الأنعام (تداخل الأحكام والمفاهيم) 136 - 153
Al-An`ām ( Intertwining Laws And Concepts ) 136 - 153
ومِنَ الْحَرْثِ وَالْأَنْعَامِ نَصِيبًا، فَقَالُوا هَٰذَا لِلَّهِ بِزَعْمِهِمْ، وَهَٰذَا لِشُرَكَائِنَا، فَمَا كَانَ لِشُرَكَائِهِمْ فَلَا يَصِلُ إِلَى اللَّهِ، وَمَا كَانَ لِلَّهِ فَهُوَ يَصِلُ إِلَىٰ شُرَكَائِهِمْ. سَاءَ مَا يَحْكُمُونَ. (١٣٦)
Out of the produce and the cattle He has created, they assign a portion to God, saying: “This is for God” — or so they pretend — “and this is for the partners we associate [with Him] “. Whatever they assign to their partners never reaches God, but that which is assigned to God does reach their partners. How ill they judge! (136)
وَكَذَٰلِكَ زَيَّنَ لِكَثِيرٍ مِّنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ قَتْلَ أَوْلَادِهِمْ شُرَكَاؤُهُمْ لِيُرْدُوهُمْ وَلِيَلْبِسُوا عَلَيْهِمْ دِينَهُمْ ۚ وَلَوْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ مَا فَعَلُوهُ ۖ فَذَرْهُمْ وَمَا يَفْتَرُونَ ١٣٧
Thus have the partners they associate [with God] made the killing of their own children seem goodly to many idolaters, seeking to bring them to ruin and to confuse them in their faith. Had God willed otherwise, they would not have done so. Leave them, then, to their false inventions. (137)
وَقَالُوا: «هَٰذِهِ أَنْعَامٌ وَحَرْثٌ حِجْرٌ لَا يَطْعَمُهَا إِلَّا مَنْ نَشَاءُ» بِزَعْمِهِمْ، وَ{وَقَالُوا هَٰذِهِ أَنْعَامٌ وَحَرْثٌ حِجْرٌ لَا يَطْعَمُهَا إِلَّا مَن نَّشَاءُ بِزَعْمِهِمْ}
They say: “Such cattle and crops are forbidden. None may eat of them save those whom we permit” — so they falsely claim.
وَقَالُوا هَٰذِهِ أَنْعَامٌ وَحَرْثٌ حِجْرٌ لَا يَطْعَمُهَا إِلَّا مَنْ نَشَاءُ بِزَعْمِهِمْ وَأَنْعَامٌ حُرِّمَتْ ظُهُورُهَا وَأَنْعَامٌ لَا يَذْكُرُونَ اسْمَ اللَّهِ عَلَيْهَا افْتِرَاءً عَلَيْهِ ۚ سَيَجْزِيهِم بِمَا كَانُوا يَفْتَرُونَ
Other cattle they declare to be forbidden to burden their backs; and there are cattle over which they do not pronounce God’s name, inventing [in all this] a lie against Him. He will surely requite them for their inventions. (138)
وَقَالُوا مَا فِي بُطُونِ هَٰذِهِ الْأَنْعَامِ خَالِصَةٌ لِّذُكُورِنَا وَمُحَرَّمٌ عَلَىٰ أَزْوَاجِنَا ۖ وَإِن يَكُن مَّيْتَةً فَهُمْ فِيهِ شُرَكَاءُ ۚ سَيَجْزِيهِمْ وَصْفَهُمْ ۚ إِنَّهُ حَكِيمٌ عَلِيمٌ ١٣٩
They also say: “That which is in the wombs of these cattle is reserved to our males and forbidden to our women.” But if it be stillborn, they all partake of it. He will requite them for all their false assertions. He is wise, all-knowing. (139)
قَدْ خَسِرَ الَّذِينَ قَتَلُوا أَوْلَادَهُمْ سَفَهًا بِغَيْرِ عِلْمٍ، وَحَرَّمُوا مَا رَزَقَهُمُ اللَّهُ افْتِرَاءً عَلَى اللَّهِ، قَدْ ضَلُّوا وَمَا كَانُوا مُهْتَدِينَ۔ (١٤٠)
Losers indeed are those who, in their ignorance, foolishly kill their children and declare as forbidden what God has provided for them as sustenance, falsely attributing such prohibitions to God. They have gone astray and they have no guidance. (140)
وَهُوَ الَّذِي أَنشَأَ جَنَّاتٍ مَّعْرُوشَاتٍ وَغَيْرَ مَعْرُوشَاتٍ وَالنَّخْلَ وَالزَّرْعَ مُخْتَلِفًا أُكُلُهُ وَالزَّيْتُونَ وَالرُّمَّانَ مُتَشَابِهًا وَغَيْرَ مُتَشَابِهٍ
It is He who has brought into being gardens — both of the cultivated type and those growing wild — and the date- palm, and fields bearing different produce, and the olive, tree, and the pomegranates, all resembling one another and vet so different.
كُلُوا مِن ثَمَرِهِ إِذَا أَثْمَرَ وَآتُوا حَقَّهُ يَوْمَ حَصَادِهِ ۖ وَلَا تُسْرِفُوا ۚ إِنَّهُ لَا يُحِبُّ الْمُسْرِفِينَ (141)
Eat of their fruit when they come to fruition, and give (to the poor) what is due to them on harvest day. But do not waste, for He does not love the wasteful. (141)
وَمِنَ الْأَنْعَامِ حَمُولَةً وَفَرْشًا ۚ كُلُوا مِمَّا رَزَقَكُمُ اللَّهُ وَلَا تَتَّبِعُوا خُطُوَاتِ الشَّيْطَانِ ۚ إِنَّهُ لَكُمْ عَدُوٌّ مُبِينٌ ۚ (142)
And of the cattle some are reared for work and others for food. Eat of that which God has provided for you as sustenance and do not follow Satan’s footsteps; he is your open foe. (142)
من الأنعام ثمانيةَ أزواجٍ: زوجينِ من الضأن وزوجينِ من المعز.
Of cattle you have eight in [four] pairs: a pair of the sheep and a pair of the goats.
قُلْ: أَهُوَ الذَّكَرَانِ حَرَّمَ، أَمِ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ، أَمَّا اشْتَمَلَتْ عَلَيْهِ أَرْحَامُ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ؟
Say: Is it the two males that He has forbidden, or the two females, or that which the wombs of the two females may contain?
أخبرني بصراحة: هل أنتم رجال صدق؟
Tell me plainly if you are men of truth.
