ثالثًا: المُفسَّر
Thirdly: Al-mufassar
تعريفه:
Its definition:
المُفسَّر هو اللفظ الذي يدل على معناه المراد من السياق دلالةً واضحة، أو هو ما ازداد وضوحًا ببيان دليلٍ آخر. وهو لا يحتمل التأويل، لكنه يحتمل النسخ في زمن الرسول ﷺ. وقد يكون هذا الزيادة في الوضوح من ذات الصيغة، وقد يكون من دليلٍ آخر.
The Mufassar is the Lafzh (worded expression) that indicates its intended meaning from the Siyaaq (context or framing) with clarity or it is that which is increased in clarity by the explanation of another Daleel. It is not open to Ta’weel (interpretation) but is open to An-Naskh (abrogation) in the time of the Messenger (saw). The increase in clarity can originate from the same Seeghah (form) and it can also come from another Daleel (evidence).
مثال للنوع الأول:
A- Example of the first type:
قال الله تعالى:
Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
{وَالَّذِينَ يَرْمُونَ الْمُحْصَنَاتِ ثُمَّ لَمْ يَأْتُوا بِأَرْبَعَةِ شُهَدَاءَ فَاجْلِدُوهُمْ ثَمَانِينَ جَلْدَةً وَلَا تَقْبَلُوا لَهُمْ شَهَادَةً أَبَدًا} (النور: 4)
And those who accuse chaste women and then do not produce four witnesses - lash them with eighty lashes and do not accept from them testimony ever after (An-Noor 4).
تدلّ الآيةُ بدلالةٍ قطعيّةٍ لا تحتمل التأويلَ على أنّ جلدَ القاذفِ ثمانون جلدةً، وهو عددٌ محدّدٌ معيّنٌ لا يقبل الاجتهادَ في الزيادةِ عليه أو النقصانِ منه. وإنّ رفعَ احتمالِ التأويلِ والانفتاحِ عنه هو ما يزيدُ هذا البيانَ وضوحًا.
The Aayah indicates with a Qat’iy (definite) Dalaalah (indication) that is not open to Ta’weel (interpretation) that the lashing of the Qaadhif (thrower of accusations) is 80 lashes. It is a defined and set number that is not open to interpretation in respect to increasing or decreasing it. It us this lifting (or removal) of the openness or the possibility for interpretation which adds to the clarity.
هٰذِهِ الْقُوَّةُ فِي الْوُضُوحِ قَدْ جَاءَتْ بِالنَّتِيجَةِ مِنْ نَفْسِ الصِّيغَةِ.
This strength in respect to clarity has consequently come from the same Seeghah (form).
مثال النوع الثاني:
B – Example of the second type:
ما يزداد وضوحًا بتفسير دليل آخر
That which is increased in clarity through the explanation of another Daleel.
قال الله تعالى:
Allah (swt) said:
وَلِلَّهِ عَلَى النَّاسِ حِجُّ الْبَيْتِ مَنِ اسْتَطَاعَ إِلَيْهِ سَبِيلًا (آل عمران: ٩٧).
And [due] to Allah from the people is a pilgrimage to the House - for whoever is able to find thereto a way (Aali ‘Imraan 97).
وفي ضوء ذلك وما شابهه، فإن النبي ﷺ فصّل وبيّن معاني الصلاة والزكاة والحج، وأوضح ما المقصود منها بأقواله وأفعاله ﷺ. فصارت هذه الألفاظ من قبيل المفسَّر الذي لا يقبل التأويل. وبناءً على ذلك، فإن كل ما ورد في القرآن الكريم من الألفاظ المجملة، ثم جاءت السنة فبيّنته وفسّرته، فإنه يُعدّ من المفسَّر.
In respect to this and what is similar, the Nabi (saw) detailed and explained the meanings of the Salaah, the Zakaah and the Hajj, and he made clear what is intended from them through his statements (Aqwaal) and actions (Af’aal). These Alfaazh (wordings) then became from the (category of the) Mufassar which are not open to Ta’weel (interpretation). Consequently, in regards to everything that has come in the Qur’an Al-Kareem in terms of the Mujmal (undetailed) Alfaazh, and then the Sunnah came and explained it (i.e. provided its Tafseer), is considered to be from the ‘Mufassar’.
حُكْمُ الْمُفَسَّر:
The Hukm of the Mufassar:
يجب العمل بالنص المفسَّر قطعًا فيما يدل عليه من حكمٍ بدلالةٍ واضحة.
1 – It is obligatory to work (act) in accordance to the Mufassar definitely (Qat’an) in regards to what it guides to in terms of a Hukm by a clear Dalaalah.
2 – لَيْسَ مَفْتُوحًا لِلتَّأْوِيلِ.
2 – It is not open to At-Ta’weel (interpretation).
٣ – لا مجال للاجتهاد فيه إذا كان التفسير شاملاً.
3 – There is no room for Ijtihaad in it when the explanation (Tafseer) is comprehensive.
٤ – يَجُوزُ النَّسْخُ في عَهْدِ الرِّسَالَةِ.
4 – It is open to An-Naskh (abrogation) in the era of the Risaalah (message i.e. revelation).
٥ – يُقدَّم على النص والظاهر لأنه غير قابل للتأويل، بينما الاثنان الآخران قابلان لاحتمال التأويل.
5 – It is put ahead of the Nass and the Zhaahir because it is not open to interpretation whilst the other two are open to its possibility.