سبأ — المواقف المتباينة (١٠–٢١)
Saba Sheba ( Contrasting Attitudes ) 10-21
وَلَقَدْ آتَيْنَا دَاوُودَ مِنَّا فَضْلًا ۖ قُلْنَا
We graced David with Our favour. We said:
﴿يَا جِبَالُ أَوِّبِي مَعَهُ وَالطَّيْرَ ۖ وَأَلَنَّا لَهُ الْحَدِيدَ﴾ Note on formatting: the passage is a Qur'an verse, so it is rendered with the standard Qur'anic brackets and the Prophet's honorific is not applied. The phrase "We caused iron to become soft for him" corresponds to the verse's wording as given.
“You mountains, sing with him God’s praises! And likewise you birds!” We caused iron to become soft for him, (10)
وَقَالَ: «اِصْنَعْ سَابِغَاتٍ وَقَدِّرْ فِي السَّرْدِ، وَاعْمَلُوا صَالِحًا، إِنِّي بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌ» (١١)
saying: “Make coats of mail and measure their links with care. Do good, all of you. I certainly see all that you do.” (11)
وَلِسُلَيْمَانَ الرِّيحَ: غُدُوُّهَا شَهْرٌ، وَرَوَاحُهَا شَهْرٌ
To Solomon [We made subservient] the wind: its morning course [covered the distance of] a month’s journey, and its evening course a month’s journey.
وَأَسَلْنَا لَهُ عَيْنَ ٱلْقِطْرِ، وَمِنَ ٱلْجِنِّ مَن يَعْمَلُ بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ بِإِذْنِ رَبِّهِ، وَمَن يَزِغْ مِنْهُمْ عَنْ أَمْرِنَا نُذِقْهُ مِنْ عَذَابِ ٱلسَّعِيرِ
We caused a fountain of molten brass to flow for him, and some of the jinn worked under his control by permission of his Lord. Whoever of them deviated from Our command We shall make him taste suffering through a blazing flame.
(12)
(12)
يَعْمَلُونَ لَهُ مَا يَشَاءُ مِنْ مَحَارِيبَ وَتَمَاثِيلَ وَجِفَانٍ كَالْجَوَابِ وَقُدُورٍ رَاسِيَاتٍ، اعْمَلُوا آلَ دَاوُودَ شُكْرًا وَقَلِيلٌ مِنْ عِبَادِيَ الشَّكُورُ
They made for him whatever he pleased: shrines and statues, basins as large as watering troughs, and firmly anchored cauldrons. We said: ‘Work thankfully, family of David, for few of My servants are truly thankful.’ (13)
فَلَمَّا قَضَيْنَا عَلَيْهِ الْمَوْتَ مَا دَلَّهُمْ عَلَىٰ مَوْتِهِ إِلَّا دَابَّةُ الْأَرْضِ تَأْكُلُ مِنسَأَتَهُ ۖ فَلَمَّا خَرَّ تَبَيَّنَتِ الْجِنُّ أَن لَّوْ كَانُوا يَعْلَمُونَ الْغَيْبَ مَا لَبِثُوا فِي الْعَذَابِ الْمُهِينِ
When We decreed his death, nothing showed them that he was dead except an earthworm that gnawed away at his staff. And when he fell to the ground, the jinn saw clearly that, had they understood the reality which was beyond [their] perception, they would not have remained in humiliating servitude. ( 14)
لَقَدْ كَانَ لِسَبَإٍ فِي مَسْكَنِهِمْ آيَةٌ ۖ جَنَّتَانِ عَن يَمِينٍ وَشِمَالٍ ۖ كُلُوا مِن رِّزْقِ رَبِّكُمْ وَاشْكُرُوا لَهُ ۚ بَلْدَةٌ طَيِّبَةٌ وَرَبٌّ غَفُورٌ
There was a sign for the people of Sheba in their dwelling place: two gardens, one to the right and one to the left: ‘Eat of what your Lord has provided for you, and give thanks to Him: a land most goodly and a Lord Much-Forgiving.’ (15)
فَأَعْرَضُوا فَأَرْسَلْنَا عَلَيْهِمْ سَيْلَ الْعَرِمِ وَبَدَّلْنَاهُم بِجَنَّتَيْهِمْ جَنَّتَيْنِ ذَوَاتَيْ أُكُلٍ خَمْطٍ وَأَثْلٍ وَشَيْءٍ مِّن سِدْرٍ قَلِيلٍ