(143)
(143)
وَمِنَ الْإِبِلِ اثْنَيْنِ وَمِنَ الْبَقَرِ اثْنَيْنِ ۗ قُلْ آلذَّكَرَيْنِ حَرَّمَ أَمِ الْأُنثَيَيْنِ أَمَّا اشْتَمَلَتْ عَلَيْهِ أَرْحَامُ الْأُنثَيَيْنِ ۚ أَمْ كُنتُمْ شُهَدَاءَ إِذْ وَصَّاكُمُ اللَّهُ بِهَٰذَا ۚ فَمَنْ أَظْلَمُ مِمَّنِ افْتَرَىٰ عَلَى اللَّهِ كَذِبًا لِّيُضِلَّ النَّاسَ بِغَيْرِ عِلْمٍ ۗ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يَهْدِي الْقَوْمَ الظَّالِمِينَ ﴿١٤٤﴾
And, likewise, a pair of camels and a pair of oxen. Say: Is it the two males that He has forbidden, or the two females, or that which the wombs of the two females may contain? Is it, perchance, that you were witnesses when God gave you these commandments? Who could be more wicked than one who, without any real knowledge, invents lies about God in order to lead people astray? God does not guide the wrongdoers( 144)
قُلْ لَا أَجِدُ فِي مَا أُوحِيَ إِلَيَّ مُحَرَّمًا عَلَىٰ طَاعِمٍ يَطْعَمُهُ إِلَّا أَن يَكُونَ مَيْتَةً أَوْ دَمًا مَّسْفُوحًا أَوْ لَحْمَ خِنزِيرٍ فَإِنَّهُ رِجْسٌ أَوْ فِسْقًا أُهِلَّ لِغَيْرِ اللَّهِ بِهِ ۚ فَمَنِ اضْطُرَّ غَيْرَ بَاغٍ وَلَا عَادٍ فَإِنَّ رَبَّكَ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ
Say: In all that has been revealed to me, I do not find anything forbidden to eat, if one wishes to eat thereof, unless it be carrion, or blood poured forth, or the flesh of swine for all that is unclean — or a sinful offering over which any name other than God’s has been invoked. But if one is driven by necessity, neither intending disobedience nor exceeding his bare need, then know that your Lord is much- forgiving, merciful.
(145)
(145)
وَعَلَى الَّذِينَ هَادُوا حَرَّمْنَا كُلَّ ذِي ظُفُرٍ ۖ وَمِنَ الْبَقَرِ وَالْغَنَمِ حَرَّمْنَا عَلَيْهِمْ شُحُومَهُمَا إِلَّا مَا حَمَلَتْ ظُهُورُهُمَا أَوِ الْحَوَايَا أَوْ مَا اخْتَلَطَ بِعَظْمٍ ۚ ذَٰلِكَ جَزَيْنَاهُم بِبَغْيِهِمْ ۖ وَإِنَّا لَصَادِقُونَ
To those who followed the Jewish faith did We forbid all animals that have claws; and We forbade them the fat of both oxen and sheep, except that which is in their backs and entrails and what is mixed with their bones. Thus did We requite them for their wrongdoing. We are certainly true to Our word. (146)
فَإِنْ كَذَّبُوكَ فَقُلْ ﷺ
If they accuse you of lying, then say:
وَرَبُّكَ ذُو الرَّحْمَةِ وَاسِعُ الرَّحْمَةِ، وَلَا يُرَدُّ بَأْسُهُ عَنِ الْقَوْمِ الْمُجْرِمِينَ
Limitless is your Lord in His grace; but His punishment shall not be warded off from evildoing folk. (147)
سيقول الذين أشركوا: لو شاء الله ما أشركنا ولا آباؤنا ولا حرّمنا من شيء. كذلك كذّب الذين من قبلهم حتى ذاقوا بأسنا. قل: هل عندكم من علم فتخرجوه لنا؟
Those who associate partners with God will say: Had God so willed, neither we nor our fathers would have associated any partners with Him; nor would we have declared anything as forbidden. In like manner did those who have lived before them deny the truth, until they came to taste Our punishment. Say: Have you any certain knowledge which you can put before us?
إِنْ تَتَّبِعُونَ إِلَّا الظَّنَّ وَمَا تَهْوَى الْأَنْفُسُ وَمَا تَخْرُصُونَ
You follow nothing but conjecture, and you do nothing but guess. (148)
قُلْ فَلِلَّهِ الْحُجَّةُ الْبَالِغَةُ ۚ فَلَوْ شَاءَ لَهَدَاكُمْ أَجْمَعِينَ ١٤٩
Say: With God alone rests the final evidence. Had He so willed, He would have guided you all aright. (149)
قُلْ هَلُمَّ شُهَدَاءَكُمُ الَّذِينَ يَشْهَدُونَ أَنَّ اللَّهَ حَرَّمَ هَٰذَا ۚ فَإِنْ شَهِدُوا فَلَا تَشْهَدْ مَعَهُمْ ۚ وَلَا تَتَّبِعْ أَهْوَاءَ الَّذِينَ كَذَّبُوا بِآيَاتِنَا وَالَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِالْآخِرَةِ وَهُم بِرَبِّهِمْ يَعْدِلُونَ (١٥٠)
Say: Bring forward your witnesses who will testify that God has forbidden this. If they so testify, do not you testify with them; and do not follow the wishes of those who deny Our revelations, and those who do not believe in the life to come and who consider others as equal to their Lord. (150)
قُلْ تَعَالَوْا أَتْلُ مَا حَرَّمَ رَبُّكُمْ عَلَيْكُمْ: أَلَّا تُشْرِكُوا بِهِ شَيْئًا، وَبِالْوَالِدَيْنِ إِحْسَانًا، وَلَا تَقْتُلُوا أَوْلَادَكُم مِّنْ إِمْلَاقٍ نَّحْنُ نَرْزُقُكُمْ وَإِيَّاهُمْ، وَلَا تَقْرَبُوا الْفَوَاحِشَ مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا وَمَا بَطَنَ، وَلَا تَقْتُلُوا النَّفْسَ الَّتِي حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ إِلَّا بِالْحَقِّ.
Say: Come, let me tell you what your Lord has forbidden to you: Do not associate partners with Him; [do not offend against but, rather,] be kind to your parents; do not kill your children because of your poverty — We provide for you and for them; do not commit any shameful deed, whether open or secret; do not take any human being’s life — which God has made sacred, except in the course of justice.
وَصَّاكُمْ بِهِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ (١٥١)
This He has enjoined upon you so that you may use your reason. (151)
لَا تَقْرَبُوا مَالَ الْيَتِيمِ إِلَّا بِالَّتِي هِيَ أَحْسَنُ حَتَّىٰ يَبْلُغَ أَشُدَّهُ
Do not touch the property of an orphan before he comes of age, except to improve it.
أَوْفُوا الْكَيْلَ وَالْمِيزَانَ بِالْقِسْطِ، لَا نُكَلِّفُ نَفْسًا إِلَّا وُسْعَهَا، وَإِذَا قُلْتُمْ فَاعْدِلُوا وَلَوْ كَانَ ذَا قُرْبَىٰ، وَبِعَهْدِ اللَّهِ أَوْفُوا، ذَٰلِكُمْ وَصَّاكُم بِهِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَذَكَّرُونَ
Give just weight and full measure. We do not charge a soul with more than it can bear. When you speak, be just, even though it be against one of your close relatives. Be true to your covenant with God. This He has enjoined upon you so that you may bear it in mind. (152)
{وَأَنَّ هَٰذَا صِرَاطِي مُسْتَقِيمًا فَاتَّبِعُوهُ ۖ وَلَا تَتَّبِعُوا السُّبُلَ فَتَفَرَّقَ بِكُمْ عَن سَبِيلِهِ ۚ ذَٰلِكُمْ وَصَّاكُم بِهِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَتَّقُونَ} (153)
Know that this is the way leading to Me, a straight path. Follow it, then, and do not follow other ways, for they cause you to deviate from His way. All this He has enjoined upon you so that you may remain God-fearing. (153)
نظرة عامة
Overview
هذا النص الطويل يتحدث عن التشريع والسلطة في سنّ الأحكام والقوانين. والمفاجئ في هذا النص، مع النصين اللذين يسبقانه والتعليقات المتخللة بينها، أنها وردت في سورة نزلت بمكة، والحال أن موضوع الوحي القرآني كله كان العقيدة.
