Al-Istishaab Dan Undang-Undang Buatan Manusia
Al-istishaab And The Man-made Laws
Al-Istishaab diberi pertimbangan (atau bobot) dalam undang-undang ciptaan manusia, dan ini jelas kelihatan dalam perkara-perkara berikut:
Al-Istishaab is given consideration (or weight) within the man-made laws and this is apparent in the following matters:
1 – Istishaab digunakan dalam kanun jenayah dan ia berfungsi sebagai asal (prinsip asas) di dalamnya, kerana perkara-perkara tersebut kekal di atas hukum ibaahah (keharusan) selagi tidak dikemukakan nas yang menetapkan atau membuktikan hukuman. Begitu juga, tertuduh dianggap tidak bersalah sehinggalah dikemukakan bukti untuk membuktikan tuduhan (atau kesalahan) itu atau sehinggalah dikeluarkan nas bagi hukuman tersebut. Perkara-perkara ini berasaskan Istishaab, dan inilah Istishaab Al-Baraa’ah Al-Asliyah (kekalan asal bebas daripada tanggungan).
1 – Al-Istishaab is taken in respect to the penal code and it acts as an Asl (origin) within it because the matters remain upon Ibaahah (permissibility) as long as a text is not brought establishing or proving the punishment. Also, the accused is innocent until an evidence is brought to prove the accusation (or guilt) or until a text is issued for the punishment. These matters are based upon Al-Istishaab and this is Istishaab Al-Baraa’ah Al-Asliyah (The continuance of the original non-liability).
2 – Banyak hukum dalam undang-undang ciptaan manusia dibina di atas Asal (sumber atau dasar) keharusan. Contohnya, persoalan sah atau tidaknya kontrak antara dua pihak yang berkontrak didasarkan pada asas keharusan asal dalam hal kontrak. Oleh itu, asal hukum di kalangan penggubal undang-undang ciptaan manusia berkaitan kontrak ialah keharusan, dan ia dipegang sehingga wujud suatu nas yang menghalang atau mengharamkannya.
2 – Many of the rulings of the man-made law are built upon the Asl (origin or basis) of permissibility so for instance the issue of the legality of the contract between two contracting parties is based upon the basis of the original permissibility in respect to contracts. Therefore, the origin amongst the man-made law makers in respect to contracts is permissibility and is committed to until a text is established that prevents of forbids that.
3 – Perkara 180 daripada kanun berkaitan susunan mahkamah di Mesir adalah berasaskan Al-Istishaab dan ia menyatakan: "Keterangan tentang Dain (hutang) sudah memadai walaupun kekal (berterusan)nya belum diisytiharkan berkenaan orang yang berhutang, dan begitu juga berkenaan keterangan tentang 'Ain (benda nyata)".
3 – Article 180 from the code related to the arrangement of tribunals in Egypt was based upon the basis of Al-Istishaab and it states: “The testimony of the Dain (debt) is sufficient and even if its remaining (continuance) has not been declared in respect to the one owed, and similarly in respect to the testimony of the ‘Ain (eye)”.
Dan perkara 181 menyatakan: "Kesaksian dengan Wasiyah (wasiat/testamen) atau Al-Iesaa'u (pemberian/disposisi) sudah mencukupi walaupun keteguhan pihak yang memberikan Wasiyah tidak diumumkan sehingga waktu kematian".
And article 181 states: “The testimony by Wasiyah (will/testament) or Al-Iesaa’u (disposition) is sufficient even if the insistence of the one granting the Wasiyah had not been declared until the time of the death”.
4 – Kaedah-kaedah (prinsip) berikut telah didasarkan kepada Al-Istishaab:
4 – The following Qawaa’id (principles) have been based upon Al-Istishaab:
Asal sesuatu kekal atas keadaan asalnya sehingga perubahannya telah dibuktikan (atau dibuktikan).
- The origin remains upon what it was upon until its change has been established (or proven).
Asal hukum bagi segala sesuatu ialah ibahah (keharusan), dan menurut pandangan mereka, kaedah ini meliputi kedua-dua benda dan perbuatan.
- The origin in respect to things is Ibaahah (permissibility) and this comprises in their view both the things and the actions.
- Apa yang telah ditetapkan atau dibuktikan dengan Yaqeen (keyakinan) tidak dibatalkan (atau dihapuskan) oleh Shakk (keraguan).
- That which is established or proven by Yaqeen (certainty) is not removed (or cancelled) by Shakk (doubt).
Kedudukan asal (Asl) bagi seseorang ialah Bara'ah (bebas daripada tanggungan atau tidak bersalah).
- The original position (Asl) in respect to the person is Baraa’ah (non-liability or innocence).