Pasal 102

Pasal 102 - Draft Constitution Negara Khilafah | Quran Course

Pada masa Khulafaur Rasyidin, tempat penyimpanan dana kemudian dikenal sebagai Bayt Al-Mal. Ibnu Sa‘d menyebutkan dalam Al-Tabaqat dari Sahl bin Abu Hathmah dan lainnya: "Abu Bakar memiliki sebuah rumah di Al-Sanh yang tidak dijaga oleh siapa pun. Maka dikatakan kepadanya, 'Mengapa engkau tidak menugaskan seseorang untuk menjaganya?' Ia menjawab, 'Rumah itu memiliki kunci.' Ia terus membagikan apa yang ada di dalamnya hingga kosong. Ketika ia pindah ke Madinah, ia memindahkannya dan menyimpannya di rumahnya." Hinad meriwayatkan dalam Al-Zuhd dengan sanad yang baik dari Anas, ia berkata: "Seorang laki-laki datang kepada Umar dan berkata, 'Wahai Pemimpin orang-orang beriman! Bantulah aku karena aku ingin pergi berjihad.' Umar menjawab, 'Peganglah tangannya dan bawa ia ke Bayt Al-Mal agar ia dapat mengambil dana yang ia inginkan.'" Dalam Al-Sunan Al-Kubra karya Al-Bayhaqi, yang disahihkan oleh Ibnu Hajar, dari ‘Abdullah bin Wadi‘ah, disebutkan: "Salim, budak Abu Hudhayfah, adalah budak seorang perempuan dari kalangan kami bernama Salma binti Ya‘ar. Perempuan itu memerdekakannya pada masa Jahiliyah. Ketika ia terbunuh di Al-Yamamah, harta warisannya dibawa kepada Umar bin Al-Khattab. Maka ia memanggil Wadi‘ah bin Khidham dan berkata, 'Ini adalah harta warisan budakmu, dan engkaulah yang lebih berhak atasnya.' Wadi‘ah berkata, 'Wahai Pemimpin orang-orang beriman! Allah telah membuat kami tidak membutuhkannya. Perempuan kami telah memerdekakannya tanpa syarat; maka kami tidak ingin mencemarkan diri kami (atau mendatangkan kerugian bagi kami) karena urusannya.' Maka Umar menempatkan harta warisannya di Bayt Al-Mal." Al-Bayhaqi dan Al-Darimi meriwayatkan, dan Ibnu Hazm menyatakannya sahih: "Sufyan bin ‘Abdullah bin Rabi‘ah Al-Thaqafi menemukan sebuah kantong kulit dan membawanya kepada Umar bin Al-Khattab. Umar berkata, 'Umumkanlah selama satu tahun; jika ada yang mengenalinya, berikanlah kepadanya, jika tidak, maka ia menjadi milikmu.' Tidak ada yang mengenalinya, maka ia menemui Umar pada tahun berikutnya dan menyebutkannya kepadanya. Umar berkata, 'Ia menjadi milikmu, karena Rasulullah ﷺ memerintahkan kami untuk melakukan demikian.' Ia berkata, 'Aku tidak menginginkannya.' Umar mengambilnya dan menyimpannya di Bayt Al-Mal." Ad-Darimi dan Ibnu Abi Syaibah meriwayatkan dari ‘Abdullah bin ‘Amr yang berkata: “Seorang budak meninggal dunia pada masa ‘Utsman tanpa memiliki kerabat. Maka, ia memerintahkan agar hartanya dimasukkan ke Baitul Mal.” Ibnu ‘Abdil Barr meriwayatkan dalam Al-Istidzkar dari Anas bin Sirin: “‘Ali biasa membagikan dana hingga Baitul Mal kosong, kemudian ia akan membersihkannya dan duduk di dalamnya.”

