سورۃ النساء (العدل للجميع) 105 - 113
Al-Nisa ( Justice For All ) 105 - 113
إِنَّا أَنزَلْنَا إِلَيْكَ الْكِتَابَ بِالْحَقِّ لِتَحْكُمَ بَيْنَ النَّاسِ بِمَا أَرَاكَ اللَّهُ ۚ وَلَا تَكُن لِّلْخَائِنِينَ خَصِيمًا (105)
We have bestowed this book on you from on high, setting forth the truth, so that you may judge between people in accordance with what God has taught you. Hence, do not contend with those who betray their trust. (105)
وَاسْتَغْفِرُوا اللَّهَ ۖ إِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ (106)
Seek God’s forgiveness, for God is indeed Much-Forgiving, Merciful. (106)
وَلَا تُجَادِلْ عَنِ الَّذِينَ يَخْتَانُونَ أَنفُسَهُمْ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يُحِبُّ مَن كَانَ خَوَّانًا أَثِيمًا (107)
And do not argue on behalf of those who are false to their own selves. Indeed God does not love those who betray their trust and persist in sinful action. (107)
يَسْتَخْفُونَ مِنَ النَّاسِ وَلَا يَسْتَخْفُونَ مِنَ اللَّهِ وَهُوَ مَعَهُمْ إِذْ يُبَيِّتُونَ مَا لَا يَرْضَىٰ مِنَ الْقَوْلِ ۚ وَكَانَ اللَّهُ بِمَا يَعْمَلُونَ مُحِيطًا
They conceal their doings from men, but they cannot conceal them from God; for He is present with them when, in the darkness of the night, they agree all manner of sayings which displease Him. God certainly encompasses [with His knowledge] whatever they do. (108)
أَنتُمْ هَٰؤُلَاءِ جَادَلْتُمْ عَنْهُمْ فِي الْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا، فَمَن يُجَادِلُ اللَّهَ عَنْهُمْ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ، أَمْ مَن يَكُونُ عَلَيْهِمْ وَكِيلًا؟
You may well argue on their behalf in the life of this world, but who is there to argue on their behalf with God on the Day of Resurrection, or who will be their advocate?
(109)
(109)
وَمَنْ يَعْمَلْ سُوءًا أَوْ يَظْلِمْ نَفْسَهُ ثُمَّ يَسْتَغْفِرِ اللَّهَ يَجِدِ اللَّهَ غَفُورًا رَحِيمًا۔ (110)
He who does evil or wrongs his own soul, and then prays to God to forgive him, shall find God Much-Forgiving, Merciful. (110)
وَمَن يَكْسِبْ إِثْمًا فَإِنَّمَا يَكْسِبُهُ عَلَىٰ نَفْسِهِ ۗ وَكَانَ اللَّهُ عَلِيمًا حَكِيمًا ١١١
For he who commits a sin, does so to his own hurt. God is indeed All-Knowing, Wise. (111)
وَمَنْ يَكْسِبْ خَطِيئَةً أَوْ إِثْمًا ثُمَّ يَرْمِ بِهِ بَرِيئًا فَقَدِ احْتَمَلَ بُهْتَانًا وَإِثْمًا مُبِينًا (112)
But he who commits a fault or a sin and then throws the blame therefore on an innocent person, burdens himself with both falsehood and a flagrant sin. (112)
وَلَوْلَا فَضْلُ اللَّهِ عَلَيْكَ وَرَحْمَتُهُ لَهَمَّتْ طَائِفَةٌ مِّنْهُمْ أَن يُضِلُّوكَ ۚ وَمَا يُضِلُّونَ إِلَّا أَنفُسَهُمْ ۖ وَمَا يَضُرُّونَكَ مِن شَيْءٍ ۚ وَأَنزَلَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْكَ الْكِتَابَ وَالْحِكْمَةَ وَعَلَّمَكَ مَا لَمْ تَكُن تَعْلَمُ ۚ وَكَانَ فَضْلُ اللَّهِ عَلَيْكَ عَظِيمًا (١١٣)
But for God’s grace to you and His mercy, some of them would indeed endeavour to lead you astray. Yet none but themselves do they lead astray. Nor can they harm you in any way. It is God who has bestowed this book on you from on high and given you wisdom, and has taught you what you did not know. God’s favour on you is great indeed. (113)
نظرة عامة
Overview
تُروى في هذا المقطع قصةٌ لا نظير لها في تاريخ البشرية. وهي قصةٌ تُثبت بذاتها أن القرآن الكريم وهذا الدين، الإسلام، لا بدّ أن يكونا من عند الله. فالبشر، مهما سَمَوا وبلغوا من المثالية، ومهما وصلوا إلى درجة عالية من الطهارة والأخلاق، لا يستطيعون بمفردهم أن يرتقوا إلى المستوى الذي رسمته هذه الآيات، ما لم يُلهمهم الله تعالى نفسه. وهذا المستوى رفيعٌ كالخط المرسوم على الأفق، لا يبلغه الناس إلا في ظل الإسلام، ولن يستطيعوا بلوغه أبدًا إلا بتطبيق الإسلام.
