Peringkat-peringkat yang dilalui manusia berkenaan dengan al-ahliyah
The Stages That The Human Passes Through In Respect To Al-ahliyah
1 - Peringkat janin: Ahliyah yang tidak sempurna ditetapkan bagi janin di dalam rahim ibunya, maka hak-hak tertentu ditetapkan baginya yang tidak memerlukan penerimaan (Qabool) untuk ditegaskan. Ini termasuk Meeraath (pusaka) dan Wasiyah (wasiat). Adapun Huqooq (hak-hak) yang memerlukan Qabool (penerimaan), seperti menerima hadiah, maka ini tidak ditetapkan bagi janin. Ahliyah Adaa' (keupayaan untuk melaksanakan tanggungjawab) juga tidak ditetapkan atau ditegaskan bagi janin.
1 - The Foetal stage: An incomplete Ahliyah is established for the foetus within the womb of the mother and so rights are established for it that do not require an acceptance (Qabool) for it to be affirmed. This includes the Meeraath (inheritance) and Wasiyah (will). As for the Huqooq (rights) requiring Qabool (an acceptance) like the receiving of gifts, then this is not established for the foetus. The Ahliyah of Adaa’ performance is also not established or affirmed for the foetus.
2 – Peringkat kanak-kanak (As-Sabiy):
2 – The stage of childhood (As-Sabiy):
Ini adalah dari kelahiran sehingga usia Tamyeez (kebolehan membezakan), iaitu tujuh tahun.
This is from the birth until the age of Tamyeez (discernment) which is seven years of age.
Wujoob Kaamilah (kewajipan sempurna) ditetapkan ke atas kanak-kanak (Sabiy), maka sah baginya untuk memperoleh hak dan memikul kewajipan-kewajipan yang dibolehkan bagi Waliy (penjaga) untuk melaksanakannya bagi pihaknya. Ini termasuk Zakaah, Sadaqat ul-Fitr dan jaminan berkenaan apa yang dirosakkan daripada harta milik orang lain.
The Wujoob Kaamilah (complete obligation) is affirmed from the child (Sabiy) and so it is valid for him to attain rights and to carry obligations that are permitted for the Waliy (guardian) to perform on his behalf. This includes the Zakaah, Sadaqat ul-Fitr and the guarantee in respect to what is damaged from the properties of others.
2 – Peringkat kanak-kanak (As-Sabiy):
2 – The stage of childhood (As-Sabiy):
Ini adalah dari kelahiran sehingga usia Tamyeez (kebolehan membezakan), iaitu tujuh tahun.
This is from the birth until the age of Tamyeez (discernment) which is seven years of age.
Wujoob Kaamilah (kewajipan sempurna) ditetapkan ke atas kanak-kanak (Sabiy), maka sah baginya untuk memperoleh hak dan memikul kewajipan-kewajipan yang dibolehkan bagi Waliy (penjaga) untuk melaksanakannya bagi pihaknya. Ini termasuk Zakaah, Sadaqat ul-Fitr dan jaminan berkenaan apa yang dirosakkan daripada harta milik orang lain.
The Wujoob Kaamilah (complete obligation) is affirmed from the child (Sabiy) and so it is valid for him to attain rights and to carry obligations that are permitted for the Waliy (guardian) to perform on his behalf. This includes the Zakaah, Sadaqat ul-Fitr and the guarantee in respect to what is damaged from the properties of others.
Adapun Ahliyah al-Ada' (keupayaan untuk melaksanakan), maka ia tidak wujud pada dirinya kerana ketidakupayaannya dan kekurangan dalam 'Aql-nya dari segi memahami al-Khitaab (seruan syarak).
As for the Ahliyah of Al-Adaa; (performance) then this does not exist in his right due to his inability and the shortcoming in respect to his ‘Aql in relation to understanding the Khitaab (address).
3 – Peringkat Tamyeez (kebolehbezaan):
3 – The stage of Tamyeez (discernment):
Ini bermula pada usia tujuh tahun dan berakhir pada usia baligh (akil baligh).
This begins at the age of seven and ends at the age of coming to maturity (puberty).
Pada peringkat ini, Ahliyyah al-Wujoob (kelayakan untuk diwajibkan) ditetapkan baginya sebagaimana telah ditegaskan pada peringkat sebelumnya.
In this stage the Ahliyah of Al-Wujoob (obligation) is established for him as it was affirmed in the previous stage.
