ماده ۴۰
Article 40
مسائلی که وضعیت خلیفه را تغییر میدهند و در نتیجه او را از خلافت برکنار میکنند، سهتا هستند:
The issues which alter the state of the Khalifah and ,therefore, remove him from the Khilafah are three:
الف. اگر یکی از شرایط انعقاد امامت (رهبری دولت) از میان برود، مانند اینکه مرتد شود، یا گناه آشکار مرتکب شود، یا دیوانه گردد، یا چیزی مشابه اینها. زیرا اینها از شرایط انعقاد، و شرایط ادامهی امامت هستند.
a. If one of the contracting conditionsof the leadership of the State becomes deficient, such as if he apostatises, or commits flagrant sin, or becomes mad, or anything similar. This is because these are from the conditions of contracting, and the conditions of continuation.
ب. ناتوانی از انجام وظایف خلافت، به هر دلیلی که باشد.
b. The incapability to execute the duties of the Khilafah, for any reason whatsoever.
ج. اکراه و زور بر او که او را ناتوان سازد از اینکه بهطور مستقل و بر اساس اجتهاد خود، در راستای مصالح مسلمانان و مطابق با شریعت عمل کند. بنابراین اگر نیرویی قاهر بتواند او را چنان مغلوب کند که دیگر نتواند امور رعیت را تنها بر اساس اجتهاد خود و مطابق با احکام شریعت اداره کند، از نظر شرعی ناتوان از انجام وظایف دولت شمرده میشود و در این صورت از خلافت برکنار خواهد شد. این وضعیت میتواند در دو حالت رخ دهد:
c. Coercion over him which makes him unable to independently act in the interests of the Muslims according to his opinion in agreement with the Shari’ah. So if an overpowering force could subdue him to the point that he became unable to govern the affairs of the subjects by his opinion alone according to the Shari’ah rules, he is considered legally incapable of executing the duties of the State, in which case he would be removed from the Khilafah. This could occur in two situations:
وضعیت اول: اینکه فرد یا گروهی از افراد مشاورانش بر او تسلط یابند تا جایی که شروع به کنترل کامل امور اداره کنند. اگر گمان میرفت که او میتواند از نفوذ آنان رهایی یابد، برای مدت مشخصی به او تذکر داده میشود، و اگر نفوذ آنان را از بین نمیبرد، آنگاه برکنار میشود. و اگر گمان نمیرفت که او بتواند رهایی یابد، فوراً برکنار میشود.
The first situation: For an individual or group of individuals from his advisors to hold sway over him to the point they began to take full control of running the affairs. If it was believed that he could be liberated from their influence, he is admonished for a specific time, and if he does not remove their influence, then he is removed. And if it was not believed that he could be liberated, he is removed immediately.
دومین وضعیت: اینکه او به اسارت دشمنی قاهر درآید، خواه به معنای واقعی و خواه به سبب تسلیم شدن او در برابر نفوذ دشمن. این وضعیت ارزیابی میشود: اگر امید به رهایی او میرفت، تأخیر داده میشود تا زمانی که دیگر چنین امیدی باقی نماند؛ و اگر امیدی به رهایی او نبود، آنگاه بیدرنگ برکنار میشود.
The second situation: For him to become a prisoner in the hands of an overpowering enemy, either literally or by his submission to the influence of the enemy. This situation is evaluated – if it was hoped he could be liberated, then there is a delay until no such hope remains, and if there were no hope in his liberation, then he is removed; if there was no hope in his liberation, then he is removed immediately.
دلیل بر این امر، متونی است که درباره شرایط خلیفه روایت شده است؛ زیرا این متون نشان میدهند که این شرایط، شرایط ادامهدار هستند و نه صرفاً شرایط احراز این مقام. آنگاه که پیامبر ﷺ فرمود.
The proof for this is the texts that have been related in regards to the conditions of the Khalifah, since these texts indicate that these conditions are conditions for continuation and not simply conditions for taking the position alone. When the Messenger (pbuh) said.
