أمّا [بيان] طريق معرفة اللغة العربية Note: The input was only a heading, so I've translated it as given. Please send the body text you'd like translated.
65. The Way To Know The Arabic Language
إنّ اللغة العربية اصطلاحٌ اصطلح عليه العرب، فوضعوا ألفاظاً محددةً لمعانٍ محددة، كما وضعوا عبارة "السماء" و"الأرض" و"الماء" للدلالة على معانٍ معينة، وكما وضعوا لفظ "القُرء" للحيض وللطهر، ووضعوا لفظ "الجَوْن" للأسود وللأبيض، ولفظ "السليم" للملدوغ وللسليم من اللدغ، وهكذا. وبما أن اللغة العربية اصطلاحٌ للعرب، فإن الطريق إلى معرفتها هو الأخذ عنهم. فإذا قالوا: "هذا اللفظ موضوع لهذا المعنى"، أو قالوا: "هذا المعنى موضوع لهذا اللفظ"، فإن قولهم يُقبل ويُعتمد ولا يُجادَل فيه، لأن الاصطلاح أمرٌ لا يُنازَع فيه، وهو شيءٌ تواطؤوا عليه، وليس أمراً عقلياً ولا يتعلق بالإدراك، ولذلك فكل ما يقوله العرب في اللغة يُقبل. والمراد بالعرب هم العرب الخُلّص (العُرْباء) الذين كانوا يتكلمون العربية قبل فساد اللسان العربي، وبقي بعضهم إلى القرن الرابع الهجري، كانوا يسكنون البادية ولم تفسد لغتهم، فيمكن الأخذ عن لغتهم. والطريق إلى الأخذ عنهم هو النقل الصحيح الثابت، ومن هنا فإن طريق معرفة اللغة العربية هو النقل المتواتر والنقل الآحاد. أما النقل المتواتر فيُعلم به العلمُ القطعي الذي لا يقبل الشك إن وُجد الشك، أي أنه لا يقبل الريب، كعلمنا بتسمية الجوهر بهذا الاسم، والأعراض كذلك، وغيرها من الأسماء كالسماء والأرض والحر والبرد وغيرها، فقد أدركنا هذا العلم بالتواتر القاطع. والآحاد هو ما لا يُعلم بنا، ولا يُنقل نقلَ المتواتر، فطريقُ حصول الظن فيه نقلُ الأفراد، كالعبارات المنقولة عن أصحاب التصنيف وعلماء اللغة كالخليل والأصمعي ونحوهما. وأكثرُ ألفاظ اللغة العربية من المتواتر، وأقلُّها من الآحاد. وهذا طريقُ معرفة اللغة العربية؛ وهو النقلُ عن العرب إما بالتواتر وإما بالآحاد، ولا طريقَ سوى هذين. أما العقل فلا يُفيد في معرفة اللغة العربية، ولا قيمةَ له فيها، لأن المسألة مسألةُ النقل عن واضعي اللغة، وليست مسألةَ إدراك، ولأن العقل إنما يستقل بإثبات وجوب الموجودات، واستحالة المعدومات.
The Arabic language is a convention the Arabs agreed on it, so they set specific words to denote specific meanings, as they set the expression the sky,the earth, the water" for the denotation of specific meanings, and as they set the expression al quru' for the menses and the purity, and as they set the expression al jawn for the black and for the white, and the expression al saleem, for the stung person and for the sound one, and so on. Since the Arabic language is a convention for Arabs; the way to know it is taking it from them. So if they say: "The so and so expression is set for the so and so meaning" or they say: "The so and so meaning is set for the so and so expression"; their saying will be accepted and approved, and will not be argued, because the convention is indisputable, and it is something they agreed on it, and not a mental issue nor is it related to the perception, and therefore whatever the Arabs say about the language will be approved. And what is meant by the Arabs, is the real genuine Arabs (al aqhaah) whom used to speak the Arabic language before the corruption of the Arabic (speaking) tongue and some of them remained until the fourth Hijry century, they used to live in the desert and their language did not get corrupted, therefore the language can be taken from. And the way to take from them is through the authentic narration, from here the way to know the Arabic language is the mutawaatir and aahaad transference. The mutawaatir transference is known by certainty and undoubted if suspicion exists, i.e. it does not accept doubt, like our knowledge in naming the essence (jawhar) as such, and the qualities ('araqh) as such, and the other names like tha sky (al samaa'), the earth (al ardh), the heat (al harr), the cold (al bard), and others. We perceived this knowledge through the decisive tawaator. And the aahaad is what is not known by us, and it is not transferred as the mutawaatir, so the way of obtaining the probability in it is the transference of the individuals, like the expressions narrated from the authors and researchers of the language like al Khaleel, al Asma'y, and the likes. And most of the expressions of the Arabic language are of the mutawaatir, and the least are of the aahaad. This is the way of knowing the Arabic language; it is the narration from the Arabs by either the tawaator or the aahaad, and there is no other than these ways. As for the mind; it is not beneficial in knowing the Arabic language, and it has no value because the issue is the transference from those who set the language, it is not a perception issue, and because the mind can only perform independently to proof the necessity of the existents, and the impossibility of the nonexistent.
