وجهة نظري بخصوص المتشابه
My View In Regards To The Mutashaabih
قال الله سبحانه وتعالى:
Allah (swt) said:
هُوَ الَّذِي أَنزَلَ عَلَيْكَ الْكِتَابَ، [يَا مُحَمَّدُ]، مِنْهُ آيَاتٌ مُّحْكَمَاتٌ هُنَّ أُمُّ الْكِتَابِ وَأُخَرُ مُتَشَابِهَاتٌ ۖ فَأَمَّا الَّذِينَ فِي قُلُوبِهِمْ زَيْغٌ فَيَتَّبِعُونَ مَا تَشَابَهَ مِنْهُ ابْتِغَاءَ الْفِتْنَةِ وَابْتِغَاءَ تَأْوِيلِهِ ۗ وَمَا يَعْلَمُ تَأْوِيلَهُ إِلَّا اللَّهُ ۗ وَالرَّاسِخُونَ فِي الْعِلْمِ يَقُولُونَ آمَنَّا بِهِ كُلٌّ مِّنْ عِندِ رَبِّنَا ۗ وَمَا يَذَّكَّرُ إِلَّا أُولُو الْأَلْبَابِ (آل عمران: ٧)
It is He who has sent down to you, [O Muhammad], the Book; in it are verses [that are] precise (Muhkam) - they are the foundation of the Book - and others unspecific (Mutashaabih). As for those in whose hearts is deviation [from truth], they will follow that of it which is unspecific, seeking discord and seeking an interpretation [suitable to them]. And no one knows its [true] interpretation except Allah and those firm in knowledge. They say: "We believe in it. All [of it] is from our Lord." And no one will be reminded except those of understanding (Aali ‘Imraan 7).
وقد وقع اختلاف أو نزاع في تفسير المتشابه من هذه الآية، وذلك في شأن الواو في قوله تعالى:
A difference of opinion or dispute has arisen in respect to interpreting the Mutashaabih from the Tafseer of this Aayah. So sin respect to the ‘Waw’ in His Qawl:
والرَّاسِخُونَ فِي الْعِلْمِ
And those firm in knowledge
بعض العلماء رأوا أنّ هذه الواو «واو الاستئناف»، أي واو تفيد ابتداء كلامٍ جديد، فجعلوا قوله: ﴿وَالرَّاسِخُونَ فِي الْعِلْمِ﴾ جملةً مستأنفةً مكوّنةً من مبتدأ، وخبرُها هو:
Some have considered this ‘Waw’ to be a ‘Waw ul-Isti’naaf’ (of resumption i.e. beginning something new). They considered: “And those firm in knowledge” to be a starting sentence made up of a ‘Mubtada’ whilst its ‘Khabar’ (news) is:
"يَقُولُونَ آمَنَّا بِهِ…"
“They say: We have believed in it…”.
وعليه، فإنه يجب الوقوف عند ذكر لفظ الجلالة (أي اسم الله) الذي ورد في آخر العبارة.
Accordingly, it is necessary to halt at the mention of the Lafzh Al-Jalaalah (i.e. Allah’s name) that came at the end of the statement:
وَمَا يَعْلَمُ تَأْوِيلَهُ إِلَّا اللَّهُ ﴿آل عمران: ٧﴾
And none knows its [true] interpretation except Allah 9Aali ‘Imraan 7).
وبهذا وعلى وفق هذا التفسير، فإن الله سبحانه وتعالى وحده هو الذي يعلم تأويل المتشابه.
In this way and according to this Tafseer it is Allah (swt) alone who knows the Ta’weel (interpretation) of the Mutashaabih.
وذهب آخرون إلى أن الواو التي قبل «الراسخون» واوُ العطف والوصل، وعليه فإن الله هو الذي يعلم تأويل المتشابه، والراسخون في العلم أيضًا يعلمونه، بينما الجملة
Others however held the view that the ‘Waw’ that is before the ‘Raasikheen’ (those firm in knowledge) is a ‘Waw Al-‘Atf’ (a Waw of connection and linkage). As such, it is Allah who knows the Ta’weel of the Mutashaabih and the Raasikhoon (those firmly grounded) in ‘Ilm (knowledge) also know it. That is while the sentence:
"يَقُولُونَ آمَنَّا بِهِ…"
“They say: We have believed in it…”.
أن هذه الجملة في محل نصب حال متعلقة بالراسخين، أي أنها تصف حالهم وهيئتهم، وهي حال الذين هم ثابتون راسخون في العلم.
That this sentence is in the Mahal Nasb Haal relating to the Raasikheen (i.e. it is describing their state and condition, the condition of those who are grounded firmly in knowledge).