This long passage speaks of legislation and the authority to promulgate laws and regulations. What is surprising about this passage, together with the two preceding it and the comments interspersed within them, is that they are included in a sūrah revealed in Makkah, when the subject matter of all Qur’ānic revelation was faith.
إنّ ما نزل من القرآن بمكة لا يتناول الأحكام الشرعية إلا لتقرير الأساس العقدي لتلك التشريعات، وذلك لأنه لم يكن هناك حكومة إسلامية تطبّق الشريعة الإسلامية. ومن أجل ذلك لم يُرِد الله تعالى أن تصبح شريعته مادةً للبحث النظري أو الدراسة الأكاديمية قبل قيام مجتمعٍ يخضع لله وحده ويعبده بطاعة شريعته، أو قبل وجود دولةٍ ذات سيادة تطبّق تلك الشريعة في الحياة اليومية. وعليه، فقد ارتبط بيانُ التفاصيل التشريعية بقدرة الناس العملية على تطبيقها. وهذا جانبٌ واحد من الطبيعة الجادّة والعملية في آن واحد التي يتّسم بها الدين الإسلامي.
Indeed, portions of the Qur’ān revealed in Makkah do not tackle any Islamic laws, except to establish the ideological basis of such legislation. This was due to the fact that there was no Islamic government to implement Islamic law. Hence, God did not wish that His law become a matter of theoretical discourse or academic study before the establishment of a society that submitted to God alone and which worshipped Him by obeying His law, or before the existence of a sovereign state to implement that law in everyday life. Thus, outlining the legal details was linked to people’s practical ability to implement them. This is just one aspect of the serious and yet practical nature of the Islamic faith.
إنّ ورود هذا المقطع الطويل من التشريعات التفصيلية في سورةٍ مكيّة يدلّ على طبيعة هذه المسألة. إنها في الحقيقة مسألةٌ من مسائل العقيدة، وتكتسب خطورةً إضافية في النظرة العامة لهذا الدين، دين الإسلام. بل هي في الحقيقة قضيته المحورية. ومع ذلك، فقبل أن نعلّق على هذا المقطع وأحكامه بالتفصيل، نودّ أن نقدّم لمحةً عامة عن مضامينه وتمهيدًا لمغزاه ودلالته.
The fact that this long passage of detailed legislation occurs in a Makkan sūrah is indicative of the nature of this question. It is indeed a question of faith, one which acquires added seriousness in the general outlook of this religion of Islam. It is indeed its principal issue. However, before we comment on this passage and its provisions in detail, we would like to provide a general overview of its contents and a foretaste of its import.
يبدأ النص بإشارة موجزة إلى جملة من المفاهيم السائدة في أيام الجاهلية، وإلى الممارسات الوثنية للعرب فيما يتعلق بمحاصيلهم الزراعية وماشيتهم وأولادهم. وبعبارة أخرى، كانت هذه الممارسات متعلقة ببنيتهم الاقتصادية والاجتماعية. وفيما يلي أمثلة على ذلك:
الفتنة في طريق الهلاك
Temptation On The Way To Ruin
وَجَعَلُوا لِلَّهِ مِمَّا ذَرَأَ مِنَ الْحَرْثِ وَالْأَنْعَامِ نَصِيبًا فَقَالُوا
Out of the produce and the cattle He has created, they assign a portion to God, saying:
«هَٰذَا لِلَّهِ بِزَعْمِهِمْ وَهَٰذَا لِشُرَكَائِنَا ۖ فَمَا كَانَ لِشُرَكَائِهِمْ فَلَا يَصِلُ إِلَى اللَّهِ ۖ وَمَا كَانَ لِلَّهِ فَهُوَ يَصِلُ إِلَىٰ شُرَكَائِهِمْ ۗ سَاءَ مَا يَحْكُمُونَ» (الأنعام: 136)
“This is for God”— or so they pretend — “and this is for the partners we associate [with Him]”. Whatever they assign to their partners never reaches God, but that which is assigned to God does reach their partners. How ill they judge!” (Verse 136)
في معرض الحديث عن مفاهيم وتقاليد المجتمع العربي الجاهلي المتعلقة بالزروع والأنعام، تُبيّن السورة بوضوح أنّ الله هو الذي يخلق الزروع والأنعام. ولا يرزق الناس أحدٌ سوى الله، سواء أكان الرزق من الأرض أم نازلًا من السماء. ثم تعقّب السورة على ذلك بالإشارة إلى ممارساتهم فيما رزقهم الله إياه؛ إذ جعلوه أقسامًا، فخصّصوا قسمًا لله، وقسمًا آخر للأصنام والمعبودات التي أشركوها معه. ومن المعلوم أنّ ذلك القسم كان ينتهي في بيوت الحرّاس أو القائمين على خدمة تلك المعبودات. ومع ذلك كانوا يجورون في القسم الذي خصّصوه لله، كما يبيّن ذلك نصّ الآية القرآنية.
In discussing the concepts and traditions of ignorant Arabian society in relation to agricultural produce and cattle, the sūrah states clearly that it is God who creates crops and cattle. No one other than God provides sustenance for people, whether originating in the earth or emanating from the sky. The sūrah then follows this with a reference to their practices in respect of what God has provided for them. They divided it into parts, assigning a portion to God and another portion for the idols and deities they associated with Him. Needless to say, that portion ended up in the homes of the guards or the custodians attending those deities. Yet they deal unfairly with the portion they assign to God, as the Qur’ānic verse explains.
قال ابنُ عبّاسٍ، ابنُ عمِّ النبيِّ ﷺ وصاحبُه: «إذا جمعَ أولئك طعامَهم وأحصَوْه، جعلوه أجزاءً، فيجعلون جزءًا لله، وجزءًا لآلهتِهم. فإذا هبّتِ الريحُ من ناحيةِ ما جعلوه لآلهتِهم فحملَتْ شيئًا منه فألقتْه على ما جعلوه لله، أخذوه وردّوه إلى مكانِه».
Ibn `Abbās, the Prophet’s cousin and Companion, reports: “When those people have taken stock of the food they have, they make it in lots, assigning a portion of it to God and another portion to their deities. If the wind blows from the side of the portion they have assigned to their deities so as to carry some of it and place it on top of what they have assigned to God, they take it back and put it where it was.
لكن إذا هبّت الريح في الاتجاه الآخر، لم يتخذوا أي إجراء، فيتركون ما حملته الريح من نصيب الله إلى نصيب آلهتهم حيث استقر. ولهذا يقول الله عن فعلهم: {أَلَا سَاءَ مَا يَحْكُمُونَ} (الأنعام: 136).
تُنقل جميع الروايات الأربع عن الطبري، جامع البيان، دار الفكر، بيروت، 1984م، المجلد 8، ص 40-41.