At the time of the righteous Khulafaa’, the place in which funds were kept came to be known as Bayt Al-Mal. Ibn Sa‘d mentioned in Al-Tabaqat from Sahl Ibn Abu Hathmah and others: “Abu Bakr used to have a house in Al-Sanh not guarded by anybody. So it was said to him, ‘Why do you not put somebody to guard it?’ He said, ‘It has a lock.’ He used to give out that which was in it until it became empty. When he moved to Madinah, he moved it and placed it in his house.” Hinad narrated in Al-Zuhd with a good chain from Anas, he said: “A person came to Umar and said, ‘O Leader of the Believers! Support me for I want to go in Jihad. Umar replied, ‘Hold his hand and take him to Bayt Al- Mal so he can take the funds he wants.” In Al-Sunan Al-Kubra by Al-Bayhaqi, which was authenticated by Ibn Hajar from ‘Abd Allah b. Wadi‘ah, said: “Salim, the servant of Abu Hudhayfah, was a servant to a woman from us called Salma bint Ye’ar, she freed him in her days of Jahiliyyah. When he was killed in Al- Yamamah, his heritage was brought to Umar Ibn Al-Khattab. So he called upon Wadi‘ah Ibn Khidham and said, ‘This is the heritage of your servant, and you deserve it more.’ He said, ‘O Leader of the Believers. Allah has made us of no need to him. Our woman has freed him unrestricted; so we do not want to bring disgrace to ourselves, (or to bring loss upon us) from his matter.’ So, Umar put his inheritance wealth in the Bayt Al-Mal.” Al- Bayhaqi and Al-Darimi narrated, and Ibn Hazm authenticated it: “Sufyan b. ‘Abd Allah b. Rabi’ah Al-Thaqafi found a leather bag and brought it to Umar b. Al-Khattab. He said, ‘Announce it for one year; and if it was recognised (by someone) then give it (to them), otherwise it is yours.’ No body recognised it, so he met him the next year and mentioned it to him. Umar said, ‘It is yours, for the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) ordered us to do that.’ He said, ‘I do not want it.’ Umar took it and put it in the Bayt Al-Mal.” Al- Darimi and Ibn Abi Shaybah narrated from ‘Abd Allah b. Amr who said: “A servant passed away at the time of Uthman without having a relative. So, he ordered that his wealth be put in Bayt Al- Mal.” Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr narrated in Al-Istidhkar from Anas Ibn Sirin “Ali used to divide the funds until the Bayt Al-Mal became empty, then he would wash it and sit inside.”.

Adapun makna pertama Bayt Al-Mal, yaitu tempat, maka mengenai makna kedua, yaitu otoritas yang bertanggung jawab, hal ini diperlukan karena dana terkadang tidak disimpan di suatu tempat, seperti tanah, sumur minyak, sumur gas, tambang, dan dana zakat yang diambil dari harta dan disalurkan kepada orang-orang yang berhak tanpa disimpan di suatu tempat. Bayt Al-Mal terkadang digunakan untuk makna otoritas yang bertanggung jawab, sebagaimana diriwayatkan oleh Al-Bayhaqi dalam Sunan-nya, Ahmad dalam Al-Musnad-nya, dan ‘Abd Al-Razzaq dalam Musannaf-nya, dari Lahiq Ibn Hameed: "Ibnu Mas‘ud diutus untuk memimpin peradilan dan Bayt Al-Mal." Bukan berarti Umar (ra) mengutusnya sebagai penjaga pintu Bayt Al-Mal, melainkan ia dimaksudkan bertanggung jawab untuk mengumpulkan dan membelanjakan dana tersebut. Makna ini sama dengan yang diriwayatkan oleh Ibn Al-Mubarak dalam Al-Zuhd dari Al-Hasan, ketika para pemimpin Basra datang bersama Abu Musa Al-Ash‘ari dan meminta kepadanya agar menetapkan makanan bagi mereka. Ia berkata di akhir ucapannya kepada mereka: "Wahai para pemimpin! Aku telah menetapkan untuk kalian dua ekor domba dan dua petak tanah pertanian dari Bayt Al-Mal." Dengan demikian, kata tersebut dapat bermakna otoritas yang bertanggung jawab.