This passage tells of a story which is unparalleled in the history of mankind. It is a story that proves, on its own, that the Qur’ān and this religion of Islam must, by necessity, originate with God. Human beings, no matter how sublime or idealistic they may be and how high the standard of purity and morality they may achieve, cannot on their own raise themselves to the standard drawn in these verses without being inspired by God Himself. The standard is as high as a line drawn over the horizon which people can only attain under Islam. They will never be able to achieve it except through the implementation of Islam.
يجب أن يُذكر أن اليهود في المدينة وجّهوا كل هجماتهم الحاقدة ضد الإسلام والجماعة المسلمة. وهذه السورة والسورتان اللتان قبلها تحكي عن بعض هذه الهجمات وأثرها في عامة المسلمين فحسب. فقد نشروا الشائعات الكاذبة، وأذكوا كراهية المشركين للجماعة المسلمة، وشجّعوا المنافقين، وساعدوهم في مساعيهم لتقويض وحدة المسلمين، فأحدثوا بذلك البلبلة بين الناس. بل هاجموا قيادة النبي ﷺ، فنشروا الشكوك حول وحيه ورسالة الإسلام، وسعَوا إلى إثارة الفتنة داخل المجتمع المسلم. وكان هدفهم دائمًا إضعافه من الداخل، وفي الوقت نفسه تشجيع أعدائه من الخارج. وكان ذلك كله في وقت كان الإسلام فيه لا يزال حديث العهد، كغصن غضّ يشقّ طريقه وسط الأعشاب الضارّة المتبقية من أيام الجاهلية الأولى. وفضلًا عن ذلك، كانت روابط القرابة والمصالح المشتركة التي تجمع بعض المسلمين ببعض المشركين والمنافقين واليهود لا تزال قوية. وكان ذلك كله يمثل خطرًا حقيقيًّا يهدد تماسك الجماعة المسلمة الناشئة ووحدتها.
It has to be remembered that the Jews in Madinah aimed all their vicious attacks against Islam and the Muslim community. This sūrah and the preceding two sūrahs give an account of only some of these attacks and their effect on the Muslim rank and file. They spread false rumours, fed the idolators’ hatred of the Muslim community, encouraged the hypocrites and assisted their efforts to undermine the Muslims’ unity, thereby confusing people. They even attacked the Prophet’s leadership, spreading doubts about his revelations and the message of Islam, trying to sow discord within the Muslim society. Their aim has always been to weaken it internally while at the same time encouraging its external enemies. All this took place at a time when Islam was still new, a young shoot forcing itself out in the midst of persistent weeds remaining from the old days of ignorance. Moreover, bonds of kinship and common interests uniting some Muslims with some of the idolaters, hypocrites and Jews were still strong. All this represented a real danger threatening the cohesion and unity of the new Muslim community.