وبحسب هذا الفهم، فإن المتشابه إنما صار متشابهًا لغموض معناه على من يسمعه، وليس المتشابه ما لا يُفهم معناه. وذلك لأنه لا يوجد في القرآن شيء لا يُفهم معناه، ولأنه لو كان في القرآن ما لا يمكن فهمه لخرج بذلك عن كونه «بيانًا للناس»، وهذا مخالف لقول الله تعالى:
According to this understanding the Mutashaabih is Mutashaabih due to the ambiguity of its meaning to the one who hears it whilst the Mutashaabih is not that which its meaning is not understandable. That is because there is nothing in the Qur’aan which its meaning is not understandable and because if the Qur’aan contained something that cannot be understood then it would take it out from being a ‘Bayaanul Lin-Naas’ (explanation for mankind) which is in opposition to the Qawl of Allah Ta’Aalaa:
هَٰذَا بَيَانٌ لِّلنَّاسِ
This is a clear explanation (Bayaan) for mankind (Aali ‘Imraan 138).
وأما الحروف المقطعة في أوائل السور، مثل «آلم» و«كهيعص» وغيرهما، فلها معنى، إذ ذهب بعضهم إلى أنها تمثل أسماء السور وعلامات تُعرف بها، فيقال: «سورة آلم، آل عمران» مثلاً.
As for the Huroof (letters) at the beginning of the Suwar like ‘آلم ‘and ‘كهيعص ‘and others then they possess a meaning because some have considered them to represent the names of the Suwar and identifiers for them. So it is said: ‘Soorah Alif Laam Meem Aali ‘Imraan’ for example.
وذهب آخرون، وهو الأقرب إلى الصواب، إلى أن الله تعالى افتتح بها بعض السور لجذب انتباه العرب نحو القرآن الكريم الذي كان يتحداهم، وهم عاجزون عن الإتيان بسورة مثله، وذلك في حال كونها مؤلفة من الحروف التي تُنظَّم بها كلامهم ونثرهم (أو تتألف منها). وهذا القول أرجح، لأن أكثر السور التي بدأت بهذه الحروف يتبعها آيةٌ أو آياتٌ تتحدث عن القرآن وتلفت الانتباه إليه. قال الله تعالى في سورة البقرة:
That is whilst others, in what is closer to the correct view, have interpreted that Allah began some of the Suwar with them in order to grab the attention of the Arabs towards the Qur’aan Al-Kareem that was challenging them and which they were incapable of producing a Soorah like it. That is in the case where it is only made up of the letters through which their speech and prose are regulated and organised (or composed of). This interpretation is outweighed (or stronger) because most of the Suwar that have begun with these letters are followed by an Aayah or Aayaat that talk about the Qur’aan and draw attention to it. Allah Ta’Aalaa said in Soorah Al-Baqarah:
الم ذَٰلِكَ الْكِتَابُ لَا رَيْبَ فِيهِ هُدًى لِلْمُتَّقِينَ
Alif Laam Meem. This is the Book about which there is no doubt, a guidance for those conscious of Allah (Al-Baqarah 1-2).
وفي سورة آل عمران:
And in Soorah Aali ‘Imraan:
هُوَ الَّذِي أَنْزَلَ عَلَيْكَ الْكِتَابَ مِنْهُ آيَاتٌ مُحْكَمَاتٌ ... Note on the rules: the text contains the Qur'an verse, so it's given in the Qur'anic Arabic form without the sign inside braces. Here is the translation as requested: ﴿ هُوَ الَّذِي أَنزَلَ عَلَيْكَ الْكِتَابَ مِنْهُ آيَاتٌ مُّحْكَمَاتٌ ﴾ (آل عمران: 7) Wait, the translation itself is: هُوَ الَّذِي أَنزَلَ عَلَيْكَ الْكِتَابَ ... ﷺ Let me correct that: the requested output is only the translation of the given English text, which is: هُوَ الَّذِي أَنزَلَ عَلَيْكَ ﷺ الْكِتَابَ، فِيهِ آيَاتٌ مُّحْكَمَاتٌ (آل عمران: 7)
It is He who has sent down to you, [O Muhammad], the Book; in it are verses [that are] precise (Muhkam) (Aali ‘Imraan 7).
في سورة يس:
In Soorah Ya Seen:
في سورة ص:
In Soorah Saad:
وفي سورة ق:
And in Soorah Qaaf:
وينطبق الأمر نفسه على السور الأخرى التي تبدأ بحروف. فهي تتضمن ذكر القرآن في وسط السورة أو في آخرها، وإن لم يكن ذلك مذكورًا مباشرة بعد الحروف. فالقرآن المعجز إذن مؤلَّف من الحروف نفسها التي تُستعمل في لغتكم أيها العرب! (أفلا تتعظون وتتفكرون؟!)