43 All four reports are quoted by Al-Ţabarī, Jāmi` al-Bayān, Dār al-Fikr, Beirut, 1984, Vol. 8, pp. 40-1.
44 الطبري، المرجع نفسه، المجلد 8، ص 42.
44 Al-Ţabarī, ibid., Vol. 8, p. 42.
الباطل المتناقض أو الكذب العبثي؟
False Absurdity Or Absurd Falsehood?
ولا تقتصر هذه المفاهيم المشوَّشة والمختلطة، وما تُرسيه من أعرافٍ اجتماعية تُثقل كاهل الجماهير، على الصور المعروفة في المجتمعات الجاهلية الغابرة. بل نجد صوراً أوضح منها في المجتمعات الحديثة، في هيئة عاداتٍ وتقاليد يشعر الناس بأنها لا مفرّ منها، مع أنها بالغة الصعوبة في الالتزام بها. خذ مثلاً الموضة وغيرها من المراسم التي تفرض نفسها على الناس، فتكلّفهم أحياناً ما لا يقدرون عليه، وتتبوأ مكاناً عالياً في قائمة اهتماماتهم، وتُفسد في النهاية قيمهم الأخلاقية وحياتهم كلها. ومع ذلك يشعر الناس بأنهم مُلزَمون بالامتثال لكل هذه الإملاءات: موضةٌ للصباح، وأخرى للظهيرة، وثالثةٌ للمساء. موضةٌ تفرض الثياب القصيرة، وأخرى تُملي الثياب الضيقة، وثالثةٌ تجعل الناس يلبسون ما هو مضحك. يضاف إلى ذلك تنوّعٌ لا ينتهي من مستحضرات التجميل، وتسريحات الشعر، وغيرها. فمن الذي يفرض هذا الاستعباد المُذلّ كله، ومن الذي يمنحه العون والدعم؟ وعند البحث عن الحقائق نجد أنه مدعومٌ من بيوت الأزياء الكبرى، والمصنّعين، والخيّاطين، وكذلك من البنوك الربوية وشركات التمويل التي تُقرض الصناعة لتكسب هي نفسها حصةً كبيرة من الأرباح. ويدعمه أيضاً الصهاينة الذين يعملون بجدٍّ لإضعاف البشرية جمعاء حتى يصيروا أسيادَ العالم. ولا يقدّمون دعمهم في صورة دروعٍ ثقيلة وبأسٍ عسكري، بل يدعمونه بالمفاهيم والقيم التي يبتدعونها ثم يصوغونها في هيئة نظرياتٍ ومعتقداتٍ ثقافية. ثم يساعدون على تحويل هذه إلى قانونٍ للسلوك الاجتماعي. وهم يدركون أن النظريات لا تُحدث أثراً يُذكر ما لم تُرَ في الواقع في هيئة أنظمة للحكم، وبنيةٍ اجتماعية، وقانونٍ اجتماعيٍّ واضح لا لبس فيه، يتقبّله الناس دون تساؤل لأن جذوره وفروعه مترابطة ترابطاً لا انفكاك منه.
Such blurred, confused concepts and the social traditions they establish to weigh heavily on the masses are not limited to the types known in bygone ignorant or jāhiliyyah societies. We find clearer versions of them in modern societies, in the form of customs and traditions which people feel to be inescapable, even though they are very hard to observe. Take, for example, the case of fashion and other observances which impose themselves on people, costing them at times what they cannot afford, taking a high position on their list of concerns and ultimately corrupting their moral values and whole lives. Nevertheless, people feel that they must comply with all these dictates: a particular fashion for morning, another for afternoon, and a different one for evening. One fashion imposes short dress, another dictates tight clothes, and a third makes people wear that which is ridiculous. In addition, there is an endless variety of cosmetics, and hair styles, etc. Who imposes all this humiliating subjugation and who lends it support and backing? When we look for the facts we find that it is backed by the major fashion houses, manufacturers and dressmakers, as well as the usurious banks and finance companies who lend money to the industry in order that they themselves win a large share of the profits. It is also supported by the Zionists who work hard to weaken all mankind so that they become the masters of the world. They do not give their support in the shape of heavy armour and military prowess. They support it by the concepts and values they initiate and then formulate in the shape of theories and cultural beliefs. Then they help to translate these into a code of social behaviour. They realize that theories are of little effect unless they are seen in practice in the shape of systems of government, a social structure and an unambiguous social code that people accept without question because its roots and branches are irretrievably interlinked.
45 الطبري، المرجع نفسه، المجلد 8، ص 44.
45 Al-Ţabarī, ibid., Vol. 8, p. 44.
46 الطبری، المرجع نفسه، الجزء 8، ص 47.
46 Al-Ţabarī, ibid., Vol. 8, p. 47.
الخاسرون الحقيقيون
The Absolute Losers
ومرة أخرى نجد هنا مثالًا متكررًا عن أهل الجاهلية وأفكارهم، فبعضهم يتباهى بتكبر بأن الحياة مادة، وآخرون، لعجزهم عن إنكار الله إنكارًا تامًا، يزعمون أن الإيمان مجرد عقائد قلبية ولا علاقة له بالأنظمة الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والسياسية.
Once again we find here a repeated example of the people of ignorance and their thoughts, some arrogantly boasting that life is matter, with others, unable to deny God altogether, claiming that faith is merely a matter of beliefs and has nothing to do with social, economic or political systems.