This is in regards to the first meaning of Bayt Al-Mal, which is the place. With regards to the second meaning, which is the responsible authority, this is necessitated by the fact that the funds are sometimes not kept in a place, such as the lands, oil wells, gas wells, mines, and the charity funds that are taken from the wealth and paid to its deserving people without being kept in a place. The Bayt Al-Mal is sometimes used to mean the responsible authority as narrated by Al-Bayhaqi in Sunan, Ahmad in Al- Musnad, and ‘Abd Al-Razzaq in His Musannaf, from Lahiq Ibn Hameed “Ibn Mas’ood was sent to preside over the judiciary and Bayt Al-Mal.” It would not mean that Umar (ra) sent him as a doorman to the Bayt Al-Mal, but rather he meant that he was responsible to collect and spend the funds. This is the same meaning as narrated by Ibn Al-Mubarak in Al-Zuhd from Al- Hasan, when the leaders of Basra came with Abu Musa Al- Ash‘ari and requested him to assign food for them. He said, in concluding his words to them: ‘O Leaders! I have assigned two sheep and two patches of arable land to you from the Bayt Al- Mal’; thus it can mean the responsible authority.

Dalam riwayat yang disebutkan di atas mengenai Sufyan Al-Thaqafi tentang kantong kulit yang ia temukan dan ia laporkan kepada Umar (ra): "Umar mengambilnya dan memasukkannya ke Bayt Al-Mal". Al-Shafi‘i meriwayatkan dalam Al-Umm: "Lebih dari seorang ulama menceritakan kepada kami bahwa ketika harta rampasan dari Irak sampai kepada Umar Ibn Al-Khattab, bendahara Bayt Al-Mal berkata kepadanya, 'Izinkan kami menyimpannya di Bayt Al-Mal.' Ia berkata: 'Tidak! Demi Tuhan Ka'bah, harta itu tidak akan disimpan di rumah mana pun sampai aku membagikannya.' Maka ia memerintahkan agar harta itu diletakkan di masjid, dan tikar-tikar kulit diletakkan di atasnya, serta orang-orang dari kalangan Muhajirin dan Al-Ansar menjaganya. Pada pagi hari, Al-'Abbas bin 'Abd Al-Muttalib dan 'Abd Al-Rahman bin 'Awf keluar bersamanya, ia memegang tangan salah seorang dari mereka, atau salah seorang dari mereka memegang tangannya. Ketika mereka melihatnya, mereka menyingkirkan tikar-tikar kulit dari harta itu. Maka ia melihat pemandangan yang belum pernah ia lihat sebelumnya. Ia melihat emas, batu safir, kristal, dan mutiara berkilauan, lalu ia menangis. Salah seorang dari mereka berkata kepadanya, 'Demi Allah! Ini bukan hari untuk menangis, melainkan hari untuk memuji dan bersuka cita.' Ia berkata, 'Demi Allah! Aku tidak berpikir seperti pandanganmu. Harta semacam ini justru tidak akan bertambah pada suatu kaum kecuali bahayanya jatuh di antara mereka.' Kemudian ia menghadap kiblat, mengangkat kedua tangannya dan berkata, 'Ya Tuhanku! Aku memohon perlindungan kepada-Mu dari terpedaya, karena aku mendengar Engkau (swt) berfirman:"

In the narration mentioned above of Sufyan Al-Thaqafi regarding the leather bag which he found and announced to Umar (ra): “Umar took it and put it in the Bayt Al-Mal”. Al-Shafi‘i reported in Al-Umm “More than one of the scholars told us that when the spoils of Iraq reached Umar Ibn Al-Khattab, the trustee of the Bayt Al-Mal told him, ‘let me put them in the Bayt Al-Mal’. He said: ‘No! By the Lord of the Ka’bah, it will not be kept in any house until I have divided it.’ So he ordered it should be put in the mosque, and leather mats were put on top of it and men from the Muhajir and Al-Ansar guarded it. In the morning, Al-‘Abbas b. ‘Abd Al-Muttalib and ‘Abd Al-Rahman b. ‘Awf went out with him, he was either holding the hand of one of them, or one of them was holding his hand. When they saw him, they removed the leather mats away from the funds. So, he saw a scene he never saw before. He saw the gold, sapphire, crystals, and pearl sparkling and he cried. One of them said to him, ‘By Allah! This is not a day of crying, rather a day of praising and delight.’ He said ‘By Allah! I did not think of it your way. Rather, such funds will not increase in any people except their harm falls between them.’ Then he turned to the Qiblah, rose up his hands and said, ‘O my Lord! I seek protection with you from being allured, for I hear You (swt) saying:

“Tetapi orang-orang yang mendustakan ayat-ayat Kami, akan Kami tarik mereka dengan berangsur-angsur (ke arah kebinasaan) dari arah yang tidak mereka ketahui.” (TMQ 7:183). Kemudian beliau ﷺ bersabda, “Di mana Suraqah bin Ja‘syam?” Ia pun dibawa menghadap beliau ﷺ, sementara lengannya berbulu dan kurus. Beliau ﷺ memberinya dua gelang Kisra. Beliau bersabda, “Pakailah.” Lalu ia memakainya. Kemudian beliau bersabda, “Allahu Akbar.” Beliau bersabda lagi, “Allahu Akbar.” Beliau bersabda, “Katakanlah: segala puji bagi Allah yang telah merampasnya dari Kisra bin Hirmiz dan memakaikannya kepada Suraqah bin Ja‘syam, seorang Badui dari Bani Mudlij.” Beliau mulai membolak-balik harta itu dengan tongkat dan bersabda, “Sesungguhnya orang yang menunaikannya adalah orang yang jujur.” Seorang laki-laki berkata kepadanya, “Izinkan aku mengatakan kepadamu, engkau adalah kepercayaan Allah (amin), dan mereka menyerahkan kepadamu apa yang engkau serahkan kepada Allah. Maka seandainya engkau menyembunyikannya, mereka pun akan menyembunyikan.” Beliau bersabda, “Engkau benar.” Kemudian beliau membagikannya. Sebelumnya kami juga telah menyebutkan riwayat ‘Abdullah bin ‘Amr sebagaimana diriwayatkan oleh Al-Darimi: “Seorang budak meninggal dunia pada masa ‘Utsman tanpa memiliki kerabat. Maka ia memerintahkan agar hartanya dimasukkan ke Baitul Mal.” Selain itu, ada pula riwayat Anas bin Sirin dalam Al-Istidzkar bahwa “‘Ali biasa membagikan harta hingga Baitul Mal kosong, lalu ia mencucinya dan duduk di dalamnya (di atas lantai).”

“But those who deny Our signs - We will progressively lead them [to destruction] from where they do not know.”. (TMQ 7:183). Then he said, ‘Where is Suraqah Ibn Ja’sham?’ He was brought to him while his arms were hairy and slim. He gave him the two bracelets of Kisra. He said, ‘Wear them’ and he did. He then said, ‘Allah is great.’ He said, ‘Allah is Great’ He said, ‘Say all Praise is to Allah, who wrested them from Kisra Ibn Hirmiz and dressed Suraqah b. Ja‘sham with them, a Bedouin from Bani Midlij.’ He started to turn over the funds with a stick and said, ‘Indeed the one that rendered that is honest.’ A man said to him, ‘Let me tell you, you are the trustee of Allah (ameen), and they render to you that which you rendered to Allah. So, if you reveled they would revel.’ He said, ‘You said the truth.’ then he distributed it”. We mentioned before also the narration of ‘Abd Allah b. Amr as reported by Al-Darimi “A servant passed away at the time of Uthman without having a relative. So, he ordered that his wealth be put in Bayt Al-Mal”. This is aside from the narration of Anas Ibn Sirin in Al-Istidhkar that “Ali used to divide the funds until the Bayt Al-Mal became empty, then he would wash it and sit inside (on the floor).”.