The same applies to the other Suwar which begin with letters. They contain a mention of the Qur’aan in the middle or latter part of the Soorah even if it is not mentioned immediately following the letters. The Mu’jiz (inimitable/miraculous) Qur’aan is therefore made up from the same letters that are used in your language O Arabs! (So will you not take heed or reflect?!)
أما الأفعال والصفات المنسوبة إلى الله تعالى في الآيات، فإنها تُفسَّر بما يليق بجلال الله (سبحانه وتعالى). فعلى سبيل المثال، في قوله تعالى:
As for the actions and attributes attributed to Allah Ta’Aalaa within the Aayaat, then they are interpreted in accordance to that which is fitting to Allah (swt). So for example in respect to His Qawl Ta’Aalaa:
وَجَاءَ رَبُّكَ وَالْمَلَكُ صَفًّا صَفًّا
And your Lord has come and the angels, rank upon rank (Al-Fajr 22).
يُفسَّر ذلك بأنه أمرُ ربِّكم (عزَّ وجلَّ). وذلك لإزالة أيِّ تشابهٍ بين الله وخلقه، والتباعد عنه، إذ ليس كمثله شيءٌ ولا نظيرَ له تعالى.
It is interpreted to mean the ‘Amr’ command of your Rabb (lord). That is to eliminate and distance making any resemblance between Allah and His creation, as there is nothing like or comparable to Him Ta’Aalaa:
لَيْسَ كَمِثْلِهِ شَيْءٌ {الشُّورَىٰ: ١١}
There is nothing like unto Him (Ash-Shooraa 11).
بالنسبة لقوله تعالى:
In respect to His Qawl (swt):
يَدُ اللَّهِ فَوْقَ أَيْدِيهِمْ {الْفَتْحُ: ١٠}
The hand of Allah is over their hands (Al-Fat’h 10).
فيُفسَّر حينئذٍ بمعنى «القوّة» (قوةِ اللهِ)... وهكذا... وذلك لأنّ معاني هذه الألفاظ تحتمل هذه المعاني المجازية، ذلك أنّ المجاز موجودٌ في كلام العرب أكثر بكثيرٍ من الحقيقة.
Then it is interpreted with the meaning of the ‘Quwwah’ (power) of Allah... and so on… That is because the meaning of these Alfaazh (worded expressions) is open to these metaphorical (Majaaziy) meanings. That is because the Majaaz (metaphorical) is present within the speech (or language) of the Arabs much more than the Haqeeqah (literal).
أَمَّا الْقَسَمُ بِبَعْضِ الْمَخْلُوقَاتِ (الْمَخْلُوقَاتِ) كَالْقَسَمِ بِ
As for the swearing by some of the creations (Al-Makhlooqaat) like:
{وَالضُّحَىٰ وَاللَّيْلِ إِذَا سَجَىٰ} (الضحى 1-2).
By the morning brightness. And [by] the night when it covers with darkness (Ad-Duhaa 1-2).
وَالشَّمْسِ وَضُحَاهَا. وَالْقَمَرِ إِذَا تَلَاهَا
By the sun and its brightness. And by the moon when it follows it… (Ash-Shams 1-2).
وَالسَّمَاءِ ذَاتِ الْبُرُوجِ
By the sky containing great stars (Al-Burooj 1).
بناءً على ذلك، فإن هذه الأمثلة وغيرها تمثّل حثًّا وتحريضًا للعقل البشري على التأمل فيما أقسم الله تعالى به، لعظم ظهوره في حياة الإنسان، ودلالةً على قدرته وعظمته (سبحانه وتعالى)، فضلًا عن عجيب خلقه وإحكام تنظيمه. وذلك ليزداد المؤمن إيمانًا، وليلفت نظر الكافر إلى روعة خلق الله، ليحثّه على الإيمان بوجود الخالق المدبِّر (الخالق المدبّر).
In respect to this and other such examples then they represent an encouragement and urging for the human mind to examine that which Allah Ta’Aalaa has made an oath upon, due to the greatness of their manifestation within human life and as an indication of His power and capability (swt), in addition to the amazingness of His creation and its organisation. That is to increase the believer in his Imaan and to draw the disbeliever’s attention to the excellence of His creation to encourage Imaan in the existence of the Creator and Arranger/Disposer (Al-Khaaliq Al-Mudabbir).