. » لَنْ ي فُْلِحَ قَ وْمٌ وَلَّوْا أَمْرَهُمُ امْرَأَة «.
. » لَنْ ي فُْلِحَ قَ وْمٌ وَلَّوْا أَمْرَهُمُ امْرَأَة «.
«ﻻ يُفْلِحُ قَوْمٌ وَلَّوْا أَمْرَهُمُ امْرَأَةً» (رواه البخاری عن أبی بكرة)، وكلامه يشمل الحكم، فما دام الشخص حاكماً فلا يجوز أن يكون امرأة؛ فلو أن رجلاً كان حاكماً ثم صار امرأة لأي سبب كان، لكان قد فقد هذا الشرط، ويجب عزله فوراً. وكذلك حين قال الله سبحانه: «يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَطِيعُوا اللَّهَ وَأَطِيعُوا الرَّسُولَ وَأُولِي الْأَمْرِ مِنْكُمْ» (سورة النساء: 59)، فإن قوله تعالى «مِنْكُمْ» إلى جانب «أُولِي الْأَمْرِ» يدل بوضوح على أن صاحب السلطان يجب أن يكون من أهل الإسلام ما دام صاحب سلطان. فلو صار صاحب السلطان غير منا، أي صار كافراً، لفقد هذه الصفة التي اشترطها القرآن في صاحب السلطان، أي فقد شرط كونه مسلماً، وعندها يُعزل من هذا المنصب، إذ لا يصح أن يكون صاحب سلطان وهو ليس منا، أي ليس مسلماً. وينطبق الأمر نفسه على جميع النصوص التي وردت في شروط الخليفة؛ فهي نصوص عامة تشمل الصفات الدائمة اللازمة للموصوف، مما يدل على أنها شروط للاستمرار لا مجرد شروط لتولي المنصب. وبناءً على ذلك فإن شروط انعقاد الخلافة هي كذلك شروط لعزله، لأن وجودها شرط لانعقاد الخلافة، وشرط لاستمرارها بعموم النص، وفقدانها يعني فقدان استمرارها، فيحرم على الشخص البقاء في منصبه. وهذا هو الدليل على الفقرة «أ» من المادة.
“Never will succeed such a nation that makes a woman their leader” (reported by Al-Bukhari from Abu Bakrah), his words included the ruling, so as long as the person is a leader, he could not be a woman; so if a man who was a ruler became a woman, due to any reason, then he would have lost this condition and it would be obligatory to remove him immediately. In the same manner, when Allah (swt) said. “O you who have believed, obey Allah and obey the Messenger (pbuh) and those in authority among you.” (TMQ 4:59), His (swt) words “Among you” next to “those in authority” clearly means that the person of authority must be an adherent of Islam as long as he is a person of authority. So if the person of authority became someone not from amongst us, in other words, became a disbeliever, then this characteristic which the Quran stipulated for the person of authority would be lost - the loss of the condition of being Muslim - at which point he becomes removed from this position of authority since it is not correct for him to be a person of authority while he is not from amongst us, in other words, not a Muslim. And the same applies to all the texts which have been related in regards to the conditions of the Khalifah; they are comprehensive texts which encompass the perpetual characteristics that are necessary for the one described, which indicates that they are conditions of continuation and not simply conditions for taking the position alone. Based upon that, the conditions for the contracting of the Khilafah are also the conditions for removing him, since their presence is a condition for the contracting of the Khilafah, and a condition for its continuation due to the generality of the text, and their loss means the loss of its continuation, and so it is prohibited for the person to remain in their position. This is the proof for paragraph “a” of the article.
