الأحكام التي يشتمل عليها القرآن الكريم
The Ahkaam that are encompassed by the Qur’aan Al Kareem
يشتمل القرآن على أصول الدين (أي العقيدة)، وعلى جميع أنواع الأحكام، بما في ذلك ما جاء على وجه العموم والإجمال، كما يشتمل على ما جاء مفصلاً. قال الله تعالى:
The Qur’aan encompasses Usool Ud-Deen (fundamentals of the Deen i.e. Aqeedah) and all types of Ahkaam including those which came in an ‘Aamm (general) and Mujmal (requiring detail) way and it also includes that which has come in a detailed manner. Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
وَنَزَّلْنَا عَلَيْكَ الْكِتَابَ تِبْيَانًا لِّكُلِّ شَيْءٍ وَهُدًى وَرَحْمَةً وَبُشْرَىٰ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ (النحل: ٨٩)
And We have sent down to you the Book as clarification for all things and as guidance and mercy and good tidings for the Muslims (An-Nahl 89).
نظّمت هذه الأحكام وضبطت: علاقة الإنسان بربّه، وعلاقة الإنسان بنفسه، وعلاقة الإنسان بغيره.
It has organised and regulated these Ahkaam (rulings): The relationship of the human with his Rabb, the relationship of the human with himself and the relationship of the human with others.
الأحكام التي تنظم علاقة الإنسان بربه
1) The Ahkaam that regulate the relationship of the human with his Rabb:
- العقائد: قد بيّنت آياتُ القرآنِ الكريم وأوضحت ما يجبُ على المسلم أن يؤمنَ به، كالإيمان بالله، وبملائكته، وكتبه، ورسله، واليومِ الآخر، والجنةِ والنارِ، والجنِّ وغيرِ ذلك من الأمور... قال الله تعالى:
- Al-Aqaa’id (beliefs): The Aayaat of the Qur’aan Al-Kareem have explained and made clear that which is obligatory for the Muslim to believe in like the Imaan in Allah, His Malaa’ikah (Angels), His Kutub (Books), His Rusul (Messengers), the Last Day, Jannah (paradise) and Naar (hellfire), Jinn and other matters... Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا آمِنُوا بِاللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ وَالْكِتَابِ الَّذِي نَزَّلَ عَلَىٰ رَسُولِهِ وَالْكِتَابِ الَّذِي أَنزَلَ مِن قَبْلُ ۚ وَمَن يَكْفُرْ بِاللَّهِ وَمَلَائِكَتِهِ وَكُتُبِهِ وَرُسُلِهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ فَقَدْ ضَلَّ ضَلَالًا بَعِيدًا
O you who have believed, believe in Allah and His Messenger and the Book that He sent down upon His Messenger and the Scripture which He sent down before. And whoever disbelieves in Allah, His angels, His books, His messengers, and the Last Day has certainly gone far astray (An-Nisaa 136).
- العبادات: كالصلاة والزكاة والصيام والحج والجهاد، التي وردت بصورة عامة ومجملة، ثم بيّنها رسول الله ﷺ وفصّلها، فقال: «خذوا عني مناسككم» (أخرجه أحمد)، وقال: «صلّوا كما رأيتموني أصلي» (أخرجه أحمد والبخاري).
- Al-Ibaadaat (Acts of worship): Like the Salaah, Zakaah, Siyaam, Hajj and Al-Jihaad which came in an ‘Aamm (general) and Mujmal manner and were then explained (and detailed) by the Messenger of Allah (saw) who said: “Take your rituals (Manaasik of Hajj) from me” (Ahmad) and said: “Pray as you have seen me pray” (Ahmad and Al-Bukhaari).
٢) الأحكام التي تنظّم علاقة الإنسان بنفسه:
2) Ahkaam that have organised the relationship of the human or person with himself:
المطعومات والملبوسات: قال الله تعالى:
- Al-Mat’oomaat (foodstuffs) and Malboosaat (clothing/dress): Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ كُلُوا مِمَّا فِي الْأَرْضِ حَلَالًا طَيِّبًا (البقرة: ١٦٨).
O mankind, eat from that which is upon the earth (that is) lawful and good (Al Baqarah 168).
من هذه الأشياء استُثني بعض الأمور وجُعلت حرامًا، كما هو مذكور في الآية التالية:
From these things some matters have been exempted and have been made Haraam like that which is mentioned in the following Aayah:
حُرِّمَتْ عَلَيْكُمُ الْمَيْتَةُ وَالدَّمُ وَلَحْمُ الْخِنزِيرِ وَمَا أُهِلَّ لِغَيْرِ اللَّهِ بِهِ... (المائدة: ٣)
Prohibited to you are dead animals, blood, the flesh of swine, and that which has been dedicated to other than Allah... (Al-Maa’idah 3).
من هاتين الآيتين وغيرهما استُنبط الأصل التالي:
From the two Aayaat and others the following principle was deduced:
الأصل في الأشياء الإباحة ما لم يرد دليل يحرمها
‘The Asl (origin) in respect to things is Al-Ibaahah (permissibility) as long as no Daleel has been mentioned to prohibit it’.