We should always be aware, however, that ignorant societies like these, which establish a system giving sovereignty and the authority to legislate to human beings rather than to God, claim at the same time that they respect religion and derive their system from it. Theirs is a very sly and wicked approach. International Zionist and Christian forces hostile to Islam have adopted this method in areas that used to be the home of the Islamic faith, where God's law was implemented. These forces have now realized that their experience in Turkey, carried out by the false hero they created, has ended in failure. Nonetheless, their efforts played an important part in destroying the Islamic Caliphate, the last symbol of Islamic unity. But the experience, adopting an open secular stance as it did, failed to provide a model system to be emulated by other countries in the region. By wrenching itself totally from religion, it gave itself an alien colour which was too hard for people still entertaining some religious sentiments to accept. Hence, in their subsequent attempts to achieve the same goal, international Zionist and Christian forces hostile to Islam tried not to repeat the mistake they made with Kemal Ataturk. They began to dress their new experiments around a religious mask. They allowed their new heroes to establish institutions with a superficially religious character. They stressed that in two ways:
We should always be aware, however, that ignorant societies like these which establish a system giving sovereignty and the authority to legislate to human beings, rather than to God, claim at the same time that they respect religion and derive their system from it. Theirs is a very sly and wicked approach. International Zionist and Christian forces hostile to Islam have adopted this method in areas that used to be the home of the Islamic faith where God’s law was implemented. These forces have now realized that their experience in Turkey, carried out by the false hero they created, has ended in failure. Nonetheless, their efforts played an important part in destroying the Islamic Caliphate, the last symbol of Islamic unity. But the experience, adopting an open secular stand as it did, failed to provide a model system to be emulated by other countries in the region. By wrenching itself totally from religion, it gave itself an alien colour which was too hard for people still entertaining some religious sentiments to accept. Hence, in their subsequent attempts to achieve the same goal, international Zionist and Christian forces hostile to Islam tried not to repeat the mistake they made with Kemal Ataturk. They began to dress their new experiments around a religious mask. They allowed their new heroes to establish institutions with a superficially religious character. They stressed that in two ways:
مُبْدِعُ جَمِيعِ الْخَلْقِ
The Originator Of All Creation
ثم تضع السورة أمامهم الحقيقة الأبدية التي انحرفوا عنها. وقد أشارت إليها من قبل حين تحدثت عن كيف أن العرب خصّصوا جزءاً من غلّات زرعهم وأنعامهم لله، وجزءاً آخر للآلهة الباطلة التي أشركوها معه. والآن تبيّن لهم السورة بوضوح أنهم، وإن كانوا يتصرفون في تلك الغلات والأنعام بطرق يوحي بها شياطين الإنس والجن، فإن هؤلاء لم يكن لهم أي دور البتة في خلقها. فالله هو الذي خلقها كلها، ليستفيد الناس منها، ويحمدوا الله على ما خلق، ويعبدوه وحده. ويجب أن يُنبَّه هنا إلى أن الله لا يحتاج إلى حمدهم أو عبادتهم، فهو غني عن كل شيء وعن كل أحد. وهو رحيم، ويعلم أن الناس بحمده وعبادته وحده يحققون ما يضع عالمهم على الطريق القويم حين يعتنقون الدين الحق. فكيف إذن يسمحون لمن لم يخلقوا شيئاً أن يتحكموا في غلات الله وأنعامه التي خلقها؟ وكيف يخصّصون لله جزءاً منها، ويخصّصون جزءاً آخر لكائنات أخرى، بل ويغشّون في الجزء الذي يخصّونه لله؟
The sūrah then puts them face to face with the eternal truth that they strayed away from. It has already referred to it when speaking of how the Arabs assigned a portion of their agricultural produce and cattle to God and another portion to the false deities which they associated with Him. Now the sūrah states clearly to them that although they dispense of such produce and cattle in ways suggested by evil beings, human and jinn, these have had no say whatsoever in their creation. It is God who created them all so that people could benefit from them and praise God for what He has created and worship Him alone. It must be stated here that God does not need their praise or worship, for He has no need of anything or anyone. He is compassionate and He knows that through praising and worshipping Him alone, people achieve what sets their world on the right course as they adopt the right faith. How is it then that they allow those who have created nothing to rule over the produce and cattle God has created? How is it that they give a portion of these to God and another portion to other beings, and even cheat with the portion they assign to God?
الخالق الذي يرزق هو الرب الذي يملك كل شيء. ولهذا لا يجوز لأحد أن يكون له أي سلطان على الانتفاع بما خلقه إلا بإذنه المنصوص عليه في الشريعة التي شرعها، وهذه الشريعة مبيّنة تمام البيان في الرسالة التي بلّغها رسوله ﷺ، لا فيما تدّعيه تلك المعبودات التي تحاول أن تغتصب سلطان الله: ﴿وَهُوَ الَّذِي أَنشَأَ جَنَّاتٍ مَّعْرُوشَاتٍ وَغَيْرَ مَعْرُوشَاتٍ وَالنَّخْلَ وَالزَّرْعَ مُخْتَلِفًا أُكُلُهُ وَالزَّيْتُونَ وَالرُّمَّانَ مُتَشَابِهًا وَغَيْرَ مُتَشَابِهٍ ۚ كُلُوا مِن ثَمَرِهِ إِذَا أَثْمَرَ وَآتُوا حَقَّهُ يَوْمَ حَصَادِهِ ۖ وَلَا تُسْرِفُوا ۚ إِنَّهُ لَا يُحِبُّ الْمُسْرِفِينَ﴾.
The Creator who gives sustenance is the Lord who owns all. Hence, it is not permissible for anyone to have any authority over the use of what He has created except by His permission stipulated in the law He has laid down. This law is fully explained in the message conveyed by His Messenger, not in what is claimed by those deities trying to usurp God’s authority: “It is He who has brought into being gardens — both of the cultivated type and those growing wild — and the date palm, and fields bearing different produce, and the olive tree, and the pomegranates, all resembling one another and yet so different. Eat of their fruit when they come to fruition, and give (to the poor) what is due to them on harvest day. But do not waste, for He does not love the wasteful.
المحظورات من الرحمن
Prohibitions By The Most Gracious
تُكشَفُ سخافةُ العرب، إذ يُدعَون الآن إلى إدراك أنّ المفاهيم الباطلة التي كانوا يتمسّكون بها قبل الإسلام لا أساسَ لها البتّة. ويُضرَب لهم مثالٌ يتدبّرونه: فقد أوجد اللهُ جميعَ زروعهم ومواشيهم، ومع ذلك رأوا لأنفسهم الحقَّ في تحديد وجوه توزيعها، إمّا باتّباع أهوائهم، وإمّا بالانقياد لوحي الشياطين. وفعلوا ذلك وهم يعلمون أنّ الشياطين لم تخلق الزروع والمواشي، وأنّ هذه من خلق الله. ومن ثَمّ فإنّ اللهَ هو الذي يقرّر وجهَ الانتفاع بخلقه الذي وهبه لعباده رزقًا أو مالًا.
The Arabs’ absurdity exposed, they are now made to realize that the false concepts they held before Islam have no foundation whatsoever. They are given an example to reflect upon in that God has brought into existence all their crops and cattle, yet they felt they had the right to determine how these were allocated, either by following their own whims or acting on the inspiration of evil ones. They did so knowing that those who were evil did not create the crops and cattle, but that these were of God’s creation. Hence, it is He who determines what use is to be made of His creation given to His servants as sustenance or property.
في هذه الآيات يُبيّن الله لهم بوضوح ما حرّمه فعلاً، ويُوضّح تحريمه بالوحي، لا بالتخمين والتوهّم. ولا شكّ أنّ لله وحده حقّ التشريع، وأنّ ما حرّمه فهو حرامٌ البتّة، وما أحلّه فهو حلالٌ البتّة.
In these verses God spells out clearly to them what He has actually forbidden, making His prohibition clear through revelations, not through guesswork and imagination. It goes without saying that God has the authority to legislate, and that what He forbids is totally forbidden and what He makes lawful is absolutely lawful.
لا يملك أي إنسان أن يكون له في ذلك أي تدخل، وليس له شركاء يتخذون قرارًا مماثلًا، أو يضيفون إلى تحريمه أو يعدّلونه. وفي السياق نفسه، نجد هنا بيانًا لما حرّمه الله على اليهود على وجه الخصوص، مع أنه أحلّه للمسلمين. وكان هذا التحريم عقوبةً للیهود على ظلمهم وانحرافهم عن شريعة الله.
No human being can have any say in this, and He has no partners to make a similar decision or to add to or amend His prohibition. Within the same context, we have here an explanation of what God has forbidden the Jews in particular, although He has made it lawful to the Muslims. This prohibition was by way of punishment to the Jews for their wrongdoing and their deviation from God’s law.
