ثانياً: سورة الناس
Secondly: An-nass
تعريفه:
Its definition:
النَّصُّ هو اللفظ الذي يدلّ على المعنى المقصود أصالةً منه من خلال سياقه، مع احتمال التأويل. (ملاحظة المؤلف: تُطلق كلمة «النص» في اللغة على كل آية وحديث بمعنى «النص» (أي نص الحديث أو نصوص القرآن)، أما في معناها الاصطلاحي فالنص هو ما دلّ عليه التعريف السابق.)
The Nass is the Lafzh (worded expression) that guides to its originally meant or intended meaning from its context with the Ihtimaal (openness to and possibility for) Ta’weel (interpretation). (Author’s note: The word ‘Nass’ is applied linguistically to every Aayah and Hadeeth with the meaning of ‘Text’ (i.e. Nass Al-Hadeeth or the Nusoos Al-Qur’aan (texts of the Qur’aan)) however in its Istilaahi meaning An-Nass means what the above definition has indicated to).
النَّصُّ هو ما كان أكثرَ وضوحًا من الظاهر. وهذه الزيادةُ في الوضوح لا تأتي من الصيغة نفسها، لأن الظاهرَ والنصَّ متساويان أو في درجةٍ واحدة من حيث الوضوح. وإنما تأتي من أن المعنى في "النص" مقصودٌ أصالةً وابتداءً، بينما يُفهم معنى "الظاهر" وفقًا لما هو غيرُ المقصودِ أصالةً (ضمنَ سياقِ استعمالِه).
The Nass is that which has increased clarity over the Zhaahir. The increase in clarity did not come from the form (Seeghah) itself because both the Zhaahir and the Nass are equal or on the same level in respect to the clarity. Rather it comes from the meaning in the ‘Nass’ being intended in origin and initially whilst the meaning of the ‘Zhaahir’ is understood in according to other than what is intended originally (within the context of its usage).
قال الله (سبحانه وتعالى):
Example: Allah (swt) said:
وَأَحَلَّ اللَّهُ الْبَيْعَ وَحَرَّمَ الرِّبَا {البقرة: ٢٧٥}
And Allah has permitted trade and has forbidden interest (Al-Baqarah 275).
هنا تكون الدلالة على الحلال والحرام ظاهرة في الآية، لكن الآية نصّ من حيث التفريق بينهما، لأن التفريق بينهما هو المعنى الأصلي المقصود من نزول الآية، والذي دلّت عليه الآية من قبل.
Here the Dalaalah (indication) upon the Halaal and Haraam is Zhaahir in the Aayah however the Aayah is ‘Nass’ in respect to differentiating between them because the differentiation between them is the intended original meaning from the revelation of the Aayah which the Aayah was already indicated to:
ذَٰلِكَ بِأَنَّهُمْ قَالُوا: ﴿إِنَّمَا الْبَيْعُ مِثْلُ الرِّبَا﴾. وَقَدْ أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ الْبَيْعَ وَحَرَّمَ الرِّبَا (البقرة: ٢٧٥).
That is because they say: "Trade is [just] like interest". (But) Allah has permitted trade and has forbidden interest (Al-Baqarah 275).
الدليل الذي يدل على ما أراده الشارع من الآية هو سياق الآية، أو يكون من سبب نزولها، كما في قوله تعالى:
The guide (Daleel), indicating to what the Shaari’ (Legislator) intended from the Aayah, is the Siyaaq (context) of the Aayah or it comes from the Sabab (reason) of its Nuzool (revelation/descent) like in respect to the following Aayah:
فَانكِحُوا مَا طَابَ لَكُم مِّنَ النِّسَاءِ مَثْنَىٰ وَثُلَاثَ وَرُبَاعَ ۖ فَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ أَلَّا تَعْدِلُوا فَوَاحِدَةً
Then marry those that please you of [other] women, two or three or four. But if you fear that you will not be just, then [marry only] one (An-Nisaa’ 3).
حُكْمُ النَّصِّ
The Hukm of An-Nass:
يجب العمل به وفقًا لما قصده الشارع أصلًا، لأن معناه هو المراد من قبل الشارع.
1 – It must be worked in accordance to because its meaning is what has been originally intended by the Shaari’.
هُوَ يَحتَمِلُ التَّأوِيلَ، لٰكِنَّ هٰذَا الاحتِمَالَ لِلتَّأوِيلِ أَبعَدُ مِنَ الظَّاهِرِ.
2 – It is open to Ta’weel however this Ihtimaal (openness or possibility) for Ta’weel (interpretation) is less likely than compared to the Zhaahir.
3 – إذا وقع تعارض بين الحكم الظاهر والحكم النصّي في مسألة معيّنة، يُؤخذ بحكم النصّ.