دلیل بند «ب» این است که عقد خلافت بر انجام وظایف آن قرار دارد؛ پس اگر خلیفه از انجام آنچه بر عهدهاش گذاشته شده ناتوان شود، برکنار کردنش واجب میگردد، زیرا او در حقیقت مانند کسی شده که وجود ندارد. افزون بر این، با ناتوانی او از انجام کارهایی که بهعنوان خلیفه به وی سپرده شده، امور دین و مصالح مسلمانان معطل میماند، و این شری است که باید از میان برود، و جز با برکناری او و جایگزین کردن دیگری، برطرف نمیشود. برکناری او در این حالت واجب خواهد بود. باید دانست که این حکم به یک علت مشخص وابسته نیست؛ بلکه هر آنچه او را دچار ناتوانی در انجام کارهایش کند، برکناری او را ضروری میسازد. اگر چیزی او را ناتوان نکند، برکنار نمیشود. به همین سبب نمیتوان گفت که از دست دادن اعضای بدن او برکناری را واجب میکند یا نه؛ و همچنین نمیتوان گفت که اگر به بیماری خاصی دچار شود، برکناریاش واجب است یا نه. زیرا در این باره هیچ نصی وجود ندارد؛ بلکه حکم شرع این است که کسی که از انجام کارهایی که بر عهدهاش گذاشته شده ناتوان باشد، برکنار شدنش واجب است، هر چه باشد سبب این ناتوانی. این حکم مختص خلیفه نیست، بلکه عام است و بر هر کسی که مسئولیت کاری به او سپرده شده صدق میکند، چه بهعنوان حاکم منصوب شده باشد، مانند والی، و چه بهعنوان کارمند، مانند مدیر یک اداره؛ ناتوانی او برکناریاش را واجب میگرداند.
As for paragraph “b”, its evidence is that the contract of the Khilafah is over the execution of its duties; so if he becomes incapable to execute what he was contracted upon, it becomes obligatory to remove him since he has become like one who in reality is not there. Additionally, due to his inability to execute the actions which are commissioned to him as Khalifah, the issues of the Deen and the interests of the Muslims would be suspended, and this is an evil that must be removed, and it cannot be removed except by his removal so as to be replaced by someone else. His removal in this situation would become mandatory. It should be known that this is not linked to a specific reason; rather anything which afflicted him leading to his incapacity in executing his actions necessitates his removal. If it does not make him incapable, then he is not removed, and for this reason it cannot be said that losing limbs from his body necessitates removal or not, in the same way, it cannot be said that if he is afflicted by a specific illness, it necessitates his removal or not. This is since there is no text regarding this at all; rather the Shari’ah rule is that the one incapable of executing the actions which they have been commissioned for necessitates his removal, whatever the reason for this incapacity. This is not specific for the Khalifah, rather it is general and applies to everyone who is commissioned to an action, irrespective of whether he was appointed as a ruler such as a governor or as an employee such as a department manager; his incapacity necessitates his removal.
دلیلِ بندِ «ج» همان دلیلِ بندِ «ب» است. زیرا ناتوانی از انجامِ کارهایی که بر عهدهٔ او بهعنوان خلیفه گذاشته شده، دو نوع است: ناتوانیِ حسی و ناتوانیِ شرعی. ناتوانیِ حسی آن است که او از نظر جسمی ناتوان باشد، یعنی توانِ جسمانیِ انجامِ کارها را از دست داده باشد، و این همان چیزی است که در بندِ «ب» بحث شد. ناتوانیِ شرعی آن است که او از نظر جسمی توانِ انجامِ کارها را داشته باشد، اما نتواند آزادانه برای انجامِ آنها اقدام کند. در این صورت، حکمِ ناتوانیِ حسی بر او جاری میشود، زیرا او نمیتواند کارهایی را که خودش بهعنوان خلیفه بر عهده گرفته اجرا کند، چون در امور آزادانه و بهاختیار خود عمل کردن برایش ممکن نیست؛ پس او همچون کسی میشود که غایب است. از همین رو، برکنار کردنِ او ضروری است. این وضعیت دو حالت دارد: نخست، زندانی شدن، و دوم، مغلوب و تحت سلطهٔ دیگری قرار گرفتن.
