في مقدمة السورة السابقة، يونس، كتبنا:
In the Prologue to the preceding sūrah, Jonah, we wrote:
آخِرُ الوَحْيِ المَكِّيِّ الَّذِي تَنَاوَلَهُ هَذَا الكِتَابُ هُوَ السُّورَتَانِ: الأَنْعَامُ وَالأَعْرَافُ. وَمَعَ أَنَّ هَاتَيْنِ السُّورَتَيْنِ مُتَجَاوِرَتَانِ فِي تَرْتِيبِ المُصْحَفِ، فَإِنَّهُمَا لَمْ تَكُونَا عَلَى التَّسَلْسُلِ نَفْسِهِ فِي التَّرْتِيبِ الزَّمَنِيِّ لِلنُّزُولِ. وَيَلِيهِمَا فِي المُصْحَفِ سُورَةُ الأَنْفَالِ،
The last Makkan revelations discussed in this work were Sūrahs 6 and 7, Cattle and The Heights. Although these two sūrahs are placed together in their Qur’ānic order, they did not have the same sequence in the chronological order of revelation. They are followed in the Qur’ān by Sūrahs 8
و٩، الأنفال والتوبة، اللتان تتميّزان بالخصائص والمعاني المميزة للجزء الأخير من القرآن الكريم الذي نزل في المدينة المنورة. أما الآن فلدينا سورتان مكيتان، يونس وهود، تأتيان بالترتيب نفسه في التسلسل الزمني وفي ترتيب القرآن الكريم. ونلحظ تشابهًا لافتًا بين السورتين المكيتين السابقتين والسورتين الحاضرتين، في الموضوع وفي الأسلوب والعرض معًا. فسورة الأنعام تركّز على جوهر الإيمان، فتواجه بها المشركين، وتدحض كل المعتقدات والممارسات الضالة. أما سورة الأعراف فتتحدث عن التطبيق العملي للإيمان في حياة الإنسان، وعن مواجهته للجاهلية في مختلف فترات التاريخ. والأمر نفسه ينطبق على السورتين اللتين في هذا المجلد، يونس وهود. غير أن سورة الأنعام تتميّز عن سورة يونس بإيقاعها القوي جدًا، ونبضها السريع، ودقة مشاهدها وحركتها.
and 9, The Spoils of War and The Repentance, which feature the special characteristics and themes of the later part of the Qur’ān revealed in Madinah. Now, however, we have two Makkan sūrahs, Jonah and Hūd, which have the same sequence in both chronological order and Qur’ānic arrangement. We note a remarkable similarity between the two earlier Makkan sūrahs and the two present ones, both in subject matter and presentation. Sūrah 6, Cattle, concentrates on the essence of faith, confronting the unbelievers with it and refuting all erring beliefs and practices. Sūrah 7, The Heights, on the other hand, speaks about the practical implementation of faith in human life and its confrontation with jāhiliyyah during different periods of history. The same is true of the two sūrahs in this volume, Jonah and Hūd. However, Sūrah 6 is distinguished from Sūrah 10 by its very powerful rhythm, quick pulse and sophistication of scene and movement.
سورۃ یونس (سورہ نمبر 10) کی لے زیادہ نرم اور اس کے مناظر اور حرکت کا بہاؤ زیادہ رواں ہے۔ سورۃ الأعراف (سورہ نمبر 7) اور سورۃ ہود (سورہ نمبر 11) موضوع، اندازِ بیان اور آہنگ میں نمایاں مشابہت رکھتی ہیں۔ اس کے باوجود قرآنِ مجید کی ہر سورت کا اپنا مخصوص مزاج، خاص خصوصیات اور امتیازی اوصاف ہیں۔
Sūrah 10, on the other hand, has a more relaxed rhythm and easy flow of scene and movement. Sūrahs 7 and 11, The Heights and Hūd display great similarity in theme, presentation and rhythm. Nevertheless, every sūrah in the Qur’ān has its own character, special features and distinctive properties.
نحتاج أن نفصّل قليلًا هنا. تتضمن سورة يونس إشارات تاريخية موجزة، فيها قصة مختصرة لنوح، وإشارة عامة إلى الرسل الذين جاؤوا بعده، ثم تعرض قصة موسى بتفصيل معقول، وتختم بإشارة موجزة إلى يونس. غير أن هذه الأخبار التاريخية لم تُذكر إلا على سبيل التمثيل والاستشهاد، لتأكيد العقائد الأساسية التي تركز عليها السورة.
We need to elaborate a little here. Sūrah Jonah includes brief historical references, with a very short account of Noah, and a general reference to subsequent messengers, before giving a reasonably detailed account of Moses, and concluding with a brief reference to Jonah. But these historical accounts are given only as examples, confirming the basic beliefs the sūrah concentrates upon.
في هذه السورة تشكّل القصص التاريخية عنصراً رئيسياً، وعلى الرغم من أنها تؤكد العقائد الأساسية المبيّنة في السورة، فمن الواضح أن هذا العرض لمسيرة الإيمان الإلهي عبر التاريخ الإنساني هو الهدف الأساسي. ولذلك تنقسم السورة إلى ثلاثة أقسام واضحة المعالم: المقطع الافتتاحي الذي يتناول جميع العقائد الأساسية، ثم قصص الأنبياء السابقين التي تحتل جزءاً كبيراً جداً، وأخيراً تعليق السورة على التطور التاريخي للإيمان. ولا يطول كلٌّ من التمهيد الافتتاحي والتعقيب الختامي.