قُل لَّا أَجِدُ فِي مَا أُوحِيَ إِلَيَّ مُحَرَّمًا عَلَىٰ طَاعِمٍ يَطْعَمُهُ إِلَّا أَن يَكُونَ مَيْتَةً أَوْ دَمًا مَّسْفُوحًا أَوْ لَحْمَ خِنزِيرٍ فَإِنَّهُ رِجْسٌ أَوْ فِسْقًا أُهِلَّ لِغَيْرِ اللَّهِ بِهِ ۚ فَمَنِ اضْطُرَّ غَيْرَ بَاغٍ وَلَا عَادٍ فَإِنَّ رَبَّكَ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ وَعَلَى الَّذِينَ هَادُوا حَرَّمْنَا كُلَّ ذِي ظُفُرٍ ۖ وَمِنَ الْبَقَرِ وَالْغَنَمِ حَرَّمْنَا عَلَيْهِمْ شُحُومَهُمَا إِلَّا مَا حَمَلَتْ ظُهُورُهُمَا أَوِ الْحَوَايَا أَوْ مَا اخْتَلَطَ بِعَظْمٍ ۚ ذَٰلِكَ جَزَيْنَاهُم بِبَغْيِهِمْ ۖ وَإِنَّا لَصَادِقُونَ فَإِن كَذَّبُوكَ فَقُل
47 الطبری، المرجع نفسه، المجلد 8، ص 69.
47 Al-Ţabarī, ibid., Vol. 8, p. 69.
48 الطبری، المرجع نفسه، المجلد 8، ص 72.
48 Al-Ţabarī, ibid., Vol. 8, p. 72.
الحُجَّةُ العُظمى في الدفاعِ عن الباطل
The Ultimate Argument In Defence Of Falsehood
في هذا الموضع من النص، تخضع حجتهم الأخيرة للفحص الدقيق، تلك التي حاولوا بها تبرير معتقداتهم الباطلة وممارساتهم الضالة. فهم يزعمون أنهم لم يتبنوا تلك المعتقدات الفاسدة باختيارهم، بل أُكرهوا عليها. ولو شاء الله ألا يعتقدوا في هذه الآلهة والمعبودات الأخرى، لمنعهم من ذلك، إذ إنه قادر تماماً على تحقيق كل ما يريده: ﴿سَيَقُولُ الَّذِينَ أَشْرَكُوا لَوْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ مَا أَشْرَكْنَا وَلَا آبَاؤُنَا وَلَا حَرَّمْنَا مِنْ شَيْءٍ﴾ ﴿كَذَلِكَ كَذَّبَ الَّذِينَ مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْ حَتَّىٰ ذَاقُوا بَأْسَنَا﴾.
At this point in the passage, their last argument with which they tried to justify their erroneous beliefs and misguided practices comes under close scrutiny. They claim that they did not adopt those ill- founded beliefs by choice; rather, they were compelled to do so. Had God wished that they did not believe in these other gods and deities, He would have prevented them from doing so, since He is certainly able to accomplish whatever purpose He has in mind: “Those who associate partners with God will say: ‘Had God so willed, neither we nor our fathers would have associated any partners with Him; nor would we have declared anything as forbidden.’ In like manner did those who have lived before them deny the truth, until they came to taste Our punishment.
قُلْ هَلْ عِندَكُم مِّنْ عِلْمٍ فَتُخْرِجُوهُ لَنَا ۚ إِن تَتَّبِعُونَ إِلَّا الظَّنَّ وَإِنْ أَنتُمْ إِلَّا تَخْرُصُونَ قُلْ فَلِلَّهِ الْحُجَّةُ الْبَالِغَةُ ۖ فَلَوْ شَاءَ لَهَدَاكُمْ أَجْمَعِينَ
Say: Have you any certain knowledge which you can put before us? You follow nothing but conjecture, and you do nothing but guess. Say: With God alone rests the final evidence. Had He so willed, He would have guided you all aright.” (Verses 148-9)
لقد كانت مسألة الاختيار والإرادة الحرة والجبر موضوعًا لجدل طويل وحادّ في تاريخ الفكر الإسلامي. وكانت المدارس الفكرية والجماعات العلمية والفرق دائمًا مستعدةً للدفاع عن وجهات نظرها.
The question of free-will, free choice or compulsion has been the subject of lengthy and intense argument in the history of Islamic thought. Different schools of thought and intellectual groups and sects were always ready to defend their points of view.
جاءت الفلسفة اليونانية والمنطق، وكذلك المدارس الكلامية المسيحية، بذخيرة إضافية لهذا الجدال المحتدم، فزادته تعقيداً وجعلته بعيداً كل البعد عن الموقف الإسلامي. ولو أن أولئك القوم من جميع أطراف الجدال التزموا المنهج البسيط الواضح الجاد المباشر الذي سلكه القرآن الكريم، لما اتخذت حججهم هذا المسلك المعقد، ولَوُفِّروا على أنفسهم كثيراً من جهدهم الذي لا طائل تحته.
Greek philosophy and logic and Christian schools of divinity provided further ammunition in this fierce argument, complicating it still more and making it totally alien to the Islamic standpoint. Had those people on all sides of the argument adopted the simple, uncomplicated, serious and direct method of the Qur’ān, their arguments would not have taken this complicated course. Instead, they would have been spared much of their futile effort.
طريقٌ واضحٌ يُتّبَع
A Very Clear Course To Follow
أخيرًا، يأمر الله رسولَه ﷺ أن يواجه المشركين، فيطلب منهم أن يأتوا بشهودٍ يؤيّدونهم في مسألة التشريع، كما تحدّاهم في أوّل السورة أن يأتوا بشهودٍ في مسألة الألوهية. ففي أوّل السورة يقول الله تعالى لرسوله ﷺ: ﴿قُلْ أَيُّ شَيْءٍ أَكْبَرُ شَهَادَةً ۖ قُلِ اللَّهُ ۖ شَهِيدٌ بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَكُمْ ۚ وَأُوحِيَ إِلَيَّ هَٰذَا الْقُرْآنُ لِأُنذِرَكُم بِهِ وَمَن بَلَغَ ۚ أَئِنَّكُمْ لَتَشْهَدُونَ أَنَّ مَعَ اللَّهِ آلِهَةً أُخْرَىٰ ۚ قُل لَّا أَشْهَدُ ۚ قُلْ إِنَّمَا هُوَ إِلَٰهٌ وَاحِدٌ وَإِنَّنِي بَرِيءٌ مِّمَّا تُشْرِكُونَ﴾ (الآية 19). وفي هذا الموضع يأمره بهذا التوجيه: ﴿قُلْ هَلُمَّ شُهَدَاءَكُمُ الَّذِينَ يَشْهَدُونَ أَنَّ اللَّهَ حَرَّمَ هَٰذَا ۚ فَإِن شَهِدُوا فَلَا تَشْهَدْ مَعَهُمْ ۚ وَلَا تَتَّبِعْ أَهْوَاءَ الَّذِينَ كَذَّبُوا بِآيَاتِنَا وَالَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِالْآخِرَةِ وَهُم بِرَبِّهِمْ يَعْدِلُونَ﴾ (الآية 150).