وَلَا يَهْتَدِي العَقْلُ مِنْ تِلْقَاءِ نَفْسِهِ إِلَى وُقُوعِ أَيٍّ مِنَ الِاحْتِمَالَيْنِ، وَاللُّغَاتُ مِنْ هَذَا القَبِيلِ، لِأَنَّهَا مَقْصُورَةٌ عَلَى مَا وُضِعَتْ لَهُ، إِذْ وُضِعَ تَعْبِيرٌ مُعَيَّنٌ لِمَعْنًى مُعَيَّنٍ مِنَ الِاحْتِمَالَاتِ، وَلَا يُدْرِكُ العَقْلُ مِنْ تِلْقَاءِ نَفْسِهِ أَنَّ وَاضِعَ اللُّغَةِ وَضَعَ هَذَا أَوْ ذَاكَ التَّعْبِيرَ لِهَذَا أَوْ ذَاكَ المَعْنَى، لِأَنَّ ذَلِكَ يَتَوَقَّفُ عَلَى النَّقْلِ عَنِ الوَاضِعِ، فَلَيْسَ لِلْعَقْلِ دَوْرٌ فِي مَعْرِفَةِ اللُّغَةِ، وَإِنَّمَا تَتَوَقَّفُ مَعْرِفَتُهَا عَلَى النَّقْلِ عَنِ الوَاضِعِ. وَأَمَّا مَا قِيلَ: إِنَّ العَقْلَ يَعْلَمُ أَنَّ الِاسْمَ الجَمْعَ المُعَرَّفَ بِاللَّامِ يُفِيدُ العُمُومَ لِأَنَّ الِاسْتِثْنَاءَ يَصِحُّ أَنْ يَدْخُلَ عَلَيْهِ، فَلَيْسَ الأَمْرُ كَذَلِكَ، بَلْ هُوَ عِلْمٌ جَاءَ عَنْ طَرِيقِ النَّقْلِ، لِأَنَّهُ يُنْقَلُ إِلَيْنَا أَنَّ الِاسْتِثْنَاءَ يُخْرِجُ مَا يَذْكُرُهُ النَّصُّ، فَمِنْ ذَلِكَ فَهِمْنَا أَنَّ الِاسْمَ الجَمْعَ المُعَرَّفَ يُفِيدُ العُمُومَ، فَلَمْ يَحْكُمِ العَقْلُ مِنْ تِلْقَاءِ نَفْسِهِ بِأَنَّ الوَاضِعَ وَضَعَ هَذَا التَّعْبِيرَ لِهَذَا المَعْنَى، وَإِنَّمَا فَهِمَ العَقْلُ مِمَّا نُقِلَ عَنِ الوَاضِعِ أَنَّ هَذَا التَّعْبِيرَ يُفِيدُ هَذَا المَعْنَى. وَمِثْلُ ذَلِكَ فَهْمُ أَنَّ قِيَامَ الدَّوْلَةِ الإِسْلَامِيَّةِ مُتَعَدِّدَةَ الخُلَفَاءِ غَيْرُ جَائِزٍ لِقَوْلِ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ: «وَإِذَا بُويِعَ لِخَلِيفَتَيْنِ فَاقْتُلُوا الآخِرَ مِنْهُمَا» رواه مسلم. فَعَدَمُ جَوَازِ تَعَدُّدِ الدَّوْلَةِ الإِسْلَامِيَّةِ لَمْ يَضَعْهُ العَقْلُ، بَلْ جَاءَتْ بِهِ الشَّرِيعَةُ، فَهُوَ حُكْمٌ شَرْعِيٌّ لَا حُكْمٌ عَقْلِيٌّ، وَإِنَّمَا فَهِمَهُ العَقْلُ مِنَ النَّصِّ الشَّرْعِيِّ. وَكَذَلِكَ اللُّغَةُ، فَكَوْنُ الجَمْعِ المُعَرَّفِ لِلْعُمُومِ لَيْسَ مِنَ العَقْلِ، بَلْ هُوَ مِنْ وَضْعِ العَرَبِ، فَهُوَ مِنِ اصْطِلَاحَاتِهِمْ لَا مِنَ العَقْلِ. وَالعَقْلُ وَحْدَهُ لَيْسَ طَرِيقًا لِمَعْرِفَةِ اللُّغَةِ البَتَّةَ. لكن ليس هناك إلا طريقان لمعرفة اللغة: أحدهما التواتر، والآخر الآحاد؛ وبعبارة أخرى، لا سبيل إلى معرفة اللغة إلا النقل.
And mind could not be guided independently to the occurrence of either of the two possibilities, and the languages are of this kind, because they are limited to what they were set for, since a specific expression was set for a specific meaning of the possibilities, and the mind could not independently perceive that the author of the language had set this or that expression for this or that meaning, because it depends on the transference from the author, therefore the mind has no role in knowing the language, but its knowledge depends on the transference from the author. And as for what was said: that it is known by the mind that the definite plural noun denotes the generality because the exception could be included in it, the matter is not like that, but it is a knowledge that came through the transference, because it is transferred to us that the exception is excluding what the text mentions, so from that we understood that the definite plural noun denotes the generality, so the mind did not independently judge that the author set this expression for this meaning, but the mind understood from what was transferred from the author that this expression brings out this meaning, it is like the understanding that the existence of Islamic states is not permissible for the saying of the Messenger (SAW): of pledge the given were khalifahs two If allegiance; do kill the latter of them" compiled by Muslim. So non permissibility of the multitude of the Islamic state is not set by the mind, but the shari'ah brought it, so it is a shari'ahi verdict, not mental verdict, and the mind only understood it from the shari'ahi text. And likewise is the language, so being the definite plural for the generality is not from the mind, but it is from the set up of the Arabs, so it is of their conventions and not from the mind. And the mind alone is not a way to know the language at all. But there are only two ways to know the language, one of them is the tawaator and the other is the aahaad, in other word the way to know the language is the narration only.