The proof for paragraph “c” is the same as the proof for paragraph “b”. That is because the incapacity to execute the actions that have been commissioned to him as the Khalifah is of two types: literal incapacity and legal incapacity. Literal incapacity is when he is physically incapable, in other words, the loss of the physical capability to execute the actions, and this is what was discussed in paragraph “b”. Legal incapacity is when he is physically able to execute the actions, but he is incapable of freely acting to undertake the actions, and so the rule of literal incapacity would apply to him, since he is unable to undertake the execution of the actions which have been commissioned to him by himself, due to his incapability of freely acting in the affairs by himself, and so he becomes like the one who is absent; for this reason, it is necessary to remove him. This has two situations: the first is being confined, and the second is being overpowered.
أما حالة الحجر، فهي أن يتولى أحد من أعوانه السيطرة عليه، ويستولي استيلاءً تامًا على تنفيذ الأمور، مانعًا إياه من التصرف فيها، فيكون المسيطر هو من يتولى منصب الخلافة فعليًا، وبذلك يُعدّ الخليفة في هذه الحالة بمنزلة المحجور عليه الممنوع من التصرف بحرية. ولما كان عقد الخلافة إنما يتعلق بشخص الخليفة، وكان الواجب أن يباشر الخليفة الخلافة بنفسه، فإن هذا الحجر عليه أو استيلاء أعوانه استيلاءً تامًا يعني أنه فقد القدرة على تنفيذ ما أُنيط به من تصرفات، فيصير بمنزلة الغائب الذي يجب عزله. غير أن هذه الحالة تُقدَّر بقدرها: فإن كان هناك رجاء في إزالة نفوذ من استولى على الخليفة وفكّ حجره، فيؤجَّل عزله؛ وأما إن لم يُفكّ الحجر، فإنه يُعزل.
As for the situation of confinement, it is when someone from his assistants takes control over him, and takes full control of implementing the issues while preventing him from dealing with them, and the one in control is the one who deals with the position of the Khilafah, and so the Khalifah in this situation is considered to be like the one who is confined and is prevented from freely speaking. Since the contract of the Khilafah only proceeds upon the person of the Khalifah, and ,therefore, it is obligatory to attend to the Khilafah himself, this confinement over him or the full control of his assistants means that he has lost the ability to execute the actions that have been commissioned to him; accordingly, he has become like the one who is absent and must be removed. However, this situation will be evaluated; if there was some hope that the influence of the one who took control over the Khalifah could be removed and that his confinement could be broken, then his removal is delayed; if the confinement is not broken, then he is removed.
اما حالتِ مغلوب ہونے کی، مثلاً جب وہ دشمنِ غالب کے ہاتھ میں قیدی بن جائے اور خود کو ان سے چھڑانے پر قادر نہ ہو، تو مسلمانوں کے امور کی دیکھ بھال سے عاجز ہونے کی وجہ سے اس پر دی گئی خلافت کا عقد ختم ہو جاتا ہے۔ یہ حکم اس صورت میں بھی ہے چاہے دشمن کافروں میں سے ہو یا باغی مسلمانوں میں سے۔ ایسی حالت میں تمام امت پر واجب ہے کہ اسے یا تو لڑ کر یا فدیہ ادا کر کے چھڑائیں، اور اگر اس کے چھوٹنے کی کوئی امید نہ ہو تو، اگر وہ کافروں کے ہاتھ قیدی ہو تو اسے فوراً معزول کر دیا جائے گا۔ لیکن اگر وہ باغیوں کے ہاتھ قیدی ہو تو حالات کا جائزہ لیا جائے گا؛ اگر ان کے پاس کوئی امام ہو اور وہ خلیفہ کو چھڑانے کی امید کھو بیٹھیں تو اسی وقت اسے معزول کر دیا جائے گا، اور اگر ان کے پاس کوئی امام نہ ہو تو اسے قید کی حالت میں شمار کیا جائے گا، یعنی کچھ مدت انتظار کیا جائے گا، اور اگر اس کی قید ختم نہ ہوئی تو اسے معزول کر دیا جائے گا۔
As for the situation of being overpowered, such as when he becomes a prisoner in the hand of the overpowering enemy and is unable to liberate himself from them, then he is prevented from the contract of the leadership given to him due to his incapability of looking into the affairs of the Muslims. This is the case whether the enemy was from amongst the disbelievers or rebellious Muslims. In this situation, it is obligatory upon all the Ummah to save him either through fighting or paying a ransom, and if there was no hope of this happening, then if he was a prisoner in the hands of the disbelievers, he would be removed immediately. If, however, he was a prisoner of the rebels, the situation would be evaluated; if they had an Imam, and they lost hope in recovering the Khalifah, then he would be removed at the time, and if they did not have an Imam, then he would be considered as the one who is in the situation of confinement, in other words, they would delay for a period, and if his imprisonment was not ended, he would be removed.