موقف ثابت في نصرة العدل
A Firm Stand In Support Of Justice
إِنَّا أَنزَلْنَا إِلَيْكَ الْكِتَابَ بِالْحَقِّ لِتَحْكُمَ بَيْنَ النَّاسِ بِمَا أَرَاكَ اللَّهُ ۚ وَلَا تَكُن لِّلْخَائِنِينَ خَصِيمًا وَاسْتَغْفِرِ اللَّهَ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ غَفُورًا رَّحِيمًا وَلَا تُجَادِلْ عَنِ الَّذِينَ يَخْتَانُونَ أَنفُسَهُمْ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يُحِبُّ مَن كَانَ خَوَّانًا أَثِيمًا يَسْتَخْفُونَ مِنَ النَّاسِ وَلَا يَسْتَخْفُونَ مِنَ اللَّهِ وَهُوَ مَعَهُمْ إِذْ يُبَيِّتُونَ مَا لَا يَرْضَىٰ مِنَ الْقَوْلِ ۚ وَكَانَ اللَّهُ بِمَا يَعْمَلُونَ مُحِيطًا هَاأَنتُمْ هَٰؤُلَاءِ جَادَلْتُمْ عَنْهُمْ فِي الْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا فَمَن يُجَادِلُ اللَّهَ عَنْهُمْ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ أَم مَّن يَكُونُ عَلَيْهِمْ وَكِيلًا
We have bestowed this book on you from on high, setting forth the truth, so that you may judge between people in accordance with what God has taught you. Hence, do not contend with those who betray their trust. Seek God’s forgiveness, for God is indeed Much-Forgiving, Merciful. And do not argue on behalf of those who are false to their own selves. Indeed God does not love those who betray their trust and persist in sinful action. They conceal their doings from men, but they cannot conceal them from God; for He is present with them when, in the darkness of the night, they agree all manner of sayings which displease Him. God certainly encompasses [with His knowledge] whatever they do. You may well argue on their behalf in the life of this world, but who is there to argue on their behalf with God on the Day of Resurrection, or who will be their advocate? (Verses 105-109)
الأسلوب هنا حازم جدًّا، يفيض غضبًا في سبيل الحق، ويُحسّ في النص اهتمامٌ حقيقيّ بالعدل في كل جنباته. وأول جوانب ذلك التذكيرُ لرسول الله ﷺ بأن كتاب الله قد أُنزل عليه من عنده بالحق، ليحكم بين الناس بما أراه الله من الحق. وقد أعقب هذا التذكيرَ أمرٌ بألّا يدافع أبدًا عمّن يخونون الأمانة، فلا يخاصم عنهم ولا يجادل من أجلهم، ويُوجَّه كذلك إلى أن يستغفر الله من تلك المجادلة في الدفاع عنهم: ﴿إِنَّا أَنزَلْنَا إِلَيْكَ الْكِتَابَ بِالْحَقِّ لِتَحْكُمَ بَيْنَ النَّاسِ بِمَا أَرَاكَ اللَّهُ ۚ وَلَا تَكُن لِّلْخَائِنِينَ خَصِيمًا * وَاسْتَغْفِرِ اللَّهَ ۖ إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ غَفُورًا رَّحِيمًا﴾ [النساء: 105-106].