Finally, God instructs His Messenger (peace be upon him) to confront the idolaters asking them to bring witnesses who can support them over the question of legislation, in the same way as He challenged them at the beginning of the sūrah to produce witnesses over the question of Godhead. Early in the sūrah, God says to His Messenger: “Say: ‘What is weightiest in testimony?’ Say: ‘God is witness between me and you. This Qur’ān has been revealed to me that I may thereby warn you and all whom it may reach. Will you in truth bear witness that there are other deities beside God?’ Say: ‘I bear no such witness’. Say: ‘He is but one God. I disown all that you associate with Him.’” (Verse 19) At this particular point, God gives him this instruction: “Say: Bring forward your witnesses who will testify that God has forbidden this. If they so testify, do not you testify with them; and do not follow the wishes of those who deny Our revelations, and those who do not believe in the life to come and who consider others as equal to their Lord.” (Verse 150)
هذا تحدٍّ عظيم وحاسم، يوضح بجلاء طبيعة هذا الدين، الإسلام، الذي يعامل جميع صور الإشراك بالله على مستوى واحد. فالادعاء الصريح والظاهر بأن كائنات بعينها آلهة يُساوي الشكل الخفي المتمثل في اغتصاب سلطة التشريع وسنّ قوانين لم يأذن بها الله. ويُرفض رفضًا تامًّا زعمهم أن تشريعهم هو شرع الله. كما يصف القرآن الكريم بالكذب أولئك الذين يحاولون اغتصاب سلطان الله وحقه في التشريع، والذين يكذّبون بآيات الله، ولا يؤمنون بالآخرة، ويجعلون لله أندادًا. والتعبير المستخدم هنا هو نفسه المستخدم في الآية الأولى من هذه السورة لوصف الكافرين: {الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ وَجَعَلَ الظُّلُمَاتِ وَالنُّورَ ۖ ثُمَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا بِرَبِّهِمْ يَعْدِلُونَ} (الأنعام: 1).
This is a tremendous and decisive challenge, giving a clear idea of the nature of this religion of Islam which treats all forms of associating partners with God on the same level. Thus, the open and manifest form of claiming that certain beings are deities is equal to the implicit one represented by usurping the authority to legislate and enacting laws that are not sanctioned by God. Their claim that their legislation is God’s law is totally discounted. The Qur’ān also denounces as liars those who make such an attempt to usurp God’s sovereignty and His authority to legislate, who deny God’s revelations, who do not believe in the life to come, and who consider others as equal to Him. The expression used here is the same as that used in the opening verse of this sūrah to describe the unbelievers: “All praise is due to God, who has created the heavens and the earth, and brought into being darkness and light; yet those who disbelieve regard other beings as equal to their Lord.” (Verse 1)
الأحكام التفصيلية للحياة الإنسانية
Detailed Commandments For Human Life
ولقد تحدّى السورةُ المشركين أن يأتوا بشهدائهم، ورفضت دعواهم فيما زعموا تحريمَه، ثم تُقدّم بيانًا مفصّلًا لما حرّمه الله حقًّا. وإلى جانب قائمة المحرّمات نجد بعض الأوامر الإيجابية التي يجب الالتزام بها، والتقصيرُ في العمل بها محرَّمٌ أيضًا. وتبدأ القائمةُ بأعظم المحرّمات على الإطلاق، وهو الشركُ بالله. والحقُّ أن أولَ أصول الإيمان، القائمَ على توحيد الله، هو الأساسُ الذي تقوم عليه جميعُ المحرّمات.
Having challenged the unbelievers to produce their witnesses and rejected their claims concerning what they considered as forbidden, the sūrah gives a detailed outline of what God has truly forbidden. Side by side with the list of prohibitions, we find some positive commandments that must be observed. Failure to act on these is also forbidden. The list begins with the most important prohibition of all, namely, associating partners with God. Indeed, the first article of faith which establishes the principle of God’s oneness provides the foundation for all prohibitions.
قُلْ تَعَالَوْا أَتْلُ مَا حَرَّمَ رَبُّكُمْ عَلَيْكُمْ ۖ أَلَّا تُشْرِكُوا بِهِ شَيْئًا ۖ وَبِالْوَالِدَيْنِ إِحْسَانًا ۖ وَلَا تَقْتُلُوا أَوْلَادَكُم مِّنْ إِمْلَاقٍ ۖ نَّحْنُ نَرْزُقُكُمْ وَإِيَّاهُمْ ۖ وَلَا تَقْرَبُوا الْفَوَاحِشَ مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا وَمَا بَطَنَ ۖ وَلَا تَقْتُلُوا النَّفْسَ الَّتِي حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ إِلَّا بِالْحَقِّ ۚ ذَٰلِكُمْ وَصَّاكُم بِهِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ ﴿١٥١﴾ وَلَا تَقْرَبُوا مَالَ الْيَتِيمِ إِلَّا بِالَّتِي هِيَ أَحْسَنُ حَتَّىٰ يَبْلُغَ أَشُدَّهُ ۖ وَأَوْفُوا الْكَيْلَ وَالْمِيزَانَ بِالْقِسْطِ ۖ لَا نُكَلِّفُ نَفْسًا إِلَّا وُسْعَهَا ۖ وَإِذَا قُلْتُمْ فَاعْدِلُوا وَلَوْ كَانَ ذَا قُرْبَىٰ ۖ وَبِعَهْدِ اللَّهِ أَوْفُوا ۚ ذَٰلِكُمْ وَصَّاكُم بِهِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَذَكَّرُونَ ﴿١٥٢﴾ وَأَنَّ هَٰذَا صِرَاطِي مُسْتَقِيمًا فَاتَّبِعُوهُ ۖ وَلَا تَتَّبِعُوا السُّبُلَ فَتَفَرَّقَ بِكُمْ عَن سَبِيلِهِ ۚ ذَٰلِكُمْ وَصَّاكُم بِهِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَتَّقُونَ ﴿١٥٣﴾
Say: Come, let me tell you what your Lord has forbidden to you: Do not associate partners with Him; [do not offend against but, rather,] be kind to your parents; do not kill your children because of your poverty — We provide for you and for them; do not commit any shameful deed, whether open or secret; do not take any human being’s life — which God has made sacred, except in the course of justice. This He has enjoined upon you so that you may use your reason. Do not touch the property of an orphan before he comes of age, except to improve it. Give just weight and full measure. We do not charge a soul with more than it can bear. When you speak, be just, even though it be against one of your close relatives. Be true to your covenant with God. This He has enjoined upon you so that you may bear it in mind. Know that this is the way leading to Me, a straight path. Follow it, then, and do not follow other ways, for they cause you to deviate from His way. All this He has enjoined upon you so that you may remain God-fearing. (Verses 151-3)
الممنوع على أصحاب العقول السليمة
Forbidden To People Of Sound Mind
«لا تَقْرَبُوا الْفَوَاحِشَ مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا وَمَا بَطَنَ» (الآية ١٥١). ولما حثّ اللهُ عبادَه على حسن رعاية أسرهم، فقد أكّد عليهم كذلك ضرورةَ الحفاظ على أساس الأسرة، وهو أيضًا أساسُ المجتمع.
“Do not commit any shameful deed, whether open or secret.” (Verse 151) Since God has urged His servants to take good care of their families, He has also impressed upon them the need to maintain the family foundation, which is also the basis of society.
هذا يعادل الطهارة والعفة والحشمة. ولذلك، فهم ممنوعون من ارتكاب جميع أنواع الفاحشة، سواء كانت علنًا أو سرًّا. وهذا التحريم يرتبط ارتباطًا وثيقًا بالأمر الذي يسبقه مباشرةً وبالأمر الأول. فلا تستطيع أي أسرة أن تبقى، ولا يستطيع أي مجتمع أن يزدهر إذا انغمس في الفاحشة المخزية، سواء كانت علنية أو سرية. فالطهارة والنظافة والعفة هي الأسس الجوهرية للحياة الصحية لكل من الأسرة والمجتمع.