But they paid no heed, and so We let loose upon them a raging torrent and replaced their two gardens with others yielding bitter fruit, tamarisks, and a few lote trees. (16)
ذَٰلِكَ جَزَيْنَاهُم بِمَا كَفَرُوا
Thus We requited them for their ingratitude:
وَهَلْ نُجَازِي إِلَّا الْكَفُورَ؟
would We thus requite any but the totally ungrateful? (17)
وَجَعَلْنَا بَيْنَهُمْ وَبَيْنَ الْقُرَى الَّتِي بَارَكْنَا فِيهَا قُرًى ظَاهِرَةً وَقَدَّرْنَا فِيهَا السَّيْرَ ۖ سِيرُوا فِيهَا لَيَالِيَ وَأَيَّامًا آمِنِينَ
We had placed between them and the cities which We had blessed towns within sight of one another so that they could travel in measured stages:
﴿وَسِيرُوا فِيهَا لَيَالِيَ وَأَيَّامًا آمِنِينَ﴾ (١٨)
‘Travel through them by night and day in safety.’ (18)
فَقَالُوا رَبَّنَا بَاعِدْ بَيْنَ أَسْفَارِنَا وَظَلَمُوا أَنْفُسَهُمْ فَجَعَلْنَاهُمْ أَحَادِيثَ وَمَزَّقْنَاهُمْ كُلَّ مُمَزَّقٍ ۚ إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ لَآيَاتٍ لِّكُلِّ صَبَّارٍ شَكُورٍ
But they said: ‘Our Lord! Make our journeys longer.’ They sinned against their souls; so We caused them to become a tale, and scattered them throughout the land. Surely, there are signs in all this for anyone who is patient in adversity, deeply grateful. (19)
وَلَقَدْ صَدَّقَ عَلَيْهِمْ إِبْلِيسُ ظَنَّهُ فَاتَّبَعُوهُ إِلَّا فَرِيقًا مِّنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ
Indeed Iblīs proved that his opinion of them was right: they all followed him, except for a group of believers. (20)
وَمَا كَانَ لَهُ عَلَيْهِم مِّن سُلْطَانٍ إِلَّا لِنَعْلَمَ مَن يُؤْمِنُ بِالْآخِرَةِ مِمَّنْ هُوَ مِنْهَا فِي شَكٍّ
Yet he had no power at all over them; it is only for the end that We might make a clear distinction between those who truly believe in the life to come and those who are in doubt about it.
إِنَّ رَبَّكَ عَلَىٰ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ رَّقِيبٌ (٢١)
Your Lord watches over all things. (21)
نظرة عامة
Overview
يتضمّن هذا المقطع صورًا متقابلة للشكر وعدمه، كما يُخضع بعض القوى والمخلوقات، بمشيئة الله، لأشخاص معيّنين مع أنها ليست خاضعة عادةً لأي إنسان. فإرادة الله وقدرته لا تقتصران على ما هو معتاد أو مألوف للبشر. ومن خلال هذه الصور نتعرّف على أمور معيّنة تتعلّق بالجن الذين عبدهم بعض المشركين.
This passage contains contrasting images of gratitude and a lack of it, as well as making some powers and creatures subservient, by God’s will, to certain people even though they are not normally subordinate to any human being. God’s will and power are not limited to what is normal or familiar to humans. Through these images we learn certain things about the jinn whom some idolaters worshipped.
حاول آخرون أن يتعلموا من خلالهم أخبارًا عن عالم الغيب، لكنهم أنفسهم لا يعرفون شيئًا عن ذلك العالم. وفي النص أيضًا معلومات إضافية عن كيفية تمكّن الشيطان من الإنسان، مع أن الشيطان لا سلطان له على الإنسان إلا بقدر ما يمنحه الإنسان ذلك بإرادته واختياره. ومن العناصر الواضحة الأخرى في هذا النص ما يتعلق بالوسائل التي يكشف بها الله بعض الأفعال البشرية الخفية، حتى تظهر أمامنا على حقيقتها، ثم يجزي الله المسؤولين عنها بالثواب في الآخرة. ويختتم هذا النص، كما ختم النص الأول، بالإشارة إلى الحياة الآخرة.