اینها دلایلِ هر سه پاراگراف هستند و در مجموع، دلایلِ شرایطِ خلافتاند. پس به همین ترتیب، توانایی انجامِ آنچه بر عهدهاش گذاشته شده، یکی از شرایط است. بنابراین، ناتوانی او در انجامِ آنچه مأمور به آن شده، مستلزمِ از دست رفتنِ این شرط است. با این حال باید توجه داشت که از دست رفتنِ برخی از این شرایط، او را از خلافت خارج میکند؛ به عبارت دیگر، قرارداد را فوراً باطل میسازد، و از دست رفتنِ برخی دیگر، او را از خلافت خارج نمیکند، اما خلع او را واجب میگرداند. سه وضعیتِ ارتداد از اسلام، جنون مطبق، و اسیر شدنِ جسمی به دستِ کافران بدون امید به رهاییاش، او را از خلافت خارج میکنند و او بیدرنگ خود را معزول ساخته است، حتی اگر حکمِ عزلش صادر نشده باشد. بنابراین، اطاعتِ از او واجب نیست، دستوراتش اجرا نمیشود و قراردادِ خلافت با او باطل است.
These are the proofs for the three paragraphs and in totality, they are the proofs for the conditions of the Khilafah. So, in the same manner, the ability to carry out what has been commissioned to him is a condition. Thus, his incapacity to carry out what he has been commissioned to do entails the loss of this condition. However, it should be noticed that the loss of some of these conditions remove him from the Khilafah, in other words, annul the contract instantly, and the loss of some of them does not remove him from the Khilafah but would mandate his removal. The three situations of apostasy from Islam, being completely mad and becoming a physical prisoner in the hands of the disbelievers with no hope of releasing him, remove him from the Khilafah and he has deposed himself immediately even if his removal was not ruled upon. Therefore, it would mean that it is not obligatory to obey him, and his orders are not implemented and the contract of the Khilafah with him is annulled.