- الأخلاق: لقد حثّ القرآن الكريم على التحلّي بالأخلاق الفاضلة كالصدق والتواضع والخشوع في العبادة والصبر، ونهى عن الصفات الذميمة كالكذب والغش والكبر والعُجب، وربط عاقبة الاتصاف بهذه الصفات بالعقاب في الآخرة.
- Al-Akhlaaq (morals): The Qur’aan has urged the possession of the virtuous morals like truthfulness, humbleness, Khushoo’ (focus in worship) and Sabr (patience) and it has prohibited bad characteristics like lying, cheating, pride and arrogance whilst making the consequence of having these traits being linked to punishment in the hereafter:
ويلٌ يومئذٍ للمكذبين (المرسلات: ١٩)
Woe, that Day to the deniers (Al-Mursalaat 19).
3) الأحكام التي تنظّم العلاقة بين الإنسان وغيره وترتّبها
3) Al-Ahkaam that organise and regulate the relationship of the human with others:
نظام الحكم
- The Ruling System:
نَظَّمَ القرآنُ العلاقةَ بين الحاكم والمحكوم، ووضع مبادئَ يجب مراعاتُها بالأدلة العامة، وأهمُّها:
The Qur’aan regulated the relationship between the ruler and the ruled and placed down principles that must be observed by general Adillah. The most important of which are:
أ) الحُكْم بما أنزل الله تعالى. قال الله تعالى:
a) Al-Hukm (ruling) by what Allah Ta’Aalaa has revealed. Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
وَأَنِ احْكُم بَيْنَهُم بِمَا أَنزَلَ اللَّهُ وَلَا تَتَّبِعْ أَهْوَاءَهُمْ (المائدة: ٤٩)
And rule between them by what Allah has revealed and do not follow their desires (Al-Maa’idah 49).
ب) العدل في فصل الخلافات والنزاعات بين الناس. قال الله تعالى:
b) Al-‘Adl (justice) in resolving disagreements and disputes between the people. Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
وَإِذَا حَكَمْتُم بَيْنَ النَّاسِ أَن تَحْكُمُوا بِالْعَدْلِ
And when (if) you judge (rule) amongst the people you must judge with justice (An-Nisaa’ 58).
ج) الطاعة لأولي الأمر ما داموا ملتزمين بالحكم بما أنزل الله تعالى. قال الله تعالى:
c) Obedience to those entrusted with authority (Uoli-l-Amr) as long as they adhere to the Hukm (ruling) by what Allah Ta’Aalaa has revealed. Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَطِيعُوا اللَّهَ وَأَطِيعُوا الرَّسُولَ ﷺ وَأُولِي الْأَمْرِ مِنْكُمْ ۖ فَإِنْ تَنَازَعْتُمْ فِي شَيْءٍ فَرُدُّوهُ إِلَى اللَّهِ وَالرَّسُولِ ﷺ ۚ
O you who have believed, obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you. And if you disagree over anything, refer it back to Allah and the Messenger (An-Nisaa’ 59).
د) الشورى (المشاورة): قال الله تعالى:
d) Ash-Shouraa (consultation): Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
وَشَاوِرْهُمْ فِي الْأَمْرِ (آل عمران: ۱۵۹)
And consult them in the matter/affair (Aali ‘Imraan 159).
وَقَالَ تَعَالَى:
And He Ta’Aalaa said:
وَأَمْرُهُمْ شُورَىٰ بَيْنَهُمْ (الشورى: ٣٨).
And whose affair is Shooraa (consultation) between them (Ash-Shouraa 38).
هـ) التَّعَاوُن: قال الله تعالى: {وَتَعَاوَنُوا عَلَى الْبِرِّ وَالتَّقْوَىٰ ۖ وَلَا تَعَاوَنُوا عَلَى الْإِثْمِ وَالْعُدْوَانِ ۚ وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ ۖ إِنَّ اللَّهَ شَدِيدُ الْعِقَابِ}
e) At-Ta’aawun (cooperation): Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
وَتَعَاوَنُوا عَلَى الْبِرِّ وَالتَّقْوَىٰ ۖ وَلَا تَعَاوَنُوا عَلَى الْإِثْمِ وَالْعُدْوَانِ ۚ (المائدة: 2)
And cooperate in righteousness and piety, but do not cooperate in sin and aggression (Al-Maa’idah 2).
النظام الاقتصادي:
- The Economic System:
يتعلق هذا بتنظيم الملكية وأحكامها، وأسبابها، وكيفية التصرف فيها والتعامل معها. وقد بيّن أن المال في الأصل مملوك لله تعالى.
This relates to the organisation and regulation of ownership, its causes and how to act or dispose in regards to it. It has explained that the property in origin belongs to Allah:
وَآتُوهُم مِّن مَّالِ اللَّهِ الَّذِي آتَاكُم (النور: ٣٣)
And give them from the wealth of Allah which He has given you (An-Noor 33).