This equates with purity, decency and chastity. Hence, they are forbidden to commit all types of indecency, whether openly or secretly. This prohibition is then closely related to the commandment immediately preceding it and to the first commandment. No family can survive and no community can prosper if they sink into shameful indecency, whether open or secret. Purity, cleanliness and chastity are the basic essentials for the healthy living of both the family and the community.
الَّذِينَ يُحِبُّونَ أَنْ تَشِيعَ الْفَاحِشَةُ فِي الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا هُمُ الَّذِينَ يَسْعَوْنَ إِلَى إِضْعَافِ بُنْيَانِ الْأُسْرَةِ وَإِحْدَاثِ انْهِيَارِ الْمُجْتَمَعِ.
Those who like to see indecency spread throughout the community are the ones who try to weaken the structure of the family and to bring about society’s collapse.
يُقصد بالكلمة العربية التي تُترجم هنا بـ«الفاحشة» لغةً كلُّ ما تجاوز حدَّه المشروع. وتُستعمل الكلمة كثيرًا أيضًا للدلالة على نوعٍ معيّن من الفحش، وهو الزنا والفجور. والأرجح أنها مستعملة هنا بهذا المعنى. والسياق الحاضر سياقُ تعداد بعض المعتقدات والممارسات المحرّمة، والزنا هو المقصود بوجه خاص هنا. ولو أخذنا المعنى العام للكلمة، لتذكّرنا أن القتل وتبذير مال اليتيم كلاهما من الفواحش، إلا أن الإشراك بالله أعظمُ الفواحش جميعًا. ومن ثم فإن حمل لفظ «الفاحشة» على المعنى الأخص، أي الزنا، في هذا السياق، لعلّه أنسب لمجرى السورة العام. ويفسّر ذلك أيضًا مجيء الصيغة الجمعية هنا. وجريمة الزنا تسبقها عادةً أفعالٌ وأحوالٌ هي كذلك فاحشة، كاللباس الكاشف أكثر من اللازم، والسلوك الماجن، والمغازلة الفاجرة المتحررة مع الجنس الآخر، والتصرف الوقح، والكلام والضحك، والإغراء المتعمّد، وإبداء الزينة وإظهارها. وكل ذلك فواحش تُفضي إلى الفاحشة الكبرى، الزنا. وقد تكون هذه كلها ظاهرةً للعيان، أو مستورةً في الخفاء.
The Arabic term translated here as ‘shameful indecency’ refers, from the linguistic point of view, to everything that goes beyond its proper limits. The term is also frequently used to denote a particular type of indecency, namely adultery and fornication. It is most probably in this sense that the term is used here. The present context is one of enumerating certain forbidden beliefs and practices. Adultery is the one particularly meant here. If we were to take the general meaning of the word, we should remember that, murder and the squandering of an orphan’s property are both indecencies, but associating partners with God is the greatest indecency of all. Hence, giving the term ‘indecency’ the narrower sense of adultery in this context is perhaps more fitting to the general drift of the sūrah. It also explains why the plural form is used here. The crime of adultery is normally preceded by actions and circumstances that are also indecent. Clothing which is too revealing, wanton behaviour, uninhibited flirtation with the opposite sex, shameless behaviour, speech and laughter, deliberate temptation and inviting adornments are all indecencies, leading to the ultimate one of adultery. All these may be brought into the open or kept secret.
الحفاظ على الطريق المؤدي إلى الله
Maintaining The Path Leading To God
« لَا تَقْرَبُوا مَالَ الْيَتِيمِ إِلَّا بِالَّتِي هِيَ أَحْسَنُ حَتَّىٰ يَبْلُغَ أَشُدَّهُ» (الآية ١٥٢). يشعر كلُّ يتيمٍ بالضعف داخل المجتمع، لأنه فقد أباه الذي كان من المفترض أن يُحسن تربيته ويحميه. وهذا الضعف يفرض، إذن، واجبًا على الأمة المسلمة، استنادًا إلى مبدأ التكافل الاجتماعي المتبادل الذي يُعدّ محورًا أساسيًا في النظام الاجتماعي الإسلامي. كان اليتيم في المجتمع العربي قبل الإسلام يجد نفسه في ضياعٍ تام. وإن التوجيهات القرآنية المتكررة والمتنوعة بشأن الرعاية الواجبة لليتامى، والتحذير الشديد الذي يُضاف إليها أحيانًا، تعطينا صورةً عن مدى سوء المعاملة التي كان اليتامى يلقونها في ذلك المجتمع. وظل الأمر على ذلك حتى اختار الله من ذلك المجتمع يتيمًا مكرَّمًا، وأسند إليه أنبل مهمةٍ على الإطلاق، فجعل ذلك اليتيم، محمدًا ﷺ، حاملَ رسالته الخاتمة إلى البشرية. وجعل كذلك رعاية اليتامى رعايةً حسنةً من الأمور التي يحثّ عليها الإسلام، الذي يوجّه أتباعه بهذا التوجيه: «وَلَا تَقْرَبُوا مَالَ الْيَتِيمِ إِلَّا بِالَّتِي هِيَ أَحْسَنُ حَتَّىٰ يَبْلُغَ أَشُدَّهُ» (الآية ١٥٢).
“Do not touch the property of an orphan before he comes of age, except to improve it.” (Verse 152) Every orphan feels weak within the community because he has lost his father who is supposed to bring him up well and protect him. His weakness, then, imposes a duty on the Muslim community, on the basis of the principle of mutual social solidarity which is central to the Islamic social system. An orphan used to find himself in total loss in pre-Islamic Arabian society. The frequent and varied Qur’ānic directives concerning the care that should be taken of orphans, and the stern warning occasionally added to these directives give us an impression of how orphans used to be badly treated in society. This continued to be the case until God selected an honoured orphan from that community to entrust him with the most noble task of all. He made that orphan, Muĥammad (peace be upon him), the bearer of His final message to mankind. He also made taking proper care of orphans one of the practices encouraged by Islam which gives its followers this kind of directive: “Do not touch the property of an orphan before he comes of age, except to improve it.” (Verse 152)
لهذا، فإنّ مَن يتولّى رعاية يتيمٍ لا يجوز له أن يمسّ مالَ ذلك اليتيم إلّا بما يُتيقَّن أنه يعود على اليتيم بالنفع والمصلحة. وعليه أن يحفظ ذلك المال وأن يسعى إلى تنميته حتى يبلغ اليتيمُ سنَّ الرشد، ويصير قادرًا جسديًّا وعقليًّا على استلام ماله والانتفاع به على الوجه الحسن. وبذلك يضيف المجتمعُ إلى صفوفه عضوًا نافعًا ينال حقوقه كاملة.
Therefore, anyone who is looking after an orphan must not touch that orphan’s property except in a way which is certain to bring a good return to the orphan. He must protect that property and try to improve it until the orphan comes of age and becomes physically and mentally able to receive his property and make good use of it. Thus, the community adds to its ranks a useful member who obtains his full rights.