The style here is very firm, smacking of anger in support of the truth. Real concern for justice is felt throughout the passage. The first aspect of this is the reminder to God’s Messenger of the fact that God’s book was, in truth, bestowed on him from on high so that he may arbitrate between people in accordance with what God imparted to him of true knowledge. This reminder is followed by an order requiring him never to defend those who betray their trust. He must not contend for them or argue on their behalf. He is further directed to seek God’s forgiveness for such arguments in their defence: “We have bestowed this book on you from on high, setting forth the truth, so that you may judge between people in accordance with what God has taught you. Hence, do not contend with those who betray their trust. Seek God’s forgiveness, for God is indeed Much-Forgiving, Merciful.” (Verses 105-6)
المسؤولية عن الأفعال التي يقوم بها الأفراد
Responsibility For Action Taken By Individuals
بعد أن بيّنت السورة موقفها الغاضب من الذين يخونون الأمانة، مع إنكارها الشديد على من يجادل عنهم، تذكر القواعد العامة المتعلقة بهذا الفعل، وآثاره، وحسابه، وجزائه، إضافةً إلى المبدأ الشامل للجزاء العادل. فإن الله تعالى يعامل جميع عباده بالعدل المطلق، ويطلب منهم أن يبذلوا جهدهم في تطبيق القاعدة نفسها في معاملاتهم وتعاملاتهم، وأن يسعَوا جاهدين لتبنّي هذه المعايير من العدل التام: ﴿وَمَن يَعْمَلْ سُوءًا أَوْ يَظْلِمْ نَفْسَهُ ثُمَّ يَسْتَغْفِرِ اللَّهَ يَجِدِ اللَّهَ غَفُورًا رَّحِيمًا * وَمَن يَكْسِبْ إِثْمًا فَإِنَّمَا يَكْسِبُهُ عَلَىٰ نَفْسِهِ ۚ وَكَانَ اللَّهُ عَلِيمًا حَكِيمًا * وَمَن يَكْسِبْ خَطِيئَةً أَوْ إِثْمًا ثُمَّ يَرْمِ بِهِ بَرِيئًا فَقَدِ احْتَمَلَ بُهْتَانًا وَإِثْمًا مُّبِينًا﴾ (النساء: 110-112).
Having stated its angry case against individuals who betray their trust, coupled with its strong censure of those who argue on their behalf, the sūrah states the general principles applicable to this deed, its effects, reckoning and reward, as well as the overall principle of just reward. It is with absolute justice that God deals with all His servants. He requires them to try their best to implement the same rule in their dealings and transactions. They should endeavour as hard as they can to adopt these standards of perfect justice: “He who does evil or wrongs his own soul, and then prays to God to forgive him, shall find God Much-Forgiving, Merciful. For he who commits a sin, does so to his own hurt. God is indeed All-Knowing, Wise. But he who commits a fault or a sin and then throws the blame therefore on an innocent person, burdens himself with both falsehood and a flagrant sin.” (Verses 110-112)
تُرسي هذه الآيات الثلاث المبادئ العامة التي يُعامل الله بها عباده. وبإمكان الناس أن يطبقوا هذه المبادئ في تعاملهم مع بعضهم البعض ومع الله. فإن فعلوا ذلك، جنّبوا أنفسهم كثيرًا من الضرر.
These three verses lay down the general principles that God applies in the treatment of His servants. People are well able to implement these in dealing with one another and with God. If they do, they spare themselves much harm.
أول آية تفتح باب التوبة واسعًا لكل من يطلب مغفرة الله وقبوله، يقول تعالى: ﴿وَمَن يَعْمَلْ سُوءًا أَوْ يَظْلِمْ نَفْسَهُ ثُمَّ يَسْتَغْفِرِ اللَّهَ يَجِدِ اللَّهَ غَفُورًا رَّحِيمًا﴾ (الآية 110). فهناك الله، مستعدٌّ للمغفرة، يفيض فضله العظيم على كل من يرجع إليه تائبًا. فكل من يعمل سوءً يظلم نفسه وغيره، وقد يظلم نفسه وحدها إذا كان فعله السيئ لا يتعدى ذاته. وعلى كل حال، فإن الله الغفور الرحيم، الكريم الرؤوف، يقبل من يطلب مغفرته في كل وقت، ويمد إليه عفوه ورحمته. ليس هناك أي شرط، ولا شفاعة، ولا حاجز بينهم وبينه. فكلما أقبلوا عليه تائبين، أقبل عليهم بالقبول، وأفاض عليهم من فضله.
The first verse leaves the door for repentance wide open for anyone who seeks God’s forgiveness and acceptance. “He who does evil or wrongs his own soul, and then prays to God to forgive him, shall find God Much-Forgiving, Merciful.” (Verse 110) God is there, ready to forgive and bestow His abundant grace on anyone who turns to Him in repentance. Anyone who does evil wrongs himself and others. He may wrong only himself if his sinful action affects only his own person. In any case, God, the Merciful, the Beneficent, receives those who seek His forgiveness at all times, and extends to them His forgiveness and mercy. There is simply no condition, no intercession and no barrier between them and Him. Whenever they turn to Him in repentance, He turns to them in acceptance and bestows on them His grace.
الفضل الخاص للنبي ﷺ
Special Grace For The Prophet
أخيراً، يُخبر الله رسوله ﷺ بالنعمة التي أنعم بها عليه حين حفظه من كيد المتآمرين، فكشف مؤامرتهم التي أرادوا بها طمس الأمور حتى لا يعلم الناس ما دبّروه. ومع ذلك فإنهم لا يستترون عن الله، وهو المطّلع على كل مكرهم. ويُذكّر الله رسوله ﷺ أيضاً بنِعَمه التي أنزل عليه بها الوحي والحكمة، وعلّمه ما لم يكن يعلم. وهذه نعمة على البشرية جمعاء، يمثّلها أعظمُ الناس وأكرمهم عند الله: ﴿وَلَوْلَا فَضْلُ اللَّهِ عَلَيْكَ وَرَحْمَتُهُ لَهَمَّتْ طَّائِفَةٌ مِّنْهُمْ أَن يُضِلُّوكَ﴾.
Finally, God tells His Messenger of the favour He gave him when He protected him from deception by the conspirators. He, thus, exposed their plot by which they tried to conceal matters so that people would not know what they had plotted. Yet they do not hide themselves from God Who is aware of all their plotting. God also reminds His Messenger of His favours by which He gave him revelations and wisdom, as well as knowledge of what he did not know. This is a favour to all mankind represented by the noblest and most honourable one in God’s sight: “But for God’s grace to you and His mercy, some of them would indeed endeavour to lead you astray.
وَمَا يُضِلُّونَ إِلَّا أَنفُسَهُمْ وَمَا يَضُرُّونَكَ مِن شَيْءٍ وَأَنزَلَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْكَ الْكِتَابَ وَالْحِكْمَةَ وَعَلَّمَكَ مَا لَمْ تَكُن تَعْلَمُ ۚ وَكَانَ فَضْلُ اللَّهِ عَلَيْكَ عَظِيمًا ﷺ
Yet none but themselves do they lead astray. Nor can they harm you in any way. It is God who has bestowed this book on you from on high and given you wisdom, and has taught you what you did not know. God’s favour on you is great indeed.” (Verse 113)
هذه كانت واحدة من المحاولات العديدة والمتنوعة التي حاول بها أعداء محمد ﷺ، رسولِ الله الكريم، أن يصرفوه عن طريق الحق والعدل. ومع ذلك، ففي كل مرة كان الله يُفيض عليه نعمته بكثرة، فيترك الماكرين يندمون على أفعالهم ويغرقون في الضلال. وتاريخ النبي محمد ﷺ مليء بمثل هذه المحاولات، وبفشل أعدائه ونجاحه هو، إذ كان الله يهديه في كل مرة إلى الطريق الصواب. وفي هذه الآية يُذكّره الله بنعمته وفضله، ويطمئنه في الوقت نفسه بأن أولئك الناس لن يضروه أدنى ضرر. وهذا في حد ذاته من فضل الله ونعمته.
This was but one of the numerous and diverse attempts which the enemies of Muĥammad, God’s noble Messenger, tried in order to divert him away from the path of truth and justice. Each time, however, God bestowed on him grace in abundance, leaving the schemers to rue their actions and sink into error. The history of the Prophet Muĥammad, (peace be upon him), is full of such attempts, the failure of his enemies and his own success when God guided him every time to the right way. In this verse, God reminds him of His grace and favours, reassuring him at the same time that such people will not harm him in the least. That in itself is an act of Divine grace.
وكما ذُكرت هذه النعمة الخاصة بجميع جوانبها، من حيث كشف الحق للنبي ﷺ، فقد بُيّنت كذلك أعظم النعم جميعًا، وهي نعمة اختياره ليكون رسولًا من عند الله: ﴿وَأَنزَلَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْكَ الْكِتَابَ وَالْحِكْمَةَ وَعَلَّمَكَ مَا لَمْ تَكُن تَعْلَمُ وَكَانَ فَضْلُ اللَّهِ عَلَيْكَ عَظِيمًا﴾ (النساء: 113).