Others tried to learn through them news from the world beyond perception, but they themselves know nothing about that realm. We also have additional information about how Satan can prevail over man, despite the fact that Satan has no power over man except in as much as man gives him this by his own choice. Other clear elements within the passage concern the means by which God reveals some secret human actions so that they appear before us in real terms. He will then give those responsible for them reward in the life to come. This passage concludes, like the first one, with a reference to the life to come.
خصائص داود عليه السلام
Special Favours For David
قَدْ آتَيْنَا دَاوُودَ مِنَّا فَضْلًا ۖ يَا جِبَالُ أَوِّبِي مَعَهُ وَالطَّيْرَ ۖ وَأَلَنَّا لَهُ الْحَدِيدَ ۞ أَنِ اعْمَلْ سَابِغَاتٍ وَقَدِّرْ فِي السَّرْدِ ۖ وَاعْمَلُوا صَالِحًا ۖ إِنِّي بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌ كَانَ دَاوُودُ مِنَ النَّوْعِ الَّذِي وُصِفَ فِي نِهَايَةِ الْجُزْءِ الْأَوَّلِ مِنَ السُّورَةِ: ﴿إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ لَذِكْرَىٰ لِكُلِّ عَبْدٍ مُنِيبٍ﴾ [ص: 9]. وَتُتْبِعُ السُّورَةُ هَذِهِ الْإِشَارَةَ بِسَرْدِ شَيْءٍ مِنْ سِيرَتِهِ، مُمَهِّدَةً بِبَيَانِ النِّعْمَةِ الَّتِي أَنْعَمَ اللهُ بِهَا عَلَيْهِ: ﴿يَا جِبَالُ أَوِّبِي مَعَهُ وَالطَّيْرَ﴾ [سبأ: 10]. وَتُشِيرُ الرِّوَايَاتُ إِلَى أَنَّ دَاوُودَ كَانَ ذَا صَوْتٍ جَمِيلٍ بِشَكْلٍ اسْتِثْنَائِيٍّ، وَكَانَ يُنْشِدُ مَزَامِيرَهُ، وَهِيَ تَسْبِيحَاتٌ لِلَّهِ مَذْكُورَةٌ فِي الْعَهْدِ الْقَدِيمِ، غَيْرَ أَنَّ اللهَ يَعْلَمُ أَيُّهَا كَانَ حَقًّا لِدَاوُودَ. وَيُخْبِرُنَا حَدِيثٌ صَحِيحٌ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ سَمِعَ أَبَا مُوسَى الْأَشْعَرِيَّ يَتْلُو الْقُرْآنَ فِي جَوْفِ اللَّيْلِ، فَوَقَفَ يَسْتَمِعُ إِلَيْهِ، ثُمَّ عَلَّقَ قَائِلًا:
“We graced David with Our favour. We said: ‘You mountains, sing with him God’s praises! And likewise you birds!’ We caused iron to become soft for him, saying: Make coats of mail and measure their links with care. Do good, all of you. I certainly see all that you do.” (Verses 10-11) David was the type of servant described at the end of the first part of the sūrah:” In all this, there is a sign for every servant of God turning to Him in repentance.” (Verse 9) The sūrah follows this reference by recounting some of his history, preambled by details of the grace God bestowed on him: “You mountains, sing with him God’s praises! And likewise you birds!” (Verse 10) Reports suggest that David had an unusually beautiful voice, and he used to sing his Psalms, which are praises of God mentioned in the Old Testament, but God knows which of them were truly David’s. An authentic ĥadīth tells us that the Prophet overheard Abū Mūsā al-Ash`arī reciting the Qur’ān deep at night. He stopped to listen to him, and then commented:
"هذا الرجل قد أُعطي مزمارًا من مزامير داود." يُبيّن الوصف القرآني أن داود (عليه السلام) بلغ في عبادته وصفاء ثنائه مقامًا رفيعًا، حتى زالت الحواجز بينه وبين سائر المخلوقات. فاتصلت الحقيقة بينه وبينها لأنها جميعًا تسبّح الله، ولذلك رجعت الجبال والطيور تسبيحه. ولمّا كانت جميعها ذات صلة مباشرة بالله، زال كل ما يفصل بين الأنواع والمخلوقات، فشعروا أن رابطتهم بالله تغلب كل الحواجز بينهم. ومن هنا تجاوبوا فيما بينهم في تسبيح الله، فبلغوا مستوى استثنائيًا من الصفاء لا يُنال إلا بفضل الله.
‘This man has been given one of David’s Psalms.’ The Qur’ānic description shows that David (peace be upon him) attained such a sublime standard of devotion and transparency in his praises that barriers between him and other creatures disappeared. Thus the truth between them became interrelated as they all praise God. Hence the mountains and the birds echoed his praises of God. When all of them had direct links with God, whatever separates species and creatures was removed. They felt that their bond with God overcame all barriers between them. Hence, they echoed one another in praising God, attaining an extraordinary level of transparency which can only be attained through God’s grace.
مزيد من النِّعَم على سليمان
More Favours For Solomon
وأُعطي داود كل هذه النعمة، وأُعطي سليمان أيضاً القدرة على أداء أعمال خارقة، تجلياً لنعمة الله: ﴿وَلِسُلَيْمَانَ الرِّيحَ غُدُوُّهَا شَهْرٌ وَرَوَاحُهَا شَهْرٌ وَأَسَلْنَا لَهُ عَيْنَ الْقِطْرِ وَمِنَ الْجِنِّ مَن يَعْمَلُ بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ بِإِذْنِ رَبِّهِ وَمَن يَزِغْ مِنْهُمْ عَنْ أَمْرِنَا نُذِقْهُ مِنْ عَذَابِ السَّعِيرِ * يَعْمَلُونَ لَهُ مَا يَشَاءُ مِن مَّحَارِيبَ وَتَمَاثِيلَ وَجِفَانٍ كَالْجَوَابِ وَقُدُورٍ رَّاسِيَاتٍ اعْمَلُوا آلَ دَاوُودَ شُكْرًا وَقَلِيلٌ مِّنْ عِبَادِيَ الشَّكُورُ﴾ (سبأ: 12-13)
All this grace was given to David. Solomon was also given the ability to perform extraordinary feats, as a manifestation of God’s grace: “To Solomon [We made subservient] the wind: its morning course [covered the distance of] a month’s journey, and its evening course a month’s journey. We caused a fountain of molten brass to flow for him, and some of the jinn worked under his control by permission of his Lord. Whoever of them deviated from Our command We shall make him taste suffering through a blazing flame. They made for him whatever he pleased: shrines and statues, basins as large as watering troughs, and firmly anchored cauldrons. We said ‘Work thankfully, family of David, for few of My servants are truly thankful.’“ (Verses 12-13)
هناك روايات كثيرة عن تسخير الريح لسليمان، لكن يبدو أن كثيرًا منها ذو أصل إسرائيلي، مع أن النصوص اليهودية الأصلية لا تذكر شيئًا عن ذلك. ولذلك فالأولى أن نمسك عن الخوض في تلك الروايات، وأن نقتصر على النص القرآني، فلا نتجاوز ظاهر معناه. وعليه يمكن أن نقول: إن الله سخّر الريح لسليمان، فجعلها تجري بأمره، تسير به إلى مكان معيّن [وهو، بحسب سورة الأنبياء، الأرض المقدسة] مدة شهر، ثم تعود به في رحلة العودة مدة شهر. وقد تحقّقت بهاتين الرحلتين مقاصد معيّنة، كان سليمان يعلمها، وقد أنجزها بأمر الله. ونحن نفضّل ألّا نزيد على ذلك شيئًا، حتى لا ننساق وراء أساطير لا سند لها.
There are plenty of reports about the wind being subservient to Solomon, but many appear to have an Israelite origin even though the original Jewish texts do not mention anything about this. It is, therefore, much better to refrain from discussing these reports and to confine ourselves to the Qur’ānic text, going no further than its surface meaning. Thus we can say that God placed the wind at Solomon’s command, making it travel forward to a specific place [which according to Sūrah 21, The Prophets, is the Holy Land] for a month, and then making its return journey over a period of a month. Certain objectives were achieved by these two journeys. These were known to Solomon and he accomplished them by God’s command. We prefer not to say any more on this point so as not to indulge in unsubstantiated legends.
“وَأَسَلْنَا لَهُ عَيْنَ الْقِطْرِ” (الآية ١٢). ويدل السياق العام لهذه الآيات مرة أخرى على أن هذا أيضا كان معجزة، كما كان لين الحديد لداود. وقد يكون ذلك قد حدث في صورة ينبوع بركاني يتدفق بالنحاس الذي كان مذابا في باطن الأرض. وكذلك ربما أرشد الله سليمان إلى كيفية جعل النحاس سائلا وصبّه في أشكال مختلفة.
