سورۃ البقرہ (الأسرۃ: أساس المجتمع الإنساني) 221 - 242
Al-Baqarah ( The Family: The Foundation Of Human Society) 221 - 242
لَا تَنْكِحُوا الْمُشْرِكَاتِ حَتَّىٰ يُؤْمِنَّ ۚ وَلَأَمَةٌ مُؤْمِنَةٌ خَيْرٌ مِنْ مُشْرِكَةٍ وَلَوْ أَعْجَبَتْكُمْ ۚ وَلَا تُنْكِحُوا الْمُشْرِكِينَ حَتَّىٰ يُؤْمِنُوا ۚ وَلَعَبْدٌ مُؤْمِنٌ خَيْرٌ مِنْ مُشْرِكٍ وَلَوْ أَعْجَبَكُمْ ۚ أُولَٰئِكَ يَدْعُونَ إِلَى النَّارِ ۖ وَاللَّهُ يَدْعُو إِلَى الْجَنَّةِ وَالْمَغْفِرَةِ بِإِذْنِهِ ۖ وَيُبَيِّنُ آيَاتِهِ لِلنَّاسِ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَتَذَكَّرُونَ (221)
Do not marry women who associate partners with God unless they embrace the true faith. Any believing bondwoman is certainly better than an idolatress, even though the latter may well please you. And do not give your women in marriage to men who associate partners with God unless they embrace the true faith. Any believing bondman is certainly better than an idolater, even though the latter may well please you. These invite to the fire; whereas God invites to paradise and to the achievement of forgiveness by His leave. He makes plain His revelations to mankind so that they may bear them in mind. (221)
قُلْ هُوَ أَذًى فَاعْتَزِلُوا النِّسَاءَ فِي الْمَحِيضِ وَلَا تَقْرَبُوهُنَّ حَتَّىٰ يَطْهُرْنَ
They ask you about menstruation. Say: “It is an unclean condition; so keep aloof from women during menstruation, and do not draw near to them until they are cleansed.
فَإِذَا تَطَهَّرْنَ فَأْتُوهُنَّ مِنْ حَيْثُ أَمَرَكُمُ اللَّهُ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ يُحِبُّ التَّوَّابِينَ وَيُحِبُّ الْمُتَطَهِّرِينَ (222)
When they have cleansed themselves, you may go in unto them in the proper way, as God has bidden you. God loves those who turn to Him in repentance, and He loves those who keep themselves pure.’ (222)
نِسَاؤُكُمْ حَرْثٌ لَّكُمْ فَأْتُوا حَرْثَكُمْ أَنَّىٰ شِئْتُمْ ۖ وَقَدِّمُوا لِأَنفُسِكُمْ ۚ وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّكُم مُّلَاقُوهُ ۗ وَبَشِّرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ
Your wives are your tilth; go, then, to your tilth as you may desire, but first provide something for your souls. Fear God and know that you shall meet Him. Give the happy news to the believers. (223)
لَا تَجْعَلُوا اللَّهَ عُرْضَةً لِّأَيْمَانِكُمْ أَن تَبَرُّوا وَتَتَّقُوا وَتُصْلِحُوا بَيْنَ النَّاسِ ۗ وَاللَّهُ سَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٌ ۔ (224)
Do not allow your oaths in the name of God to become an obstacle to your being kind and God-fearing, or to promoting peace among people. God hears all and knows all. (224)
لَا يُؤَاخِذُكُمُ اللَّهُ بِاللَّغْوِ فِي أَيْمَانِكُمْ وَلَٰكِنْ يُؤَاخِذُكُمْ بِمَا عَقَّدْتُمُ الْأَيْمَانَ
God shall not take you to task for oaths which you may have uttered without thought, but He will take you to task for what your hearts have conceived in earnest.
إِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ حَلِيمٌ۔ (225)
God is much-Forgiving, Forbearing. (225)
لِلَّذِينَ يُؤْلُونَ مِن نِّسَآئِهِمْ تَرَبُّصُ أَرْبَعَةِ أَشْهُرٍ ۖ فَإِن فَآءُو فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ ٢٢٦
Those who take an oath that they will not approach their wives shall have four months of grace. If they go back on their oaths, God is much-Forgiving, Merciful; (226)
وَإِنْ عَزَمُوا الطَّلَاقَ فَإِنَّ اللهَ سَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٌ (٢٢٧)
and if they are resolved on divorce, [let them remember that] God hears all and knows all. (227)
والمُطَلَّقاتُ يَتَرَبَّصْنَ بِأَنفُسِهِنَّ ثَلَاثَةَ قُرُوءٍ ۚ وَلَا يَحِلُّ لَهُنَّ أَن يَكْتُمْنَ مَا خَلَقَ اللَّهُ فِي أَرْحَامِهِنَّ إِن كُنَّ يُؤْمِنَّ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ ۚ وَبُعُولَتُهُنَّ أَحَقُّ بِرَدِّهِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ إِنْ أَرَادُوا إِصْلَاحًا
Divorced women shall wait, by themselves, for three monthly courses. It is unlawful for them to conceal what God might have created in their wombs, if they believe in God and the Last Day. During this period, their husbands are entitled to take them back, if they desire reconciliation.
وَلَهُنَّ مِثْلُ الَّذِي عَلَيْهِنَّ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ، وَلِلرِّجَالِ عَلَيْهِنَّ دَرَجَةٌ
Women shall, in all fairness, enjoy rights similar to those exercised against them, although men have an advantage over them.
وَاللَّهُ عَزِيزٌ حَكِيمٌ (228)
God is Almighty, Wise. (228)
الطَّلَاقُ مَرَّتَانِ ۖ فَإِمْسَاكٌ بِمَعْرُوفٍ أَوْ تَسْرِيحٌ بِإِحْسَانٍ ۗ وَلَا يَحِلُّ لَكُمْ أَن تَأْخُذُوا مِمَّا آتَيْتُمُوهُنَّ شَيْئًا إِلَّا أَن يَخَافَا أَلَّا يُقِيمَا حُدُودَ اللَّهِ ۖ فَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ أَلَّا يُقِيمَا حُدُودَ اللَّهِ فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْهِمَا فِيمَا افْتَدَتْ بِهِ ۗ
Divorce may be [revoked] twice, whereupon a woman may either be retained in fairness or released with kindness. It is unlawful for you to take back from women anything of what you have given them [as dowry], unless they both [husband and wife] fear that they may not be able to keep within the bounds set by God. If you have cause to fear that they would not be able to keep within the bounds set by God, it shall be no offence for either of them if she gives up whatever she may in order to free herself.
تِلْكَ حُدُودُ اللَّهِ فَلَا تَعْتَدُوهَا ۚ وَمَن يَتَعَدَّ حُدُودَ اللَّهِ فَأُولَٰئِكَ هُمُ الظَّالِمُونَ ﴿٢٢٩﴾
These are the bounds set by God; do not, then, transgress them. Those who transgress the bounds set by God are wrongdoers indeed. (229)
فَإِن طَلَّقَهَا فَلَا تَحِلُّ لَهُۥ مِنۢ بَعْدُ حَتَّىٰ تَنكِحَ زَوْجًا غَيْرَهُۥ ۗ فَإِن طَلَّقَهَا فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْهِمَآ أَن يَتَرَاجَعَآ إِن ظَنَّآ أَن يُقِيمَا حُدُودَ ٱللَّهِ ۗ وَتِلْكَ حُدُودُ ٱللَّهِ يُبَيِّنُهَا لِقَوْمٍ يَعْلَمُونَ
Should he divorce her [a third time], she shall not thereafter be lawful for him to remarry until she has wedded another hus- band. If the latter then divorces her it shall be no offence for either of the two if they return to one another, if they feel that they will be able to keep within the bounds set by God. Such are the bounds set by God.
يُبَيِّنُهَا لِقَوْمٍ يَعْلَمُونَ (230)
He makes them plain for people who have knowledge. (230)
إِذَا طَلَّقْتُمُ النِّسَاءَ فَبَلَغْنَ أَجَلَهُنَّ فَأَمْسِكُوهُنَّ بِمَعْرُوفٍ أَوْ سَرِّحُوهُنَّ بِمَعْرُوفٍ ۚ وَلَا تُمْسِكُوهُنَّ ضِرَارًا لِّتَعْتَدُوا ۚ وَمَن يَفْعَلْ ذَٰلِكَ فَقَدْ ظَلَمَ نَفْسَهُ
When you have divorced women and they have reached the end of their waiting-term, either retain them with fairness or let them go with fairness. Do not retain them out of malice in order to hurt them. He who does so wrongs his own soul.
لا تتخذوا آيات الله هزواً، واذكروا نعمة الله عليكم، وما أنزل عليكم من الكتاب والحكمة يعظكم به، واتقوا الله واعلموا أن الله بكل شيء عليم.
Do not take God’s revelations in a frivolous manner. Remember the blessings God has bestowed upon you, and all the revelation and wisdom He has bestowed upon you from on high in order to admonish you. Fear God and know well that He has full knowledge of everything.
(231)
(231)
{وَإِذَا طَلَّقْتُمُ النِّسَاءَ فَبَلَغْنَ أَجَلَهُنَّ فَلَا تَعْضُلُوهُنَّ أَن يَنكِحْنَ أَزْوَاجَهُنَّ إِذَا تَرَاضَوْا بَيْنَهُم بِالْمَعْرُوفِ ۗ ذَٰلِكَ يُوعَظُ بِهِ مَن كَانَ مِنكُمْ يُؤْمِنُ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ ۗ ذَٰلِكُمْ أَزْكَىٰ لَكُمْ وَأَطْهَرُ ۗ وَاللَّهُ يَعْلَمُ وَأَنتُمْ لَا تَعْلَمُونَ}
And when you have divorced women and they have reached the end of their waiting- term, do not prevent them from marrying their husbands if they have agreed with each other in a fair manner. This is an admonition for everyone of you who believes in God and the Last Day. That is more virtuous for you, and purer. God knows, whereas you do not know. (232)
والوالدات يُرضعن أولادهن حولين كاملين لمن أراد أن يُتم الرضاعة، وعلى المولود له رزقهن وكسوتهن بالمعروف.
Mothers may breast-feed their children for two whole years; [that is] for those who wish to complete the suckling. The father of the child is responsible to provide in a fair manner for their sustenance and clothing.
لَا يُكَلَّفُ نَفْسٌ إِلَّا وُسْعَهَا ۚ لَا تُضَارَّ وَالِدَةٌ بِوَلَدِهَا وَلَا مَوْلُودٌ لَّهُ بِوَلَدِهِ ۚ وَعَلَى الْوَارِثِ مِثْلُ ذَٰلِكَ ۗ فَإِنْ أَرَادَا فِصَالًا عَن تَرَاضٍ مِّنْهُمَا وَتَشَاوُرٍ فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْهِمَا ۗ وَإِنْ أَرَدتُّمْ أَن تَسْتَرْضِعُوا أَوْلَادَكُمْ فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ إِذَا سَلَّمْتُم مَّا آتَيْتُم بِالْمَعْرُوفِ ۗ وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّ اللَّهَ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌ (233)
No human being shall be burdened with more than he is well able to bear. Neither shall a mother be allowed to cause her child to suffer, nor shall a father cause suffering to his child. The same shall apply to the father’s heir. If, by mutual consent and after due consultation, the parents choose to wean the child, they will incur no sin thereby. Nor shall it be any offence on your part if you engage wet nurses for your children, provided that you hand over what you agreed to pay, in a fair manner. Fear God, and know that God sees all that you do. (233)
وَالَّذِينَ يُتَوَفَّوْنَ مِنْكُمْ وَيَذَرُونَ أَزْوَاجًا يَتَرَبَّصْنَ بِأَنْفُسِهِنَّ أَرْبَعَةَ أَشْهُرٍ وَعَشْرًا ۖ فَإِذَا بَلَغْنَ أَجَلَهُنَّ فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ فِيمَا فَعَلْنَ فِي أَنْفُسِهِنَّ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ ۗ وَاللَّهُ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ خَبِيرٌ (234)
Those of you who die leaving wives behind, their wives shall wait, by themselves, for four months and ten days. When they have reached the end of their waiting-term, you shall incur no sin in whatever they may do with themselves in a lawful manner. God is aware of all that you do. (234)
لَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ فِيمَا عَرَّضْتُم بِهِ مِنْ خِطْبَةِ النِّسَاءِ أَوْ أَكْنَنتُمْ فِي أَنفُسِكُمْ ۚ عَلِمَ اللَّهُ أَنَّكُمْ سَتَذْكُرُونَهُنَّ وَلَٰكِن لَّا تُوَاعِدُوهُنَّ سِرًّا إِلَّا أَن تَقُولُوا قَوْلًا مَّعْرُوفًا ۚ وَلَا تَعْزِمُوا عُقْدَةَ النِّكَاحِ حَتَّىٰ يَبْلُغَ الْكِتَابُ أَجَلَهُ ۚ وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّ اللَّهَ يَعْلَمُ مَا فِي أَنفُسِكُمْ فَاحْذَرُوهُ ۚ وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ حَلِيمٌ ٢٣٥ (البقرۃ: ۲۳۵)
You will incur no sin if you give a hint of a marriage offer to [widowed] women or keep such an intention to yourselves. God knows that you will entertain such intentions concerning them. Do not, however, plight your troth in secret; but speak only in a decent manner. Furthermore, do not resolve on actually making the marriage tie before the prescribed term [of waiting] has run its course. Know well that God knows what is in your minds, so have fear of Him; and know that God is much-Forgiving, Forbearing. (235)
لَّا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ إِن طَلَّقْتُمُ النِّسَاءَ مَا لَمْ تَمَسُّوهُنَّ أَوْ تَفْرِضُوا لَهُنَّ فَرِيضَةً ۚ وَمَتِّعُوهُنَّ عَلَى الْمُوسِعِ قَدَرُهُ وَعَلَى الْمُقْتِرِ قَدَرُهُ مَتَاعًا بِالْمَعْرُوفِ ۖ حَقًّا عَلَى الْمُحْسِنِينَ (٢٣٦)
You will incur no sin if you divorce women before having touched them or settled a dowry for them. Provide for them, the rich according to his means and the straitened according to his means. Such a provision, in an equitable manner, is an obligation binding on the righteous. (236)
وَإِنْ طَلَّقْتُمُوهُنَّ مِنْ قَبْلِ أَنْ تَمَسُّوهُنَّ وَقَدْ فَرَضْتُمْ لَهُنَّ فَرِيضَةً فَنِصْفُ مَا فَرَضْتُمْ إِلَّا أَنْ يَعْفُونَ أَوْ يَعْفُوَ الَّذِي بِيَدِهِ عُقْدَةُ النِّكَاحِ
If you divorce them before having touched them but after having settled a dowry for them, then give them half of that which you have settled, unless they forgo it or he in whose hand is the marriage tie forgoes it.
وَأَن تَعْفُوا أَقْرَبُ لِلتَّقْوَىٰ ۚ وَلَا تَنسَوُا الْفَضْلَ بَيْنَكُمْ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌ (237)
To forgo what is due to you is closer to being righteous. Do not forget to act benevolently to one another. God sees all that you do. (237)
حافِظُوا عَلَى الصَّلَوَاتِ وَالصَّلَاةِ الْوُسْطَىٰ وَقُومُوا لِلَّهِ قَانِتِينَ (238)
Attend regularly to your prayers, particularly the middle prayer, and stand up before God in devout obedience. (238)
إِذَا كُنْتُمْ فِي خَوْفٍ فَصَلُّوا مَاشِينَ أَوْ رُكْبَانًا
If you are in fear, pray walking or riding.
فَإِذَا أَمِنتُمْ فَاذْكُرُوا اللَّهَ كَمَا عَلَّمَكُم مَّا لَمْ تَكُونُوا تَعْلَمُونَ ﴿٢٣٩﴾
When you are again secure, remember God, since it is He who has taught you what you did not know. (239)
وَالَّذِينَ يُتَوَفَّوْنَ مِنكُمْ وَيَذَرُونَ أَزْوَاجًا وَصِيَّةً لِّأَزْوَاجِهِم مَّتَاعًا إِلَى الْحَوْلِ غَيْرَ إِخْرَاجٍ ۚ فَإِنْ خَرَجْنَ فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ فِي مَا فَعَلْنَ فِي أَنفُسِهِنَّ مِن مَّعْرُوفٍ ۗ وَاللَّهُ عَزِيزٌ حَكِيمٌ
Those of you who die leaving their wives behind, shall bequeath to their wives provisions for one year without their being obliged to leave [their deceased husbands’ homes]. Should they leave home [of their own accord], you shall incur no sin for what they may do with themselves in a lawful manner. God is Almighty, Wise.
(240)
(240)
وَلِلْمُطَلَّقَاتِ مَتَاعٌۢ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ ۖ حَقًّا عَلَى الْمُتَّقِينَ ٢٤١
Divorced women shall have a provision according to what is fair. This is an obligation on the God-fearing. (241)
كَذَٰلِكَ يُبَيِّنُ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ آيَاتِهِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ (242)
Thus God makes clear to you His revelations that you may understand. (242)
نظرة عامة
Overview
يتناول المقطع التالي من السورة الأسرةَ، وهي النواة والأساس للمجتمع المسلم، وقد أولاها الإسلام اهتماماً بالغاً وعناية كبيرة، فنظّم جوانبها الأساسية، وضمن سلامتها وحمايتها من الانتهاك والتفكك. وقد انعكس هذا الاهتمام في عدد من سور القرآن الكريم، وتناول جميع العناصر الضرورية لضمان قيام الأسرة على أساس قوي في المجتمع المسلم.
The following section of the sūrah deals with the family, the nucleus and the foundation of Muslim society, to which Islam has extended notable attention and effort, regulating its essential aspects and ensuring its safety and protection against abuse and disintegration. Such attention is reflected in several Qur’ānic sūrahs and addresses all necessary elements to ensure the strong foundation of the family in Muslim society.
يقوم النظام الاجتماعي الإسلامي على أساس الأسرة، لكونه نظاماً إلهياً لمجتمع الإنسان يراعي على التمام الأصول الجوهرية للفطرة الإنسانية ومتطلباتها الأساسية.
The Islamic social order is family-based by virtue of its being a divinely-ordained system for human society that takes full account of the essentials of human nature and its basic requirements.
إنّ مكوّناتها تعود إلى جوهر الحياة ذاته، كما يقول القرآن الكريم: ﴿وَمِن كُلِّ شَيْءٍ خَلَقْنَا زَوْجَيْنِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَذَكَّرُونَ﴾ (الذاريات: 49) ﴿سُبْحَانَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ الْأَزْوَاجَ كُلَّهَا مِمَّا تُنبِتُ الْأَرْضُ وَمِنْ أَنفُسِهِمْ وَمِمَّا لَا يَعْلَمُونَ﴾ (يس: 36)
Its ingredients originate with the very essence of life itself, as stated in the Qur’ān when it says: “Of all things We have created a pair [male and female], so that you may give thought.” (51: 49) “Limitless in His glory is He who has created pairs of whatever the earth produces, of your own kind, and of that which they [people] have no knowledge. “ (36: 36)
بدأت حياة الإنسان بشخص واحد، خرج منه زوجه، ثم خرج من الزوجين نسلٌ، وهكذا. فكانت النتيجة هذا الجمع الكثير من بني آدم. يقول القرآن الكريم: «يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ اتَّقُوا رَبَّكُمُ الَّذِي خَلَقَكُم مِّن نَّفْسٍ وَاحِدَةٍ وَخَلَقَ مِنْهَا زَوْجَهَا وَبَثَّ مِنْهُمَا رِجَالًا كَثِيرًا وَنِسَاءً» (النساء: 1). وقال تعالى: «يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ إِنَّا خَلَقْنَاكُم مِّن ذَكَرٍ وَأُنثَىٰ وَجَعَلْنَاكُمْ شُعُوبًا وَقَبَائِلَ لِتَعَارَفُوا» (الحجرات: 13).
Human life began with one person, out of whom came a spouse, and then offspring from the pair of them, and so on. The result is this numerous multitude of human beings. The Qur’ān says: “Mankind, fear your Lord, who created you from a single soul, and from it created its mate, and from the two of them spread abroad so many men and women.” (4: 1) @Mankind! We have created you all out of a male and a female, and have made you into nations and tribes, so that you might come to know one another.” (49: 13)
Your message contains only the heading "Marriage To Unbelievers". Please send the body text you would like translated into Arabic.
Marriage To Unbelievers
لا تنكحوا المشركات حتى يؤمنّ، ولأمةٌ مؤمنةٌ خيرٌ من مشركةٍ ولو أعجبتكم، ولا تنكحوا المشركين حتى يؤمنوا، ولعبدٌ مؤمنٌ خيرٌ من مشركٍ ولو أعجبكم، أولئك يدعون إلى النار، والله يدعو إلى الجنة والمغفرة بإذنه، ويبين آياته للناس لعلهم يتذكرون. (الآية 221)
Do not marry women who associate partners with God unless they embrace the true faith. Any believing bondwoman is certainly better than an idolatress, even though the latter may well please you. And do not give your women in marriage to men who associate partners with God unless they embrace the true faith. Any believing bondman is certainly better than an idolater, even though the latter may well please you. These invite to the fire; whereas God invites to paradise and to the achievement of forgiveness by His leave. He makes plain His revelations to mankind so that they may bear them in mind. (Verse 221)
الزواج أعمق الروابط وأبقاها التي يمكن أن تقوم بين إنسانين، وهو يستدعي أوسع مدى ممكن من الاستجابات المتبادلة والحميمة، ولذلك يقتضي أقوى التزام عاطفي يمكن أن يُعقد. ولكي يتحقق ذلك لا بد أن يكون بين الطرفين هدف مشترك واضح، وما الذي هو أفضل من الإيمان الديني ليوفّر هذا التقارب ووحدة الغاية؟ وقد أُغفل هذا التأثير العميق للدين في الفكر البشري أو أُهمل كثيرًا، وارتكبت بعض المجتمعات الخطأ حين حاولت أن تستبدل بالإيمان الديني فلسفة اجتماعية أو أخرى.
Marriage is the deepest and most enduring bond that can exist between two human beings. It calls for the widest possible range of mutual and intimate responses and, therefore, requires the most firm emotional commitment that can be made. For this to be achieved, a clear common objective must exist between the two parties, and what is better than religious faith to provide such affinity and unity of purpose. This profound influence of religion on human thought has often been ignored or overlooked and some societies have made the mistake of trying to replace religious faith with one social philosophy or another.
في الأيام الأولى للإسلام في مكة، ورغم أن المسلمين نجحوا في الانفصال عن بقية المجتمع روحياً وفكرياً، لم يكن ممكناً لهم أن ينفصلوا عنه اجتماعياً انفصالاً تاماً. وكان هذا التحول يتطلب وقتاً وخطوات متدرجة من التغيير. أما في المدينة، حيث كان المسلمون سيكتسبون هوية اجتماعية ودينية مستقلة، فقد بدأ النظام الاجتماعي الجديد يتشكل بسرعة، مع آيات قرآنية تحرّم كل زواج جديد بين المسلمين والمشركين عبدة الأوثان. غير أن الزيجات القائمة ظلت صحيحة، حتى السنة السادسة من التقويم الإسلامي، حين نزلت الآيتان التاسعة والعاشرة من سورة الممتحنة
During the early days of Islam in Makkah, although the Muslims had succeeded in detaching themselves spiritually and ideologically from the rest of society, it was not possible for them to totally disengage themselves socially. This transformation required time and a measured pace of change. In Madinah, however, where Muslims were to acquire an independent social as well as religious identity, the new social order rapidly began to take shape, with these Qur’ānic verses prohibiting any new marriage of Muslims and idol worshippers. Existing marriages remained valid, however, until the sixth year of the Islamic calendar when verses 9 and 10 of Sūrah 60
الطهارة في العلاقات الجنسية
Purity In Sexual Relations
ثم إن السورة تتناول النقطة التالية، وهي نقطة دقيقة وشديدة الخصوصية، ومع ذلك فإن العلاقات الزوجية هنا أيضاً تُرتقى فوق مجرد الاتصال الجسدي، حتى حين يكون الحديث عن الجانب الأكثر جسدية في الحياة الزوجية، أي العلاقات الجنسية:
The next point the sūrah deals with is a delicate and most private one, but here again marital relations are elevated above the physical contact, even when the discussion is concerned with the most physical aspect of married life, namely, sexual relations:
قُلْ هُوَ أَذًى فَاعْتَزِلُوا النِّسَاءَ فِي الْمَحِيضِ وَلَا تَقْرَبُوهُنَّ حَتَّىٰ يَطْهُرْنَ
They ask you about menstruation. Say: “It is an unclean condition; so keep aloof from women during menstruation, and do not draw near to them until they are cleansed.
فَإِذَا تَطَهَّرْنَ فَأْتُوهُنَّ مِنْ حَيْثُ أَمَرَكُمُ اللَّهُ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ يُحِبُّ التَّوَّابِينَ وَيُحِبُّ الْمُتَطَهِّرِينَ ﴿٢٢٢﴾ نِسَاؤُكُمْ حَرْثٌ لَكُمْ فَأْتُوا حَرْثَكُمْ أَنَّىٰ شِئْتُمْ ۖ وَقَدِّمُوا لِأَنفُسِكُمْ ۚ وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّكُم مُّلَاقُوهُ ۗ وَبَشِّرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ﴿٢٢٣﴾
When they have cleansed themselves, you may go in unto them in the proper way, as God has bidden you. God loves those who turn to Him in repentance, and He loves those who keep themselves pure.’ Your wives are your tilth; go, then, to your tilth as you may desire, but first provide something for your souls. Fear God and know that you shall meet Him. Give the happy news to the believers. (Verses 222-223)
ضمن الزواج، لا يكون الجماع غايةً في ذاته، بل وسيلةٌ لتحقيق أهدافٍ أسمى بكثير في الحياة، من أهمها الإنجاب واستمرار النسل البشري. وإن كان الجماع قد يُشبع الرغبة الجسدية، فإن الجماع أثناء الحيض ليس نجساً فحسب، ويحمل مخاطر صحية على الرجل والمرأة معاً، بل يُخفق أيضاً في تحقيق هدفه الأساسي. والواقع أن الجماع أثناء الحيض لا يستهوي الأسوياء من الناس بصحةٍ جيدة، لأنه لا يُفضي إلى الإنجاب.
Within marriage, sex is not an end in itself, but a means to achieving much more profound goals in life, not least of which is reproduction and the continuation of human life. While it may satisfy the physical desire, sex during menstruation is not only unclean and carries health risks for both man and woman, but also fails to serve its fundamental objective. As a matter of fact, sex during menstruation is not very attractive to normal healthy people because it is not conducive to reproduction.
لیکن سلیم فطرت عموماً اس سے اجتناب کرتی ہے۔ دوسری طرف، پاکیزگی کی حالت میں جماع فطری خواہش کو پورا کرتا ہے اور ایک فطری مقصد حاصل کرتا ہے۔ اس لیے جو سوال اٹھایا گیا، اس کا واضح جواب ممانعت کی صورت میں دیا گیا: ﴿وَيَسْأَلُونَكَ عَنِ الْمَحِيضِ قُلْ هُوَ أَذًى فَاعْتَزِلُوا النِّسَاءَ فِي الْمَحِيضِ وَلَا تَقْرَبُوهُنَّ حَتَّىٰ يَطْهُرْنَ﴾ (سورۃ البقرہ: 222)
الأيمان والكفارات
Oaths And Atonements
ثم تنتقل السورة إلى موضوع الإيلاء من الزوجات، أي الحلف على ترك جماعهن واعتزالهن جنسياً على سبيل العقوبة. وتمهيداً لذلك، تبدأ بالحديث عن الأيمان بوجه عام، فتقول:
The sūrah then moves on to the subject of renouncing wives on oath and abstaining from sexual contact with them as a form of punishment. By way of introduction, it begins with talking about oaths in general, saying:
لَا تَجْعَلُوا اللَّهَ عُرْضَةً لِأَيْمَانِكُمْ أَنْ تَبَرُّوا وَتَتَّقُوا وَتُصْلِحُوا بَيْنَ النَّاسِ ۗ وَاللَّهُ سَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٌ
Do not allow your oaths in the name of God to become an obstacle to your being kind and God-fearing, or to promoting peace among people. God hears all and knows all.
لَا يُؤَاخِذُكُمُ اللَّهُ بِاللَّغْوِ فِي أَيْمَانِكُمْ وَلَٰكِن يُؤَاخِذُكُم بِمَا كَسَبَتْ قُلُوبُكُمْ ۗ وَاللَّهُ غَفُورٌ حَلِيمٌ۔ لِّلَّذِينَ يُؤْلُونَ مِن نِّسَائِهِمْ تَرَبُّصُ أَرْبَعَةِ أَشْهُرٍ ۖ فَإِن فَاءُوا فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ۔ وَإِنْ عَزَمُوا الطَّلَاقَ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ سَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٌ۔
God shall not take you to task for oaths which you may have uttered without thought, but He will take you to task for what your hearts have conceived in earnest. God is much-Forgiving, Forbearing. Those who take an oath that they will not approach their wives shall have four months of grace. If they go back on their oaths, God is much- Forgiving, Merciful; and if they are resolved on divorce, [let them remember that] God hears all and knows all. (Verses 224-227)
المعنى المعتمد لصدر هذه الآية هو ما نُسب إلى عبد الله بن عباس رضي الله عنهما، إذ قال: «لا تجعلوا الحلف بالله مانعًا لكم من فعل الخير والبر والتقوى، بل افعلوا الخير وكفّروا عن يمينكم». وقد ذكر ابن كثير أن مثل هذا القول نُسب إلى جمع من كبار العلماء.
The accepted interpretation of the opening part of this passage is that attributed to `Abdullāh ibn `Abbās who is quoted as saying: “Do not allow the fact that you have made an oath prevent you from doing what is good and righteous; rather, do what is right and atone for your oath.” According to Ibn Kathīr, a similar view is attributed to a host of leading scholars.
لتأييد هذا التفسير، يُستشهد كثيرًا بقول النبي ﷺ، الذي رواه أبو هريرة وأخرجه مسلم، إذ قال ﷺ: «من حلف على يمين فرأى غيرها خيرًا منها، فليكفّر عن يمينه، وليفعل الذي هو خير». ويورد البخاري قول النبي ﷺ الذي رواه أبو هريرة: «لأن يمضي أحدكم على يمينه في أهله آثم له عند الله من أن يعطي كفارته التي فرض الله عليه». ويمكن أن يُستنتج من ذلك أن المقصود الأعظم من الحديث أن الأيمان ينبغي ألّا تكون ذريعةً لترك ما هو الأفضل في الظروف القائمة. فلا ينبغي للمرء أن يتردد في نقض يمينٍ حلف بها إذا ظهر أن نقضها أفضل من وجهة النظر الإسلامية. وإن تحقيق الخير والإصلاح بين الناس مقدَّمٌ على الالتزام بالحلف.
أحكام الطلاق
Rules Of Divorce
لَمَّا بَلَغَتِ السُّورَةُ في الآيةِ السابقةِ مرحلةً يصيرُ فيها الطلاقُ ممكنًا، تَمضي في بيانِ أحكامِ الطلاقِ وكلِّ ما يتعلقُ به بشيءٍ من التفصيلِ، كالعِدّةِ والنفقةِ، فيقولُ: ﴿وَالْمُطَلَّقَاتُ يَتَرَبَّصْنَ بِأَنْفُسِهِنَّ ثَلَاثَةَ قُرُوءٍ ۚ وَلَا يَحِلُّ لَهُنَّ أَنْ يَكْتُمْنَ مَا خَلَقَ اللَّهُ فِي أَرْحَامِهِنَّ إِنْ كُنَّ يُؤْمِنَّ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ ۚ وَبُعُولَتُهُنَّ أَحَقُّ بِرَدِّهِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ إِنْ أَرَادُوا إِصْلَاحًا ۚ وَلَهُنَّ مِثْلُ الَّذِي عَلَيْهِنَّ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ ۚ وَلِلرِّجَالِ عَلَيْهِنَّ دَرَجَةٌ ۗ وَاللَّهُ عَزِيزٌ حَكِيمٌ﴾ (البقرة: 228).
Having reached in the previous verse a point when divorce becomes a possibility, the sūrah goes on to outline in some detail the rules governing divorce and all matters relating to it, such as the waiting period and maintenance: “Divorced women shall wait, by themselves, for three monthly courses. It is unlawful for them to conceal what God might have created in their wombs, if they believe in God and the Last Day. During this period, their husbands are entitled to take them back, if they desire reconciliation. Women shall, in all fairness, enjoy rights similar to those exercised against them, although men have an advantage over them. God is Almighty, Wise.” (Verse 228)
يُفهم الأقراء الثلاثة المذكورة هنا بمعانٍ متعددة، فقيل: هي ثلاث حيضات، وقيل: هي ثلاثة أطهار من الحيض. والمقصود أن المطلقة لا ينبغي لها أن تتزوج بغيره خلال تلك المدة.
The three monthly courses referred to here are variously understood as three menstrual periods, or three periods of cleanliness from menstruation. The idea is that a divorced woman should not seek another marriage within that period.
ويعبّر التعبير العربي الأصلي، في نصحه للمطلّقات بأن "يتربّصن بأنفسهن ثلاثة قروء"، بلغة بالغة الرقّة والحساسية، تجمع بين الرغبة والتوجّس معًا. فهو يوحي بأن المطلّقة تكون لديها رغبة قوية في بدء علاقة زوجية جديدة، لتطمئن نفسها، وتُري الناس، أن فشل زواجها لم يكن بسبب أي ضعف أو تقصير منها، وأنها ما زالت جذّابة للرجال وقادرة على أن تبدأ حياتها من جديد. أما الزوج، وهو الذي بادر إلى الطلاق، فلا يكون لديه بطبيعة الحال مثل هذه المشاعر.
The original Arabic expression uses a most delicate and sensitive language when advising divorced women to “wait, by themselves, for three monthly courses.” It conveys a mixed sense of eagerness and apprehension. It suggests that a divorced woman would have a strong desire to start a new marital relationship in order to reassure herself, and show others, that the failure of her marriage was not due to any weaknesses or shortcomings on her part, and that she remained attractive to men and capable of starting her life afresh. Being the one who had initiated the divorce, the husband would naturally have no such feelings.
علاوةً على ذلك، فإن القرآن يخاطب إيمان المرأة بالله واليوم الآخر، ويحثها على ألّا تكتم ما في رحمها إن كانت حاملاً من زوجها المطلِّق.
أنظمة الطلاق العادلة والمتوازنة
Fair And Balanced Divorce Systems
إن الأحكام التالية تتعلق بعدد مرات الطلاق واستحقاق الزوجة كامل مهرها، باستثناء الحالة التي تفتدي فيها الزوجة نفسها من الزواج الذي تخشى ألا تستطيع الاستمرار فيه خشية أن تقع في معصية الله. وفي مثل هذه الحالة، يجوز للزوجة أن تتنازل عن جزء من مهرها أو أن تدفع عوضًا متفقًا عليه لتتخلص من الزواج، إذا كان الزوج غير راغب في طلاقها.
The next set of rules relates to the number of times divorce can take place and the wife’s full entitlement to her dowry, except in the case when a wife buys herself out of a marriage she feels she could not sustain for fear that she might commit an act of disobedience to God. Under such circumstances, a wife may forgo part of her dowry or make an agreed settlement in order to release herself when her husband is unwilling to divorce her.
قال تعالى في سورة البقرة: {الطَّلَاقُ مَرَّتَانِ ۖ فَإِمْسَاكٌ بِمَعْرُوفٍ أَوْ تَسْرِيحٌ بِإِحْسَانٍ ۗ وَلَا يَحِلُّ لَكُمْ أَن تَأْخُذُوا مِمَّا آتَيْتُمُوهُنَّ شَيْئًا إِلَّا أَن يَخَافَا أَلَّا يُقِيمَا حُدُودَ اللَّهِ ۖ فَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ أَلَّا يُقِيمَا حُدُودَ اللَّهِ فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْهِمَا فِيمَا افْتَدَتْ بِهِ ۗ تِلْكَ حُدُودُ اللَّهِ فَلَا تَعْتَدُوهَا ۚ وَمَن يَتَعَدَّ حُدُودَ اللَّهِ فَأُولَٰئِكَ هُمُ الظَّالِمُونَ} (الآية 229)
The sūrah says: “Divorce may be [revoked] twice, whereupon a woman may either be retained in fairness or released with kindness. It is unlawful for you to take back from women anything of what you have given them [as dowry], unless they both [husband and wife] fear that they may not be able to keep within the bounds set by God. If you have cause to fear that they would not be able to keep within the bounds set by God, it shall be no offence for either of them if she gives up whatever she may in order to free herself These are the bounds set by God; do not, then, transgress them. Those who transgress the bounds set by God are wrongdoers indeed.” (Verse 229)
يحقّ للزوجين أن يطلّقا ويراجعا مرّتين قبل أن ينطبق الشرط المذكور في الآية التالية. وبموجب هذا الحكم، لا يجوز إعادة الزواج بالزوجة المطلَّقة ثلاث مرّات إلا في حال أن تتزوّج بزوج آخر تزويجاً شرعياً، ثم يطلّقها ذلك الزوج بعد ذلك، في سياق الأمور المعتاد. فإذا وقع ذلك على نحو طبيعي من غير أن يكون مدبَّراً مسبقاً، جاز للمرأة وزوجها الأول أن يتزوّجا من جديد، إن ظنّا أنهما صارا الآن قادرين على أن يجعلا زواجهما ناجحاً.
Couples are allowed to divorce and revoke their divorce twice before the condition stated in the next verse applies. Under this provision, remarriage with a three-times divorced wife cannot take place except in the case when she legally marries another husband who may subsequently, and in the normal course of events, divorce her. Should this take place normally, without it being pre-arranged, the woman and her first husband may be re-married, if they believe that by now they are able to make their marriage successful.
الإمساك بمعروف أو التسريح بإحسان
Kindly Retention Or Amicable Separation
بعد أن فصّلت السورةُ إجراءاتِ الطلاق، تمضي في توجيه المطلِّقين، داعيةً إياهم إلى إظهار الرحمة والمودّة والمراعاة خلال فترة ما بعد الطلاق، أيًّا كان سببُ الخلاف.
Having detailed the divorce procedure, the sūrah goes on to give directions to divorcing couples, urging them to show kindness, compassion and consideration during the post-divorce period, regardless of how the rift came about:
وَإِذَا طَلَّقْتُمُ النِّسَاءَ فَبَلَغْنَ أَجَلَهُنَّ فَأَمْسِكُوهُنَّ بِمَعْرُوفٍ أَوْ سَرِّحُوهُنَّ بِمَعْرُوفٍ ۚ وَلَا تُمْسِكُوهُنَّ ضِرَارًا لِّتَعْتَدُوا ۚ وَمَن يَفْعَلْ ذَٰلِكَ فَقَدْ ظَلَمَ نَفْسَهُ ۚ وَلَا تَتَّخِذُوا آيَاتِ اللَّهِ هُزُوًا ۚ وَاذْكُرُوا نِعْمَتَ اللَّهِ عَلَيْكُمْ وَمَا أَنزَلَ عَلَيْكُم مِّنَ الْكِتَابِ وَالْحِكْمَةِ يَعِظُكُم بِهِ ۚ وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّ اللَّهَ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمٌ وَإِذَا طَلَّقْتُمُ النِّسَاءَ فَبَلَغْنَ أَجَلَهُنَّ فَلَا تَعْضُلُوهُنَّ أَن يَنكِحْنَ أَزْوَاجَهُنَّ إِذَا تَرَاضَوْا بَيْنَهُم بِالْمَعْرُوفِ ۚ ذَٰلِكَ يُوعَظُ بِهِ مَن كَانَ مِنكُمْ يُؤْمِنُ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ ۚ ذَٰلِكُمْ أَزْكَىٰ لَكُمْ وَأَطْهَرُ ۗ وَاللَّهُ يَعْلَمُ وَأَنتُمْ لَا تَعْلَمُونَ (البقرة: 231-232)
When you have divorced women and they have reached the end of their waiting-term, either retain them with fairness or let them go with fairness. Do not retain them out of malice in order to hurt them. He who does so wrongs his own soul. Do not take God revelations in a frivolous manner. Remember the blessings God h bestowed upon you, and all the revelation and wisdom He ha bestowed upon you from on high in order to admonish you. Fear God and know well that He has full knowledge of everything. And when you have divorced women and they have reached the end o their waiting-term, do not prevent them from marrying their husbands if they have agreed with each other in a fair manner. This is an admonition for everyone of you who believes in God and the Last Day. That is more virtuous for you, and purer. God knows, whereas you do not know. (Verses 231-232)
يجب أن يُبنى الحياة الزوجية على روح من المودة والإنصاف والرحمة المتبادلة، وينبغي أن تظهر هذه الروح حتى إن كان لا بد من إنهاء العلاقة. ولا ينبغي أن يُسمح للحقد والضغينة بأن يعكّرا صفو هذه العلاقة. غير أن ذلك لا يتحقق إلا إذا كان الطرفان المعنيان مسترشدين بالإيمان بالله، ومدركين مسؤوليتهما أمامه في الآخرة. وينبغي لهما أن يعترفا بنعمة الله وفضله عليهما في أن أباح لهما الزواج ومكّنهما من طلب السعادة في مكان آخر عندما يفشل الزواج، وأن يوفّرا لكلا الطرفين الضمانات الضرورية والعادلة للتعويض والإنصاف. وينبغي مراعاة هذه المبادئ من الرحمة والإنصاف في جميع الأحوال.
Married life must be built on a spirit of mutual kindness, fairness and compassion, and this spirit must be evident even if the relationship has to be severed. Malice and ill-will must not be allowed to cloud this relationship. But, this can only be attained if the parties concerned are guided by faith in God and are conscious of their accountability to Him in the hereafter. They ought to acknowledge God’s grace and blessings in allowing them to marry and enabling them to seek happiness elsewhere when the marriage fails, and providing both parties with necessary and fair guarantees for compensation and redress. These principles of kindness and fairness must be observed under all circumstances.
رعاية الأطفال في البيوت المفككة
Child Care In Broken Homes
يتعلق هذا الحكم بإرضاع الرضيع وحضانته بعد الطلاق. فعند انفصال الزوجين تبقى بينهما بعض الروابط والالتزامات والعلاقات، وفي مقدمتها رعاية الأولاد وتربيتهم. وقد تناولت السورة جميع الاحتمالات الممكنة.
The following ruling concerns the fostering and breast-feeding of infants after divorce. When a marriage breaks up, certain ties, commitments and relationships continue to exist between the divorced couple, foremost among which is the well- being and upbringing of children. The sūrah covers all possible eventualities:
وَالْوَالِدَاتُ يُرْضِعْنَ أَوْلَادَهُنَّ حَوْلَيْنِ كَامِلَيْنِ لِمَنْ أَرَادَ أَنْ يُتِمَّ الرَّضَاعَةَ ۚ وَعَلَى الْمَوْلُودِ لَهُ رِزْقُهُنَّ وَكِسْوَتُهُنَّ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ ۚ لَا تُكَلَّفُ نَفْسٌ إِلَّا وُسْعَهَا ۚ لَا تُضَارَّ وَالِدَةٌ بِوَلَدِهَا وَلَا مَوْلُودٌ لَهُ بِوَلَدِهِ ۚ وَعَلَى الْوَارِثِ مِثْلُ ذَٰلِكَ ۗ فَإِنْ أَرَادَا فِصَالًا عَن تَرَاضٍ مِّنْهُمَا وَتَشَاوُرٍ فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْهِمَا ۗ وَإِنْ أَرَدتُّمْ أَن تَسْتَرْضِعُوا أَوْلَادَكُمْ فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ إِذَا سَلَّمْتُم مَّا آتَيْتُم بِالْمَعْرُوفِ ۗ وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّ اللَّهَ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌ
Mothers may breast-feed their children for two whole years; [that is] for those who wish to complete the suckling. The father of the child is responsible to provide in a fair manner for their sustenance and clothing. No human being shall be burdened with more than he is well able to bear. Neither shall a mother be allowed to cause her child to suffer, nor shall a father cause suffering to his child. The same shall apply to the father’s heir. If, by mutual consent and after due consultation, the parents choose to wean the child, they will incur no sin thereby. Nor shall it be any offence on your part if you engage wet nurses for your children, provided that you hand over what you agreed to pay, in a fair manner. Fear God, and know that God sees all that you do.
(الآية ٢٣٣)
(Verse 233)
على الأم المطلَّقة واجبٌ من الله تجاه رضيعها يبقى قائماً مهما كانت حدّة الفراق بينها وبين زوجها. ورحمةُ الله وعطفُه يقتضيان ألّا يُكلَّف الأطفالُ بالمعاناة تحت أيّ ظرف من الظروف، لا سيما في السنوات الأولى من عمرهم حين يكونون ما زالوا يُرضَعون.
A divorced mother continues to have a God-given duty towards her infant, no matter how acrimonious the separation from her husband. God’s mercy and compassion dictate that under no circumstances should the children be made to suffer, especially during the early years of life when they are still being breast-fed.
أثبتت الأبحاث العلمية الحديثة أن لبن الأم ضروري في السنتين الأولى من عمر الطفل لنموه الجسدي والنفسي السليم.
Modern scientific research has shown that the mother’s milk is essential for the first two years of life for the healthy physical and psychological development of the child.
قضية الأرامل
The Case Of Widows
ثم تنتقل السورة إلى بيان الأحكام المتعلقة بالأرامل: عدّتهنّ، وما إذا كان يجوز لهنّ قبول خطّاب الزواج، ومتى يجوز ذلك.
The sūrah then turns to introduce the rules governing widows; their waiting period and whether and when they can entertain new proposals for marriage:
وَالَّذِينَ يُتَوَفَّوْنَ مِنكُمْ وَيَذَرُونَ أَزْوَاجًا يَتَرَبَّصْنَ بِأَنفُسِهِنَّ أَرْبَعَةَ أَشْهُرٍ وَعَشْرًا ۖ فَإِذَا بَلَغْنَ أَجَلَهُنَّ فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ فِيمَا فَعَلْنَ فِي أَنفُسِهِنَّ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ ۗ وَاللَّهُ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ خَبِيرٌ. وَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ فِيمَا عَرَّضْتُم بِهِ مِنْ خِطْبَةِ النِّسَاءِ أَوْ أَكْنَنتُمْ فِي أَنفُسِكُمْ ۚ عَلِمَ اللَّهُ أَنَّكُمْ سَتَذْكُرُونَهُنَّ وَلَٰكِن لَّا تُوَاعِدُوهُنَّ سِرًّا إِلَّا أَن تَقُولُوا قَوْلًا مَّعْرُوفًا ۚ وَلَا تَعْزِمُوا عُقْدَةَ النِّكَاحِ حَتَّىٰ يَبْلُغَ الْكِتَابُ أَجَلَهُ ۚ
Those of you who die leaving wives behind, their wives shall wait, by themselves, for four months and ten days. When they have reached the end of their waiting-term, you shall incur no sin in whatever they may do with themselves in a lawful manner. God is aware of all that you do. You will incur no sin if you give a hint of a marriage offer to [widowed] women or keep such an intention to yourselves. God knows that you will entertain such intentions concerning them. Do not, however, plight your troth in secret; but speak only in a decent manner. Furthermore, do not resolve on actually making the marriage tie before the prescribed term [of waiting] has run its course.
اعْلَمُوا أَنَّ اللَّهَ يَعْلَمُ مَا فِي أَنْفُسِكُمْ فَاحْذَرُوهُ ۚ وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ حَلِيمٌ (الآيتان ٢٣٤-٢٣٥)
Know well that God knows what is in your minds, so have fear of Him; and know that God is much- Forgiving, Forbearing. (Verses 234-235)
في الجاهلية قبل الإسلام، كانت المرأة الأرملة تعاني كثيرًا من الظلم على أيدي أهلها وأقارب زوجها والمجتمع عمومًا. فإذا توفي زوجها، كانت تُحبس في ناحية كئيبة من البيت، وتُلزم بارتداء أرذل ثيابها، وتمتنع عن استعمال أي طيب أو بخور مدة عام كامل. وعند انتهاء تلك المدة، كانت تُكلَّف بأداء سلسلة من الطقوس المهينة التي لا معنى لها، ومنها رمي روث الحيوانات في الهواء، وركوب حمار أو شاة والطواف به في البلدة أو القرية. وقد أبطل الإسلام تلك العادات الباطلة، وخفف معاناة الأرامل اللواتي كنّ، إضافةً إلى حزن فقد أزواجهن، يتحملن الإهانة والاضطهاد من أسرهن، ويُحرمن من فرصة استئناف حياة أسرية سعيدة وكريمة.
In pre-Islamic Arabia, widows suffered a great deal of injustice at the hands of their own families, their in-laws and society in general. When a husband died, his widow would be confined to a drab part of the home and made to wear her shabbiest clothes and refrain from using any perfume or incense for a whole year. At the end of that period, she would be required to perform a series of degrading and meaningless rituals which included casting animal faeces into the air and riding an ass or a sheep through the town or village. Islam did away with all those worthless customs and alleviated the suffering of widows who, in addition to the grief of losing their husbands, had to endure the humiliation and persecution of their families and were deprived of the opportunity to resume a happy and decent family life.
الإحسان بعد الطلاق
Kindness After Divorce
ثم تتناول السورة حالةً أخرى كثيرة الوقوع، وهي حالة المرأة التي تُطلَّق قبل الدخول بها، وتبيّن الحقوق والواجبات المتعلقة بكلٍّ من الزوجين.
The sūrah then tackles a different, but frequently met, situation, in which a woman is divorced before the consummation of the marriage. It outlines the respective rights and obligations of both spouses.
لَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ إِن طَلَّقْتُمُ النِّسَاءَ مَا لَمْ تَمَسُّوهُنَّ أَوْ تَفْرِضُوا لَهُنَّ فَرِيضَةً ۚ وَمَتِّعُوهُنَّ ۚ عَلَى الْمُوسِعِ قَدَرُهُ وَعَلَى الْمُقْتِرِ قَدَرُهُ ۚ مَتَاعًا بِالْمَعْرُوفِ ۖ حَقًّا عَلَى الْمُحْسِنِينَ وَإِن طَلَّقْتُمُوهُنَّ مِن قَبْلِ أَن تَمَسُّوهُنَّ وَقَدْ فَرَضْتُمْ لَهُنَّ فَرِيضَةً فَنِصْفُ مَا فَرَضْتُمْ إِلَّا أَن يَعْفُونَ أَوْ يَعْفُوَ الَّذِي بِيَدِهِ عُقْدَةُ النِّكَاحِ ۚ وَأَن تَعْفُوا أَقْرَبُ لِلتَّقْوَىٰ ۚ وَلَا تَنسَوُا الْفَضْلَ بَيْنَكُمْ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌ [البقرة: ٢٣٦-٢٣٧]
You will incur no sin if you divorce women before having touched them or settled a dowry for them. Provide for them, the rich according to his means and the straitened according to his means. Such a provision, in an equitable manner, is an obligation binding on the righteous. If you divorce them before having touched them but after having settled a dowry for them, then give them half of that which you have settled, unless they forgo it or he in whose hand is the marriage tie forgoes it. To forgo what is due to you is closer to being righteous. Do not forget to act benevolently to one another. God sees all that you do. (Verses 236-237)
الحالة الأولى تتعلق بامرأة يُطلَّق عنها زوجها قبل أن يُدخَل بها ودون أن يُفرض لها مهر. في هذه الحال يلزم الزوج أن يمتِّعها بما يناسب يساره. ولهذه المتعة أثر نفسي عظيم في المرأة، إذ تكون قد أصيبت بالحزن لانحلال زواجها قبل أن يبدأ، فيكون في هذا العطاء ما يخفف عنها كثيرًا، ويذهب ما قد يبقى في قلبها من مرارة أو ضيق. فيُنظر إلى الزواج الذي لم يكتمل على أنه خطأ مؤسف، لا على أنه عيب في صلاحيتها أو في استقامتها. والغاية من ذلك تهدئة التوتر، وإنهاء العلاقة بود، وبروح من الإنصاف، دون أن يبقى في النفوس شيء. أما قدر العطاء في هذه الحال فهو موكول إلى تقدير الرجل وضميره، على حسب قدرته المالية: ﴿عَلَى الْمُوسِعِ قَدَرُهُ وَعَلَى الْمُقْتِرِ قَدَرُهُ مَتَاعًا بِالْمَعْرُوفِ حَقًّا عَلَى الْمُحْسِنِينَ﴾ [البقرة: 236]. فهذا المتاع بالمعروف واجب لازم على أهل الإحسان والتقوى.