Para Khulafaur Rasyidin mengikuti beliau dalam metodenya, sehingga mereka biasa menunjuk beberapa orang lain untuk mengurus urusan dana. Ibnu Ishaq dan Khalifah berkata: "Abu Bakar menunjuk Abu 'Ubaidah bin Al-Jarrah sebagai penanggung jawab Baitul Mal, kemudian ia mengirimnya ke Syam". Al-Dzahabi berkata dalam mengomentari kehidupan Mu'aiqib bahwa "Abu Bakar dan Umar menunjuknya sebagai penanggung jawab Baitul Mal". Dalam kitab Al-Bidayah wa An-Nihayah karya Ibnu Katsir, ia menyebutkan dari 'Abdullah bin Az-Zubair: "Rasulullah ﷺ menggunakan 'Abdullah bin Al-Arqam bin 'Abdu Yaghuts sebagai juru tulis, dan ia biasa membalas surat para raja atas nama beliau. Disebutkan bahwa beliau memerintahkannya untuk menulis kepada sebagian raja, dan apa yang dibacakan kepadanya akan dicap karena kepercayaan yang beliau berikan kepadanya. Ia juga menulis kepada Abu Bakar dan menjadikannya bertanggung jawab atas Baitul Mal, dan Umar bin Al-Khattab menyetujui hal itu". Ibnu Sa'd meriwayatkan dalam At-Thabaqat, dan Ibnu Hajar dalam Al-Ishabah, bahwa bendahara Umar (ra) adalah pelayannya, Yasar bin Numair. Ahmad dalam Musnadnya dan 'Abdur Razzaq dalam Al-Mushannaf meriwayatkan dari Lahiq bin Hamid, ia berkata: "Dan ia (Umar) mengutus Ibnu Mas'ud sebagai penanggung jawab peradilan dan Baitul Mal", yakni ke Kufah. Khalifah meriwayatkan dari Malik bin Anas, dari Zaid bin Aslam, bahwa "Umar menunjuk 'Abdullah bin Al-Arqam sebagai penanggung jawab Baitul Mal". Ibnu Khuzaimah meriwayatkan dalam Shahihnya dari 'Urwah bin Az-Zubair bahwa "'Abdur Rahman bin 'Abdul Qari berkata: 'Aku bertanggung jawab atas Baitul Mal pada masa Umar bin Al-Khattab'". Ibnu Hajar menuturkan dalam Al-Fath, ketika membicarakan keutamaan 'Abdullah bin Mas'ud: "Ia ditunjuk oleh Umar dan 'Utsman sebagai penanggung jawab Baitul Mal di Kufah". Al-Jahsyiyari menyebutkan dalam Al-Wuzara' wa Al-Kuttab "bahwa 'Abdullah bin Al-Arqam bin 'Abdu Yaghuts, salah seorang juru tulis Nabi ﷺ, mengurus Baitul Mal untuk beliau", yakni untuk 'Utsman (ra). Al-Hakim menyebutkan dalam Al-Mustadrak dari Al-Zubayr Ibn Bakkar bahwa, "Abdullah Ibn Al-Arqam Ibn Abdu Yaghuth menjabat sebagai penanggung jawab Bayt Al-Mal pada masa Umar dan pada awal kekuasaan Utsman hingga ia wafat; dan ia pernah bersahabat (dengan Rasulullah ﷺ)". Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr berkata dalam Al-Isti’ab: "Zaid Ibn Tsabit menjabat sebagai penanggung jawab Bayt Al-Mal pada masa kekhalifahan Utsman. Zaid memiliki seorang budak bernama Wahib. Utsman melihat budak itu membantu mereka di Bayt Al-Mal, lalu ia berkata: 'Siapa ini?' Zaid menjawab, 'Budak milikku.' Utsman berkata, 'Aku melihat ia membantu kaum Muslimin, dan ia berhak atas suatu bagian, maka aku memberinya bagian itu.' Lalu ia memberinya dua ribu. Zaid berkata, 'Demi Allah, engkau tidak boleh memberi dua ribu kepada seorang budak,' maka ia pun memberinya seribu". Al-Sadfi menyebutkan dalam kitab tentang para ulama Mesir dan para sahabat Rasulullah ﷺ yang memasuki negeri tersebut: "Abu Rafi‘ kemudian dirujuk kepada ‘Ali bin Abi Thalib, lalu ‘Ali menempatkannya sebagai penanggung jawab Bayt Al-Mal di Kufah". Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr berkata dalam Al-Isti’ab: "‘Ubayd Allah bin Abu Rafi‘ adalah bendahara dan sekretaris ‘Ali". Al-‘Ayni menyebutkan dalam ‘Umdat Al-Qari': "‘Abd Allah bin Wahb Al-Suwa’i, ‘Ali memuliakannya, mencintainya, dan mempercayainya, maka ia ditempatkan sebagai penanggung jawab Bayt Al-Mal di Kufah". ‘Ali mengangkat Ziyad sebagai penanggung jawab Basrah. Al-Jahshiyari berkata: "Ketika ‘Ali meninggalkan Basrah, ia menempatkannya sebagai penanggung jawab Al-Kharaj dan Diwan". Bayt Al-Mal (perbendaharaan negara) dapat dibagi menjadi dua bagian:

The Righteous Khulafaa’ followed him in his method, so they used to appoint some other people to run the affairs of funds. Ibn Ishaq and Khalifah said: “Abu Bakr appointed Abu ‘Ubaydah b. Al-Jarrah in charge of Bayt Al-Mal, and then he sent him to Al-Sham”. Al-Dhahabi said commenting on the life of Mu’ayqib that “Abu Bakr and Umar appointed him in charge of the Bayt Al-Mal”. In Ibn Kathir’s Al-Bidayah wa ‘l- Nihayah he mentioned from ‘Abd Allah b. Zubayr “The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) used ‘Abd Allah b. Al-Arqam b. ‘Abdu Yaghuth as a scribe, and he used to reply to the Kings on his behalf, and it was mentioned that he used to order him to write to some of the Kings and would stamp what he read to him due to the trust he had with him, and he wrote to Abu Bakr and made him responsible for the Bayt Al-Mal and Umar b. Al-Khattab consented to that”. Ibn Sa‘d narrated in Al-Tabaqat and Ibn Hajar in Al-‘Isabah that the treasurer of Umar (ra) was his servant Yasar Ibn Numayr. Ahmad in his Musnad and ‘Abd Al-Razzaq in Al- Musannaf reported from Lahiq b. Hamid that he said, “And he sent Ibn Mas‘ud in charge of judiciary and Bayt Al-Mal”, meaning to Kufa. Khalifah reported from Malik Ibn Anas from Zayd b. Aslam that “Umar appointed ‘Abd Allah b. Arqam in charge of the Bayt Al-Mal”. Ibn Khuzymah reported in his Sahih from ‘Urwah b. Al-Zubaiyr that “‘Abd Al-Rahman b. ‘Abd Al-Qari said, ‘I was in charge of the Bayt Al-Mal at the time of Umar b. Al-Khattab”. Ibn Hajar narrated in Al-Fateh in the context of speaking about the virtues of ‘Abd Allah b. Mas‘ud: “And he was appointed by Umar and ‘Uthman in charge of the Bayt Al-Mal in Kufa”. Al-Jahshayari mentioned in Al-Wuzara’ wa ’l-Kuttab “that ‘Abdullah b. Arqam Ibn ‘Abdu Yaghuth, one of the scribes of the Prophet (phuh), used to run the Bayt Al-Mal to him”, meaning to ‘Uthman (ra). Al-Hakim mentioned in Al-Mustadrak from Al- Zubayr Ibn Bakkar that, “Abdullah Ibn Al-Arqam Ibn Abdu Yaghuth was in charge of Bayt Al-Mal at the time of Umar and the beginning of the authority of Uthman till he passed away; and he had some companionship (with the Messenger)”. Ibn ‘Abd Al- Barr said in Al-Isti’ab: “Zaid Ibn Thabit was in charge of the Bayt Al-Mal during the Khilafah of Uthman; Zaid used to have a slave called Wahib, Uthman saw him helping them in the Bayt Al-Mal, so he said: ‘Who is this?’ Zayd replied, ‘A slave to me.’ Uthman said, ‘I see that he helps the Muslims, and he is entitled for a right, and I allocate it to him.’ So he allocated to him two thousand. Zayd said, ‘By Allah, you cannot allocate two thousand to a slave’, so he allocated to him one thousand”. Al-Sadfi mentioned in the book about the scholars of Egypt and the companions of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) who entered it: “Abu Rafi‘ was referred after that to ‘Ali b. Abi Talib, so he put him in charge of Bayt Al-Mal in Al-Kufa”. Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr said in Al- Isti’ab: “‘Ubayd Allah b. Abu Rafi‘ was a treasurer and secretary to ‘Ali”. Al-‘Ayni mentioned in ‘Umdat Al-Qari': “‘Abd Allah b. Wahb Al-Suwa’i, ‘Ali used to honour him, love him and trust him, so he was put in charge of Bayt Al-Mal in Kufa”. ‘Ali appointed Ziyad in charge of Basra. Al-Jahshiyari said: “When he left Basra, he placed him in charge of Al-Kharaj and Diwan". The treasury (Bayt Al-Mal) can be divided into two parts: