Al Qiyaas ke atas Al Hikmah: Perbezaan antara ‘Illah dan Hikmah
Al Qiyaas upon Al Hikmah: The difference between the ‘Illah and the Hikmah
'Illah ialah Baa'ith (sebab atau motif) bagi penetapan hukum, dan ia diambil daripada teks (An-Nass). Namun begitu, terdapat teks-teks yang seolah-olah mengandungi makna penaakulan menurut alat-alat penaakulan yang digunakan atau menurut susunan ayat. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat pula Qaraa'in (petunjuk atau konotasi) lain, sama ada wujud dalam teks atau tidak, yang menafikan makna penaakulan tersebut sambil menetapkan makna lain yang mewakili Ghaayah (matlamat) Pembuat Hukum (Ash-Shaari') yang disasarkan melalui penetapan hukum itu.
The ‘Illah is the Baa’ith (reason or motive) for the legislation and it is taken from the text (An-Nass). There are however texts which appear to contain the meaning of reasoning according to the tools of reasoning utilised or in accordance to the composition of the sentence. Despite that there are other Qaraa’in (indicators or connotations), whether they are found within the text or not, which negate the meaning of reasoning whilst establishing another meaning which represents the Ghaayah (aim) of the legislator that is being targeted through the legislation.
Matlamat (Ghaayah) atau hasil (Nateejah) yang menjelaskan apa yang dikehendaki oleh Shaari' (Pembuat Syariat) daripada Hukm ini diberi nama istilah 'Al-Hikmah' (hikmah), dan ia bukan 'Illah kerana ia bukan sebab bagi penetapan hukum tersebut.
This aim (Ghaayah) or result (Nateejah) that explains what has been intended from the Hukm by the Shaari’ (legislator) has been provided with the terminological naming of ‘Al-Hikmah’ (the wisdom) and it is not an ‘Illah because it is not the reason for the legislation.
Contoh-contoh teks ini yang mengandungi 'Hikmah' termasuk:
Examples of these texts that include this ‘Hikmah’ include:
Firman-Nya Ta'ala:
His Qawl Ta’Aalaa:
Dan Kami tidak mengutus engkau (Muhammad ﷺ) melainkan sebagai rahmat bagi sekalian alam.
And We have not sent you except as a Rahmah (mercy) for all of that exists (mankind) (Al-Anbiyaa’ 107).
Rahmah (rahmat) merupakan penerangan bagi Syariah dari segi kesan hasil daripada pelaksanaannya, manakala ia tidak merupakan 'Illah bagi penggubalannya. Ini kerana bentuk lafaznya (Seeghah) tidak menunjukkan At-Ta'leel (penaakulan sebab). Oleh itu, aspek penaakulan itu ditiadakan, dan Hikmah penggubalan Syariah itu ialah Rahmah (rahmat).
Rahmah (mercy) represents a description for the Sharee’ah in terms of the result of its application or implementation whilst it does not represent an ‘Illah for its legislation. That is because its Seeghah (form) does not indicate At-Ta’leel (reasoning). Consequently, the aspect of reasoning is negated and the Hikmah of the legislation of the Sharee’ah is Rahmah (mercy).
Allah Ta'ala berfirman:
Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Supaya mereka dapat menyaksikan manfaat-manfaat bagi diri mereka (Al-Hajj 28).
That they may witness benefits for themselves (Al-Hajj 28).
Dan firman-Nya Ta'ala:
And His Qawl Ta’Aalaa:
Sesungguhnya solat itu mencegah daripada perbuatan keji dan mungkar (Al-'Ankabut 45).
Verily, the prayer prevents immorality and evildoing (Al-‘Ankaboot 45).