Two situations are outlined here. The first involves a woman who is divorced before her marriage had been consummated or a dowry agreed. In this case, the husband is obliged to recompense her according to his means. Such a gesture would have an immense psychological impact on the woman, who would be devastated at having her marriage dissolved before it has even begun. It would go a long way towards dissipating any bitterness or acrimony left in her heart. The unfulfilled marriage would be understood as an unfortunate mistake rather than a reflection on her suitability or integrity. The aim would be to diffuse the tension and conduct the severance of the relationship amicably, in a spirit of fairness and with no hard feelings. Meanwhile, the size of the gift offered in this case is left to the man’s discretion and conscience, within his financial ability: “the rich according to his means and the straitened according to his means. Such a provision, in an equitable manner, is an obligation binding on the righteous.” (Verse 236)
مسألة في العبادة
A Question Of Worship
بعد أن يستحضر السورة جوًّا من الخضوع لله والشعور بمراقبته، تتخلل الكلام آيةٌ قصيرة عن الصلاة، وهي العبادة الرئيسة في الإسلام، قبل أن تتناول السورة جوانب أخرى من الطلاق. والاستنتاج هنا، بأسلوب القرآن الفريد، أن الطاعة لله في أمور الزواج والطلاق عبادةٌ لا تقل خشوعًا وفضلًا عن الصلاة نفسها. وهذا منسجم تمامًا مع مفهوم الإسلام الشامل للعبادة (العبادة) الذي يشمل كل نشاط إنساني، ويُنظر إليه بوصفه الغاية المحورية من الوجود الإنساني، كما عبّر عنه القرآن: ﴿وَمَا خَلَقْتُ الْجِنَّ وَالْإِنسَ إِلَّا لِيَعْبُدُونِ﴾ (الذاريات: ٥٦)
Having evoked an atmosphere of submission to, and consciousness of, God, the sūrah interjects with a short passage on prayer, the main act of worship in Islam, before it deals with other aspects of divorce. The inference here, in the inimitable style of the Qur’ān, is that obedience to God in matters of marriage and divorce is an act of worship no less reverent or commendable than prayer itself. This is in total harmony with the comprehensive Islamic concept of worship (`ibādah) which encompasses all human activity and is seen as the central purpose of human existence, expressed in the Qur’ān: “I have not created the jinns and human beings to any end other than that they may worship Me.” (51: 56)
قال تعالى في هذه السورة: ﴿حَافِظُوا عَلَى الصَّلَوَاتِ وَالصَّلَاةِ الْوُسْطَىٰ وَقُومُوا لِلَّهِ قَانِتِينَ * فَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ فَرِجَالًا أَوْ رُكْبَانًا ۖ فَإِذَا أَمِنْتُمْ فَاذْكُرُوا اللَّهَ كَمَا عَلَّمَكُم مَّا لَمْ تَكُونُوا تَعْلَمُونَ﴾ (البقرة: ٢٣٨-٢٣٩)
The sūrah says: “Attend regularly to your prayers, particularly the middle prayer, and stand up before God in devout obedience. If you are in fear, pray walking or riding. When you are again secure, remember God, since it is He who has taught you what you did not know.” (Verses 238-239)
هذا أمرٌ صريحٌ للمسلمين بالمحافظة على الصلوات الخمس المفروضة كلَّ يومٍ، وأدائها على الوجه الصحيح، وعلى هيئتها الشرعية، وفي أوقاتها المحددة لها.
This is a clear instruction to Muslims to attend regularly to the five daily prayers, offering them in the proper manner, in the correct form, and at their appointed times.
يُذهب عامةُ العلماء إلى أن الصلاةَ الوسطى هي صلاةُ العصر، استنادًا إلى ما رُوي أنه في يوم غزوة الخندق (627م) سُمع النبيُّ ﷺ يدعو على قوات العدو قائلًا: «شغلونا عن الصلاة الوسطى صلاة العصر، ملأ الله قلوبهم وبيوتهم نارًا». ولعل السببَ في التنصيص على صلاة العصر أنها تقع في ذلك الجزء من بعد الظهر الذي يستريح فيه الناسُ قليلًا، فيسهل أن تفوتهم.
The middle Prayer is generally taken to refer to `Aşr, or mid-afternoon prayer, on the basis of reports that on the day of the Battle of the Moat (627 CE), the Prophet Muĥammad was heard cursing the enemy forces for “causing us to miss the middle prayer of `Aşr. May God engulf their hearts and homes in fire.” The reason for a specific mention of the `Aşr prayer is perhaps because it falls during that part of the afternoon when people take a short rest and may easily miss it.
حقوق أوسع للأرامل والمطلّقات
More Rights For Widows And Divorcees
يُعدّ هذا التعقيب، بما فيه من لمسة روحية رقيقة، تمهيدًا مناسبًا قبل أن تُذكر بقية الأحكام المتعلقة بحقوق الأرامل والطلاق.
This interjection, with its fine spiritual touch, serves as a fitting interlude before the remaining rules on the rights of widows and on divorce are given:
وَالَّذِينَ يُتَوَفَّوْنَ مِنكُمْ وَيَذَرُونَ أَزْوَاجًا وَصِيَّةً لِّأَزْوَاجِهِم مَّتَاعًا إِلَى الْحَوْلِ غَيْرَ إِخْرَاجٍ ۚ فَإِنْ خَرَجْنَ فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ فِي مَا فَعَلْنَ فِي أَنفُسِهِنَّ مِن مَّعْرُوفٍ ۗ وَاللَّهُ عَزِيزٌ حَكِيمٌ وَلِلْمُطَلَّقَاتِ مَتَاعٌ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ ۖ حَقًّا عَلَى الْمُتَّقِينَ كَذَٰلِكَ يُبَيِّنُ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ آيَاتِهِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ
Those of you who die leaving their wives behind, shall bequeath to their wives provisions for one year without their being obliged to leave [their deceased husbands’ homes]. Should they leave home [of their own accord], you shall incur no sin for what they may do with themselves in a lawful manner. God is Almighty, Wise. Divorced women shall have a provision according to what is fair. This is an obligation on the God-fearing. Thus God makes clear to you His revelations that you may understand.
(الآيات ٢٤٠-٢٤٢)
(Verses 240-242)
تُثبِت الآيةُ الأولى من هذه الآيات الثلاث حقَّ الأرملةِ في وصيةٍ من زوجها المتوفّى، تُمكِّنها من البقاء في بيته مع نفقةٍ تُصرَف لها. ولا يلزمها أن تخرج من بيته أو أن تتزوّج مرةً أخرى خلال تلك المدة، إن اختارت ذلك. ولا يُسقِط هذا حقَّها في الخروج من البيت بعد أربعةِ أشهرٍ وعشرٍ، وهي العِدّةُ المقرّرةُ فيما سبق. فإذا كانت العِدّةُ واجبةً على الأرملة، فإن مكوثها في بيت زوجها المتوفّى سَنةً كاملةً حقٌّ لها. ويرى بعضُ الفقهاء أن هذا الحكمَ منسوخٌ بالحكم الوارد في الآية 234، وهذا الاستنتاجُ غيرُ مُسوَّغ، لأن الحكمين يتعلّقان بأمرين مختلفين: أحدهما يُثبت حقَّ الأرملة، والآخر يُقرِّر واجبًا عليها.
The first of these three verses establishes the right of a widow to a bequest by her deceased husband, allowing her to stay in his home with a provision for her maintenance. She does not need to leave his home or marry again during that period if that is what she chooses to do. This does not exclude her right to leave the house after four months and ten days, the waiting period, as laid down earlier. While the waiting period is an obligation upon the widow, her staying in her late husband’s home for a year is her right. Some jurists are of the opinion that this ruling is overruled by the one given in Verse 234. Such a conclusion is not justified since the two rulings refer to two different matters: one establishes a widow’s right while the other states an obligation binding upon her.
تُواصِلُ السورةُ فتقولُ: ﴿وَإِنْ خَرَجْنَ فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ فِيمَا فَعَلْنَ فِي أَنْفُسِهِنَّ مِنْ مَعْرُوفٍ﴾ (الآية ٢٤٠). ويُعَدُّ استعمالُ ضمير الجمع المخاطَب «كُم» في هذا السياق ذا دلالةٍ بالغة، إذ يدُلُّ على مسؤوليةٍ جماعيةٍ مشتركةٍ تجاه رعاية المطلقات والأرامل، وعلى حاجةِ جميعِ أفرادِ المجتمع إلى احترامِ الأحكامِ والآدابِ الشرعيةِ والتزامِها.