3 – If there is a conflict between the Hukm Azh-Zhaahir and the Hukm An-Nass in a particular Mas’alah (issue) the Hukm of the Nass is taken.
Example:
Example:
قَالَ اللهُ تَعَالَى:
Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
وَأُحِلَّ لَكُم مَّا وَرَاءَ ذَٰلِكُمْ ۚ Note: the Qur'an verse text is inside { } in the rules, so it should be wrapped accordingly. Here is the translation with the verse wrapped as specified: {وَأُحِلَّ لَكُم مَّا وَرَاءَ ذَٰلِكُمْ}
And lawful (Halaal) for you are all that is beyond (or other than) that (An-Nisaa’ 24).
وهذه الآية في ظاهرها ترشد إلى إباحة الزواج بغير المحرّمات عليه في الآية السابقة، ولم تحدّد ولم تضع حدًّا لعدد الزوجات، فيكون جائزًا، وفق ظاهر الآية، الزواج دون تقييد بعدد معيّن. أما قوله تعالى:
This Aayah in its Zhaahir (apparent meaning) guides to the Ibaahah (permissibility) of marrying other than those who have been declared to be Haraam for him in the preceding Aayah. It did not specify or put a limit to the number of wives and as such it is permissible, in accordance to the Zhaahir of the Aayah to marry without a limitation to a specific number. However, His Qawl (swt):
فَانكِحُوا مَا طَابَ لَكُم مِّنَ النِّسَاءِ مَثْنَىٰ وَثُلَاثَ وَرُبَاعَ ۖ فَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ أَلَّا تَعْدِلُوا فَوَاحِدَةً
Then marry those that please you of [other] women, two or three or four. But if you fear that you will not be just, then [marry only] one (An-Nisaa’ 3).
من جهة النص، فإنه يحدد عدد الزوجات، بينما يخالف ظاهر النص.
From the angle of the ‘Nass’ specifies the number of wives whilst it goes against the Zhaahir of the text:
وَأُحِلَّ لَكُم مَّا وَرَاءَ ذَٰلِكُمْ ۚ Note: the Qur'an verse text is inside { } in the rules, so it should be wrapped accordingly. Here is the translation with the verse wrapped as specified: {وَأُحِلَّ لَكُم مَّا وَرَاءَ ذَٰلِكُمْ}
And lawful (Halaal) for you are all that is beyond (or other than) that (An-Nisaa’ 24).
وبناءً على ذلك، يُؤخذ بالنص ويُترك الظاهر، أي يُؤخذ بالتخصيص، لأن النص أقوى من الظاهر.
Consequently, the Nass is taken and the Zhaahir is left i.e. the specification is taken because the Nass is stronger than the Zhaahir.
الفرق بين الظاهر والنص
The similarity and difference between the Zhaahir and the Nass:
١ – لِكُلٍّ مِنْهَا دَلَالَاتٌ وَاضِحَةٌ
1 – Each of them has clear Dalaalaat (textual implications/indications).
2 – كل واحد منهما قابل للتأويل.
2 – Each of them is open to Ta’weel (interpretation).
3 – يجب العمل بالحكم الذي يقدّمه كلٌّ من الدليلين، ما دام لا يتعارض معه ما هو أقوى منه.
3 – It is obligatory to work in accordance to the Hukm that is provided by both of them as long as nothing stronger than it is conflicting to it.
4 – كلٌّ منهما قابلٌ للنسخ في زمن الرسالة (أي قبل وفاة الرسول ﷺ وانقطاع الوحي).
4 – Each of them is open to An-Naskh (abrogation) during the time of the message (i.e. before the passing of the Messenger (saw) and end of the Wahi).
5 – أما الفرق بين الاثنين: فإن المعنى الذي يدل عليه النص هو ما قصده الشارع أصالةً من سياق الكلام ومساقه، أما المعنى المأخوذ من الظاهر فليس هو ما قصده الشارع أصالةً، بل قصده الشارع تبعًا وعلى وفق المعنى الأصلي.
5 – As for the difference between the two: The meaning provided by the Nass has been intended by the Shaari’ in origin from the context or framing (Siyaaq) of the speech. The meaning taken from the Zhaahir is not what the Shaari’ intended in origin but rather the Shaari’ intended it in accordance to or in following to the original meaning.
ذهب كثير من علماء الأصول من المالكية والشافعية والحنفية إلى أنه لا فرق بين الظاهر والنص، بينما فرّق آخرون بينهما على النحو الذي بيّناه آنفاً.
Many of the scholars of Usool from the Maalikiyah, the Shaafi’iyah and the Hanafiyah have considered there to be no difference between the Zhaahir and the Nass whilst others distinguished between them in the manner that we have explained above.