اما اگر عدالتش بهواسطهٔ آشکار شدن گناه آشکار خدشهدار شود، یا جنسیتش را به زن تغییر دهد یا به کسی که جنسیتش روشن نیست تبدیل شود، یا دچار جنون موقتی شود، یا واقعاً از انجام خلافت ناتوان گردد، یا از سوی فرد یا گروهی از مشاورانش که اداره امور را کاملاً در دست گرفتهاند محصور شود، یا زندانی فیزیکی گردد به امید اینکه بتواند آزاد شود، یا تحت نفوذ کافرانی قرار گیرد که بر او مسلطاند؛ در این هفت حالت، برکنار کردنش واجب است، اما او جز با حکم قاضی برکنار نمیشود. در همهٔ این هفت حالت، تا زمانی که دستور برکناری او صادر نشده، اطاعت از او و اجرای فرمانش واجب است؛ زیرا هیچیک از این وضعیتها بهخودیخود موجب باطل شدن عقد خلافت نمیشود، بلکه منوط به حکم قاضی است. تفاوت میان شرایطی که با از دست رفتنشان برکنار میشود و شرایطی که با از دست رفتنشان برکنار نمیشود، اما سزاوار برکناری میگردد، این است که آن شرایطی که از دست رفتنشان عقد را از ابتدا و در ذات خود باطل میکند، یعنی به خود عقد برمیگردند یا از ارکان آناند، در این صورت عقد باطل است، زیرا اگر این شرایط هنگام انعقاد خلافت وجود نداشته باشند، عقد باطل بوده و منعقد نمیشود، و اگر در دوران خلافت پدید آیند، عقد باطل شده و از اعتبار میافتد. این امر در شرایطی چون اسلام، عقل سالم و توانایی شخصی بر انجام کارها رخ میدهد. اما شرایطی که از دست رفتن آنها عقد را باطل نمیکند، بلکه اصل آن مشروع باقی میماند، اما از جهت اوصاف آن را باطل میسازد، زیرا به خود عقد باز نمیگردد و نه به یکی از ارکان آن، بلکه به وصفی که به آن متصل است بازمیگردد. در این حالت عقد باطل نیست، بلکه ناقص است. پس اگر همه این شرایط به هنگام انعقاد خلافت وجود نداشته باشد، خلافت منعقد میشود اما ناقص خواهد بود و فسخ آن به حکم قاضی وابسته است. به همین ترتیب، اگر این شرایط در دوران خلافت پدید آیند، عقد ناقص میشود، اما خود به خود باطل نمیگردد، بلکه فسخ آن به حکم قاضی وابسته است. نمونههای این امر مانند شرط مرد بودن، عدالت و آنچه شبیه آن است. از این توضیح، تفاوت میان تغییر شرطی از شرایط خلیفه که او را از خلافت برکنار میکند، و تغییر شرطی که او را از خلافت برکنار نمیکند، بلکه سزاوار برکناری میسازد، روشن میگردد.
As for if his just character is damaged by the appearance of clear sin, or changing his sex to female or someone whose gender is not clear, or if he became afflicted by temporary madness, or he became literally incapable of carrying out the Khilafah, or he is confined through being influenced by an individual or group from his advisors who take full control of executing the affairs, or he becomes a physical prisoner with the hope of being able to be liberated, or he falls under the influence of the disbelievers who control him; in these seven circumstances, it is obligatory for him to be removed, however, he is not removed except by a judge’s verdict. In all of these seven circumstances, it is obligatory to obey him and execute his orders until the order to remove him is issued; this is because none of these situations results in the automatic annulment of the contract of the Khilafah but rather relies upon the verdict of a judge. The difference between the conditions which if lost result in his removal from the Khilafah and those conditions whose loss does not remove him from the Khilafah but rather mean that he is deserving of being removed, is that those conditions whose loss makes the contract invalid from its origin and quality, in that they return to the contract or are one of its pillars, then the contract would be invalid in this case since if they were not present at the time of the contracting of the Khilafah, then the contract would be invalid and would not have been concluded. If they appear during the period of the Khilafah, the contract would be invalid, and would be void as well. This would occur with conditions such as the condition of Islam, sanity and the capability to carry out the actions individually. As for the conditions whose loss does not make the contract invalid, but rather its basis remains legitimate, but it makes it invalid from its properties, since it does not return to the contract itself, nor to one of its pillars, but rather to a property attached to it. In this case, the contract is not invalid but rather is imperfect. So if all these conditions were not present at the time of contracting the Khilafah, the Khilafah is contracted but it would be imperfect and its annulment would rely upon the verdict of a judge. In the same manner, if they appear during the period of the Khilafah, then the contract would become imperfect, but it would not void itself. Rather, its annulment would rely upon the verdict of a judge. Examples of this would be like the condition of being male, just and whatever is similar. It is from this explanation, that the difference between the changing of the condition of the Khalifah which removes him from the Khilafah, and the changing of condition which does not remove him from the Khilafah but rather makes him deserving of being removed has been arrived at.