Menyaksikan manfaat-manfaat dalam haji adalah suatu hikmah, bukan 'illah. Maka haji orang yang melaksanakannya tetap sah jika ia menyaksikan manfaat-manfaat, misalnya dari jual beli, dan hajinya juga sah jika ia tidak melakukan sebarang jual beli. Hal itu kerana menyaksikan manfaat-manfaat atau mengamalkannya bukanlah 'illah bagi haji. Oleh itu, menyaksikan manfaat-manfaat adalah hikmah haji, yang mungkin dapat dirasai oleh orang yang menunaikan haji, sebagaimana ia mungkin juga tidak dirasai olehnya.
Witnessing of benefits in Hajj is a Hikmah and not an ‘Illah and so the Hajj of the one who performs it is valid if he witnesses benefits i.e. from buying and selling and his Hajj is also valid if he does not undertake any buying and selling. That is because the witnessing of the benefits or practising them is not an ‘Illah for Hajj. The witnessing of benefits is consequently a Hikmah of Hajj which could be realised by the one performing Hajj just as they may not be realised by him.
Demikian juga, hikmah solat ialah ia menghalang orang yang melakukannya daripada terlibat dengan perkara-perkara yang diharamkan (Muharramaat), kerana solat menguatkan hubungan antara hamba ('Abd) dengan Tuhannya (Rabb), dan hubungan ini menjadikannya lebih takut untuk melakukan perbuatan yang haram. Namun, sebahagian daripada mereka yang menunaikan solat tetap melakukan sebahagian perbuatan yang diharamkan, sedangkan mereka tidak diminta atau diwajibkan untuk mengulangi solat mereka, dan solat mereka dianggap sah walaupun ia tidak menghalang mereka daripada melakukan perbuatan keji (Al-Fahshaa') dan perbuatan mungkar (Al-Munkar, Muharramaat).
Similarly, the Hikmah of the prayer is that it prevents the one who performs it from engaging in the Muharramaat (prohibited matters and acts) because the Salaah strengthens the relationship between the ‘Abd (servant) and His Rabb (Lord) and this connection makes him more fearful of committing the Haraam acts. However, some of those who perform the prayer commit some of the prohibited acts whilst it has not been demanded or required from them to repeat their prayer and their prayer is regarded as valid even if it has not prevented him from performing immoral acts (Al-Fahshaa’) and AlMunkar (Muharramaat).
Oleh yang demikian, hikmah solat ini boleh direalisasikan dan dicapai, sebagaimana ia juga mungkin tidak direalisasikan walaupun dalam kebanyakan keadaan ia akan tercapai, kerana ia merupakan hikmah daripada Allah. Walau bagaimanapun, ia bukan merupakan 'illah solat kerana ia bukan sebab disyariatkannya solat. Sebaliknya, ia merupakan matlamat (atau hasil yang dikehendaki) bagi disyariatkannya solat, dan tiada qiyas dibuat ke atas matlamat ini (al-Ghaayah).
Consequently, this Hikmah of the Salaah could be realised and attained just as it may not be realised even if in most cases it will be accomplished because it represents the Hikmah from Allah. Despite that it does not represent the ‘Illah of the Salaah as it is not the reason for the legislation of the Salaah. Rather it represents the aim (or intended result) of the legislation of the Salaah and no Qiyaas is undertaken upon this aim (Al-Ghaayah).
Dan keluarga Firaun memungutnya [dari sungai] supaya ia menjadi musuh dan kedukacitaan bagi mereka.
And the family of Pharaoh picked him up [out of the river] so that he would become to them an enemy and a [cause of] grief (Al-Qasas 8).
Di sini, keluarga Fir'aun tidak mengambil Musa (as) dan menjaganya dengan tujuan supaya dia menjadi musuh bagi mereka dan sumber kedukaan bagi mereka. Sebaliknya, itu hanyalah akibat dari apa yang dikehendaki Allah Ta'ala, dan akibat ini menunjukkan hikmah Allah di sebalik keluarga Fir'aun memungut Musa (as) dari sungai. Oleh itu, ia bukan 'illah, dan qiyas (analogi) tidak dibuat ke atasnya.
