulfilled [yuqdā]” [TMQ An’ām: 60]
أي أن الأجل الذي قدّره لبعث الموتى ولحساب أعمالهم يكون قد انقضى. قال تعالى:
That is, that the ajāl which He has designated for resurrecting the dead and for the accounting of their deeds be completed. He said:
قُلْ لَوْ أَنَّ عِندِي مَا تَسْتَعْجِلُونَ بِهِ لَقُضِيَ الْأَمْرُ بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَكُمْ [TMQ-An’ām: 58]
“Say: If what ye would see hastened were in my power, the matter would be settled [qudiya] at once between me and you” [TMQ-An’ām: 58]
أي أن الأمر كان سيُقضى، وكنتُ سأهلككم فورًا؛ وقال:
That is, the matter would have been finished and I would have destroyed you instantly; and He said:
وَهُوَ أَمْرٌ مَقْضِيٌّ [مَقْضِيَّةٌ] [TMQ Maryam: 21]
“And it is matter decreed [maqdiyya]” [TMQ Maryam: 21]
أي أنه كان أمراً قضى به الله وحكماً قد سبق الحكم به، أي فعلاً سيقع قهراً بغض النظر عما تريده، لأنه من قضاء الله. قال:
that is, it was a matter decided by Allah and a judgment which had already been decied, that is, an action which will occur by compulsion regardless of what you desire because it is from the qadā’ [decree] of Allah . He said:
هَذَا كَانَ عِندَ رَبِّكَ أَمْرًا مَّقْضِيًّا ... [حَتْمًا مَقْضِيًّا] [TMQ Maryam: 71]
“This is with your Lord a Decree which must be accomplished [hatman maqdiyya]” [TMQ Maryam: 71]
الحَتْم مصدرٌ. حَتَمَ اللهُ الشيءَ إذا أوجَبَه وإذا قَضى به، أي أنَّ اجتيازَهم عليها (النار) واجبٌ عليهم، فأوجَبَ ذلك على نفسه وحكم به. ولذلك فإنَّ لفظة القضاء مشتركٌ له معانٍ كثيرةٌ، منها: قَضى الشيءَ أي أحكمه، وقضى الأمرَ وصنعَ الشيء، وقضى بأمرٍ أي أمر به وأتمَّ الأمر، وقضى الأمرَ أي أوجب وقوعَه وفرغ منه، وقضى الأمرَ وحكم فيه، وقضى الشيءَ أي أعطى أمرًا مُحكَمًا. ومع تعدُّد هذه المعاني لم يَرِد منها أنَّ القضاء هو حكمُ اللهِ في الكليات فقط، كما لم يَرِد أنَّ القدَر هو حكمُ اللهِ في الجزئيات. فلفظ القضاء له معانٍ لغويةٌ استعملها القرآنُ، ولا خلافَ هنا في المعاني الواردة. وهذه المعاني لغويةٌ لا علاقةَ للعقل بها. فإن كان للقضاء معنًى شرعيٌّ فلا بدَّ أن يكون هذا المعنى قد ورد في حديثٍ أو آيةٍ حتى يُقال إنه معنى شرعيٌّ، ولم يَرِد غيرُ هذه المعاني. فليس المقصودُ بالقضاء الواردِ في الآيات موضوعَ القضاءِ والقدرِ الذي اختلف فيه المتكلمون. وهذه الآياتُ لا علاقةَ لها بمسألة القضاء والقدر، كما أن الآيات والأحاديث التي تتضمن معنى القدر لا علاقةَ لها بدراسة القضاء والقدر. فهذه الآيات والأحاديث تتحدث عن صفات الله وأفعال الله، أما القضاءُ والقدرُ فيبحثان في فعل العبد. والبحثُ في هذه الآيات شرعيٌّ ومعانيها لغويةٌ، أما البحثُ في القضاء والقدر عند المتكلمين فكان عقليًّا. هذه الآيات والأحاديث تُفسَّر بمعناها اللغوي أو الشرعي، أما البحث في القضاء والقدر فهو معنى اصطلاحي [istilāhī] أعطاه المتكلمون.
Al-Hatm is a verbal noun. He made it an inevitable matter when He obligated it and when He decreed by it, that is, their passing over it (the Fire) is obligated upon; He obliged such upon himself and judged by it. Therefore the word qadā’ is a homonym having many meanings, including: he made the thing with precision; he executed the matter and made the thing; he ordered with an order and he completed the matter; he made the existence of a matter inevitable and he settled the matter; he finished the matter and he ruled upon it; and he gave a definite matter. Despite the multiplicity of meanings none of them meant that al-qadā’ is the judgement of Allah on the kulliyāt (general matters) only, just as it did not come that al-qadar is Allah's judgement on the juz'iyāt (specific details). Therefore, the word qadā’ has linguistic meanings which the Qur’ān used and there is no disagreement here about the meanings that have come. These meanings are linguistic; the mind has nothing to do with them. If ‘al-qadā’ has a shar’i meaning then this meaning must have come in a hadīth or ayāh for it to be said that this meaning is a shar’i meaning, yet no other meanings than these have come. Therefore the purport of ‘al-qadā’’ that has come in the ayāt is not the subject of al-qadā’ wa‘l-qadar over which the Mutakallimūn differed. These verses have nothing to do with the inquiry of al-qadā’ wa‘l-qadar just as the ayāt and ahadīth which contain the meaning of al-qadar have nothing to do with the study of al-qadā’ wa‘l-qadar. These ayāt and ahadīth speak of the attributes of Allah and the actions of Allah but al-qadā’ wa‘l-qadar inquires into the action of the servant. The inquriy of these ayāt is shar’i and their meanings are linguistic but the inquiry of al-qadā’ wa ‘l-qadar with the mutakallimūn was rational. These ayāt and ahadīth are explained by their linguistic or shar’i meaning, whilst the inquiry of al-qadā’ wa‘l-qadar is a technical [istilāhī] meaning given by the Mutakallimūn.