وَقَدِ اسْتَخْلَفَ اللهُ تَعَالَى الإِنْسَانَ عَلَى هَذَا المَالِ. قَالَ اللهُ تَعَالَى:
And Allah Ta’Aalaa has entrusted the human with this property (Maal). Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
وَأَنْفِقُوا مِمَّا جَعَلَكُمْ مُسْتَخْلَفِينَ فِيهِ
And spend of that whereof He has made you trustees (Al-Hadeed 7).
وَقَدْ وَضَعَ قَاعِدَةً عَامَّةً فِي الإِنْفَاقِ، وَهِيَ قَوْلُ اللهِ تَعَالَى:
And it placed down a general principle (Qaa’idah ‘Aammah) for the spending and this is the Qawl of Allah Ta’Aalaa:
وَٱبْتَغِ فِيمَآ ءَاتَىٰكَ ٱللَّهُ ٱلدَّارَ ٱلْءَاخِرَةَ ۖ وَلَا تَنسَ نَصِيبَكَ مِنَ ٱلدُّنْيَا
But seek, through that which Allah has given you, the home of the Hereafter; and [yet], do not forget your share of the world (Al-Qasas 77).
النظام الاجتماعي:
- The Social System:
«نظامُ الأسرة» وهو النظامُ الذي يعالجُ العلاقةَ بين الرجلِ والمرأةِ وما يترتّبُ على هذه العلاقةِ من أحكامٍ كالزواجِ، والطلاقِ، والعِدّةِ، والنفقةِ. وقد أقامَ العلاقةَ بين الزوجِ والزوجةِ على المودّةِ والرحمةِ. قال اللهُ تعالى:
‘The Family System’ and this is the system that treats the relationship between the man and the woman and what arises from this relationship like Zawaaj (marriage), Talaaq (divorce), ‘Iddah (waiting period) and Nafaqah (spending). And it established the relationship between the husband and wife upon Mawaddah (affection) and Rahmah (mercy). Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
وَمِنْ آيَاتِهِ أَنْ خَلَقَ لَكُمْ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ أَزْوَاجًا لِتَسْكُنُوا إِلَيْهَا وَجَعَلَ بَيْنَكُمْ مَوَدَّةً وَرَحْمَةً
And He placed between you (male and female) affection and mercy (Ar-Room 21).
نظام العقوبات:
- Punishment System:
هذه هي الحدود المقررة للقتل، والحدود المقررة للسرقة، والحدود المقررة للزنا، والحدود المقررة لقطع الطريق (الحرابة)، وهي عقوبات تؤدي وظيفة الردع، وبها يُحفظ ويُصان النفس والعقل والنسل (النسب) والمال. فعلى سبيل المثال، قد بُيّن أن في القصاص حياةً، كما قال الله تعالى:
This is like the Hadd (set prescribed punishment) for Al-Qatl (murder), the Hadd for Saraqah (thievery), the Hadd for Az-Zinaa (fornication and adultery) and the Hadd for Al-Huraabah (highway robbery). They are punishments which act as a deterrence in which the preservation and safeguarding of the lives, minds, offspring (lineage) and wealth (properties) is observed. For example, it has been explained that there is life (Hayaat) in Al-Qisaas (law of retribution) as Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
وَلَكُمْ فِي الْقِصَاصِ حَيَاةٌ (البقرۃ ۱۷۹).
And there is for you in legal retribution [saving of] life (Al-Baqarah 179).
- علاقة المسلمين بغيرهم:
- The relationship of Muslims with others:
أُمر المسلمون بالوفاء بعهدهم مع غيرهم: أمر القرآن المسلمين بالوفاء بعهدهم مع غيرهم، بما في ذلك الدول والشعوب والأمم. قال الله تعالى:
The Muslims have been directed to fulfil their covenant with others: The Qur’aan directed the Muslims to fulfil their covenant with others including the States, peoples and nations. Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
وَأَوْفُوا بِعَهْدِ اللَّهِ إِذَا عَاهَدْتُمْ
And fulfil the covenant of Allah when you have convened it (An-Nahl 91).
وأمرنا بالإحسان إلى الأسير والتلطف به، كما قال الله تعالى:
And it instructed us to act kindly and generously with the captive as Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
وَيُطْعِمُونَ الطَّعَامَ عَلَىٰ حُبِّهِ مِسْكِينًا وَيَتِيمًا وَأَسِيرًا
And they give food in spite of love for it to the needy, the orphan, and the captive (Al-Insaan 8).
وقد أرشد القرآن إلى معاملة العدو بالمثل، فقال الله تعالى:
And the Qur’aan directed treating the enemy in a like for like manner. Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
فَمَنِ اعْتَدَىٰ عَلَيْكُمْ فَاعْتَدُوا عَلَيْهِ بِمِثْلِ مَا اعْتَدَىٰ عَلَيْكُمْ (البقرة: ١٩٤)
So whoever has assaulted you, then assault him in the same way that he has assaulted you (Al-Baqarah 194).