Here, the family of Fir’aun did not take in Mousaa (as) and care for him for the sake of him becoming an enemy to them and a source of grief for them. Rather it only the result of what Allah Ta’Aalaa had intended and this result represents the Hikmah of Allah from the family of Fir’aun picking up Mousaa (as) from the river. It is therefore not an ‘Illah and Qiyaas (analogy) is not made upon it.
Hikmah, sebagaimana 'Illah, mestilah mempunyai nas syar'iy yang menunjukkannya, namun ia berbeza daripada 'Illah kerana qiyas tidak dibina ke atasnya sebagaimana ke atas 'Illah.
The Hikmah like the ‘Illah must have a Shar’iy text to indicate it however it differs from the ‘Illah as Qiyaas is not made upon it like the ‘Illah.
Ia mewakili apa yang dikehendaki Allah Ta’ala dan Hikmah-Nya di sebalik Hukum atau Syariah. Oleh itu, tiada yang mengetahuinya selain Allah, dan tidak mungkin bagi kita untuk mengetahui Hikmah Allah kecuali jika Dia Ta’ala telah menjadikan kita sedar mengenainya melalui suatu nas dengan cara Wahyu. Ia seperti Akhbaar (pemberitahuan), nasihat-nasihat dan Irsyaad (panduan), dan akibatnya, tidak seperti ‘Illah, ia tidak terlibat dalam atau menjadi sebahagian daripada proses Istinbaat (penyimpulan) Ahkaam Asy-Syar’iyah. Antara perbezaan di antara ‘Illah dan Hikmah ialah ‘Illah adalah Wasf Zhaahir Mundabit Mahdood dan Mufhim (sifat yang nyata, konsisten, terhad/ditakrifkan dan terbuka kepada kefahaman akal). Asy-Syaari’ (Pembuat Syariat) membawanya dalam suatu nas untuk menjelaskan perkara yang berada di sebalik (motif) Hukum Asy-Syar’iy (iaitu sebab pensyariatannya). Manakala Hikmah pula ialah Wasf Munaasib Lil-Hukm (sifat yang sesuai bagi Hukum) yang direalisasikan atau dicapai dalam kebanyakan keadaan hasil daripada pelaksanaan hukum tersebut. Ia tidak Mundabit atau Mahdood (konsisten dan terhad/ditakrifkan) seperti manfaat yang melekat pada orang yang menunaikan Haji, yang direalisasikan hasil daripada pelaksanaannya, sedangkan ia juga mungkin tidak direalisasikan.
It represents what Allah Ta’Aalaa intended and His Hikmah (wisdom) behind the Hukm (ruling) or the Sharee’ah. Therefore, none but Allah knows it and it is not possible for us to become knowledgeable of the Hikmah of Allah unless He Ta’Aalaa has made us aware of it through a text by way of the Wahi (divinely inspired revelation). It is like the Akhbaar (informing), the exhortations and Irshaad (guidance) and consequently, unlike the ‘Illah, it is not involved in or part of the Istinbaat (deduction process) of the Ahkaam Ash-Shar’iyah From amongst the differences between the ‘Illah and the Hikmah is that the ‘Illah is a Wasf Zhaahir Mundabit Mahdood and Mufhim (A description that is apparent, consistent, limited/definied and open to the understanding of reasoning). The Shaari’ (legislator) brought it in a text to explain the matter that was behind (motive) of the Hukm Ash-Shar’iy (i.e. the reason for its legislation). This is whilst the Hikmah is a Wasf Munaasib Lil-Hukm (a description that is fitting for the Hukm) that is realised or attained in most circumstances as a result of fulfilling the ruling. It is not Mundabit or Mahdood (consistent and limited/defined) like the benefiting attached to the one who performs Hajj which is realised as a result of his performance of it whilst it is also possible for it to not be realised.