عدمِ شکر اللہ کی نعمتوں پر
No Gratitude For God’s Favours
دعا داود وأسرته كانا ممتلئين بالشكر لله على جميع نعمه، وكانا يستخدمان تلك النعم في الخير. أما أهل سبأ، فيُقابَلون بهذه النماذج القدوة. وفي سورة النمل (27)، نجد خبرًا عمّا جرى بين ملكتهم وسليمان ﷺ. وهنا تقدّم القصة روايةً عمّا حلّ بهم بعد سليمان ﷺ، مما يوحي بأن الأحداث الواردة هنا تعود إلى فترة لاحقة لمحاورات الملكة مع سليمان ﷺ. ومما يرجّح ذلك أن القصة تذكر أن قوم سبأ كفروا بنعم الله، فسُلبت منهم تلك النعم وتفرّق قومهم. وفي ظل الملكة المذكورة في سورة النمل، عاشوا فترة من الرخاء الوافر وكانوا في غاية القوة. وكان أول خبر وصل سليمان ﷺ عنهم من الهدهد الذي قال له: «إِنِّي وَجَدْتُ امْرَأَةً تَمْلِكُهُمْ وَأُوتِيَتْ مِن كُلِّ شَيْءٍ وَلَهَا عَرْشٌ عَظِيمٌ * وَجَدتُّهَا وَقَوْمَهَا يَسْجُدُونَ لِلشَّمْسِ مِن دُونِ اللَّهِ وَزَيَّنَ لَهُمُ الشَّيْطَانُ أَعْمَالَهُمْ فَصَدَّهُمْ عَنِ السَّبِيلِ فَهُمْ لَا يَهْتَدُونَ» (النمل: 23-24).
David and his family were full of gratitude to God for all His blessings and used such favours for good purpose. The people of Sheba, however, are to be contrasted with such role models. In Sūrah 27, The Ants, we have a report of what took place between their queen and Solomon. Here, the story gives an account of what happened to them after Solomon, which suggests that the events included here date back to a period after the queen’s exchanges with Solomon. What makes this more likely is that the story here speaks of Sheba’s people becoming ungrateful for God’s blessings, which were then withdrawn and the people scattered. Under the queen mentioned in Sūrah 27, they enjoyed a plentiful period and were very powerful. The first report received by Solomon about them was from a hoopoe who told him: “I found there a woman ruling over them; and she has been given of all good things, and hers is a magnificent throne. I found her and her people prostrating themselves to the sun instead of God; and Satan has made their deeds seem goodly to them, thus turning them away from the path [of God!, so that they cannot find the right way.” (27: 23-24)
ثم تبع ذلك إسلام الملكة لله، إذ دخلت في الدين الحق. فالقصة هنا إذن لاحقة بلا شك، وهي تحكي ما جرى لهم بعد أن أعرضوا عن الله ولم يشكروه على نعمه.
This was subsequently followed by the queen’s submission to God, as she embraced the divine faith. The story here, then, is certainly of a subsequent period. It tells of what happened to them after they turned away from God and refused to thank Him for His favours.
تبدأ القصة بوصف النعم العظيمة التي تمتّعوا بها والأرزاق التي رُزقوها، وكذلك بالأمر بأن يُظهروا شكرهم بقدر استطاعتهم: ﴿لَقَدْ كَانَ لِسَبَإٍ فِي مَسْكَنِهِمْ آيَةٌ ۖ جَنَّتَانِ عَن يَمِينٍ وَشِمَالٍ ۖ كُلُوا مِن رِّزْقِ رَبِّكُمْ وَاشْكُرُوا لَهُ ۚ بَلْدَةٌ طَيِّبَةٌ وَرَبٌّ غَفُورٌ﴾ [سورة سبأ: 15].
The story opens with a description of the great blessings they enjoyed and the provisions they were granted, as well as the requirement that they should demonstrate their gratitude as they could: “There was a sign for the people of Sheba in their dwelling place: two gardens, one to the right and one to the left: ‘Eat of what your Lord has provided for you, and give thanks to Him: a land most goodly and a Lord Much- Forgiving.’“ (Verse 15)