Adapun Ahliyah al-Adaa’ (kecekapan untuk melaksanakan), maka ia ditetapkan baginya secara tidak sempurna (naaqisah) kerana kekurangannya dalam memenuhi syarat-syarat At-Takleef (tanggungjawab hukum). Oleh itu, dia tidak dituntut untuk melakukan apa-apa kecuali dalam bentuk pengajaran, bimbingan dan pembentukan akhlak. Ini seperti memerintahkan kanak-kanak untuk mendirikan solat dan membiasakannya dengan puasa. Sebahagian tindakannya boleh diterima, seperti penerimaan hadiah (Al-Hadiyah dan Al-Hibbah) dan sedekah. Selain daripada itu, ia bergantung kepada keizinan Waliy (wali). Jika wali mengizinkannya, maka ia sah, manakala tanpa keizinannya ia tidak sah. Semua ini berlaku selagi dia tidak dipertanggungjawabkan dan dihisab atas perbuatannya, berdasarkan sabda Rasulullah ﷺ dalam hadith yang disebut dalam bab syarat-syarat At-Takleef.
As for the Ahliyah of performance (Al-Adaa’) then it is established for him in an incomplete (Naaqisah) manner due to his deficiency in respect to fulfilling the conditions of At-Takleef (legal responsibility). Consequently, he is not requested to undertake anything except in a way of teaching, instruction and behavioural refinement. This is like commanding the child to perform the Salaah and getting him used to the fasting. Some of his conducts can be accepted like his acceptance of gifts (Al-Hadiyah and Al-Hibbah) and Sadaqah. In other than this it rests upon the permission of the Waliy (guardian). If the Wali permits it then it is valid whilst it is invalid without him allowing it. All of this is whilst he is not taken to task and held to account for his actions which is due to the Qawl of the Messenger of Allah (saw) in the Hadeeth mentioned in the subject area of the conditions of At-Takleef:
Pena telah diangkat daripada tiga golongan: orang yang tidur sehingga dia terjaga, kanak-kanak sehingga dia mencapai umur baligh, dan orang yang hilang akal sehingga dia kembali waras dan mampu berfikir secara rasional (Abu Daawood).
The pen has been lifted from three: The sleeping person until he awakens, the boy until he reaches the age of puberty and the one who has lost his mind until he can rationally reason/understand again (Abu Daawood).
4 – Peringkat Buloogh (baligh) dan 'Aaqil (berakal sempurna):
4 – The stage of Buloogh (maturity) and ‘Aaqil (of sound mind):
Pada peringkat ini, Ahliyah Al-Wujoob Al-Kaamilah dan Ahliyah Al-Adaa’ Al-Kaamilah (keupayaan sempurna untuk menanggung kewajipan dan keupayaan sempurna untuk melaksanakan tindakan) telah ditetapkan dan disahkan baginya. Oleh itu, jika dia melakukan Zina, hukuman Hadd (hukuman yang telah ditetapkan) dikenakan ke atasnya, dan jika dia mencuri, tangannya akan dipotong. Begitu juga, ‘Uqood (akad-akad) dan urusan Shar’iyah daripadanya adalah sah, dan kesannya terhasil daripadanya.
In this stage the Ahliyah Al-Wujoob Al-Kaamilah and the Ahliyah Al-Adaa’ Al-Kaamilah (complete competency of obligation and complete competence of performance) is established and affirmed in respect to him. Consequently, if he was to commit Zinaa he would have the Hadd (set punishment) applied upon him and if he stole, his hand would be severed. Similarly, the ‘Uqood (contracts) and Shar’iyah transactions would be valid from him and their effects would result from them.
Titik baligh (mencapai usia dewasa) berlaku melalui kemunculan salah satu tanda-tanda baligh. Tanda-tanda itu seperti ihtilam (keluarnya mani semasa tidur), haid, atau tumbuhnya rambut kemaluan. Majoriti Fuqaha' berpendapat bahawa usia ini ialah lima belas tahun. Berkaitan perkara ini, perbezaan persekitaran serta susunan atau keadaan fizikal khusus setiap individu memberi kesan terhadapnya.
The point of Buloogh (reaching of the age of maturity) would occur through the appearance of one of the signs of maturity. That is like the Ihtilaam (emission of Maniy/seminal discharge), menstruation or the appearance of pubic hair. The majority of the Fuqahaa; have considered this age to be fifteen years of age. In respect to this, differences in the environment and the specific individual configuration or makeup of the person will have an impact upon it.