In the present sūrah, historical accounts constitute a major component. Although they confirm the basic beliefs outlined in the sūrah, it is clear that this review of the progress of divine faith in human history is the primary objective. Hence, the sūrah has three clearly marked sections: the opening passage covers all basic beliefs; then we have the histories of earlier prophets which take a very sizeable portion; and finally the sūrah comments on the historical progress of faith. Neither the opening remarks nor the concluding comments are long.
ومن الواضح أيضاً أن هذه الأقسام الثلاثة تُسهم إسهاماً فعّالاً ومتماسكاً في تأسيس الأساس العقدي للإيمان، وهو الهدف الأول للسورة كلها. وفي كل قسم تُذكر العقائد الأساسية بالأسلوب الأنسب لذلك القسم وغرضه.
It is also clear that these three sections effectively and coherently contribute to the establishment of the ideological basis of faith, which is the primary objective of the whole sūrah. In each section basic beliefs are stated in the best way suited to that section and its purpose.
الحقائق الأساسية التي تريد السورة أن تُقرِّرها هي:
The essential facts the sūrah wants to establish are:
١. إنّ ما دعا إليه النبيّ محمّد ﷺ، وما دعا إليه الرسلُ من قبله، هو الحقيقةُ الأساسيّةُ نفسُها التي أُوحيَت إليهم من عند الله. وأساسها الخضوعُ التامّ لله وحده، كما أمرَ به رسلُ الله وحدهم، والتفريقُ بين الناس في جماعتين بحسب قبولهم لهذا الخضوع أو رفضهم له.
1. That which the Prophet Muĥammad preached and what was preached by earlier messengers is the same basic truth revealed to them from on high. Its basis is complete submission to God alone, as directed by God’s messengers only, and to separate people into two communities based on their acceptance or rejection of such submission.
• تتضمن الفقرة الافتتاحية الآيات التالية التي تتحدث عن طبيعة رسالة النبي ﷺ:
• The opening passage includes the following verses speaking of the nature of the Prophet’s message:
الف لام را. هذا كتاب أُحكمت آياته ثم فُصِّلت من لدن حكيم خبير.
Alif. Lam. Rd. This is a book, with verses which have been perfected and distinctly spelled out, bestowed on you by One who is Wise, All-aware.
لَا تَعْبُدُوا إِلَّا اللَّهَ، إِنِّي لَكُمْ مِنْهُ نَذِيرٌ وَبَشِيرٌ۔ (الآيتان: ١-٢)
Worship none but God. I come to you from Him as a warner and a bearer of glad tidings. (Verses 1-2)
أَمْ يَقُولُونَ افْتَرَاهُ ۚ قُلْ فَأْتُوا بِعَشْرِ سُوَرٍ مِّثْلِهِ مُفْتَرَيَاتٍ وَادْعُوا مَنِ اسْتَطَعْتُم مِّن دُونِ اللَّهِ إِن كُنتُمْ صَادِقِينَ ﴿١٣﴾ فَإِلَّمْ يَسْتَجِيبُوا لَكُمْ فَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّمَا أُنزِلَ بِعِلْمِ اللَّهِ وَأَن لَّا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ ۖ فَهَلْ أَنتُم مُّسْلِمُونَ ﴿١٤﴾
If they say: ‘He has invented it’, say: ‘Produce, then, ten invented sūrahs like it, and call for help on all you can other than God, if what you say is true.’ If they do not respond to you, know that it [the Qur’ān] has been bestowed from on high with God’s knowledge, and that there is no deity other than Him. Will you then submit yourselves to Him? (Verses 13-14)
• وفي الروايات التاريخية عن الأنبياء السابقين، توجد آيات كثيرة تبيّن طبيعة رسالتهم والطريقة التي ميّزوا بها أنفسهم عن سائر قومهم على أساس الإيمان. وفيما يلي بعض الأمثلة:
• In the historical accounts of earlier prophets, there are numerous verses that state the nature of their message and the way they separated themselves from the rest of their people on the basis of faith. Here are some examples:
أَرْسَلْنَا نُوحًا إِلَىٰ قَوْمِهِ أَنِّي لَكُمْ نَذِيرٌ مُّبِينٌ
We sent forth Noah to his people: I have come to you with a plain warning.
لَا تَعْبُدُوا إِلَّا اللَّهَ ۖ إِنِّي أَخَافُ عَلَيْكُمْ عَذَابَ يَوْمٍ أَلِيمٍ
Worship none but God. I certainly fear that suffering should befall you on a grievous day.’ (Verses 25-26)
قَالَ يَا قَوْمِ أَرَأَيْتُمْ إِنْ كُنْتُ عَلَىٰ بَيِّنَةٍ مِّن رَّبِّي وَآتَانِي رَحْمَةً مِّنْ عِندِهِ فَعُمِّيَتْ عَلَيْكُمْ أَنُلْزِمُكُمُوهَا وَأَنتُمْ لَهَا كَارِهُونَ
Noah said: ‘Think, my people! If I take my stand on a clear evidence from my Lord, and He has favoured me with grace from Himself to which you have remained blind, can we force it upon you when you are averse to it?’ (Verse 28)
وَنَادَىٰ نُوحٌ رَبَّهُ فَقَالَ رَبِّ إِنَّ ابْنِي مِنْ أَهْلِي وَإِنَّ وَعْدَكَ الْحَقُّ وَأَنتَ أَحْكَمُ الْحَاكِمِينَ. قَالَ يَا نُوحُ إِنَّهُ لَيْسَ مِنْ أَهْلِكَ ۖ إِنَّهُ عَمَلٌ غَيْرُ صَالِحٍ ۖ فَلَا تَسْأَلْنِ مَا لَيْسَ لَكَ بِهِ عِلْمٌ ۖ إِنِّي أَعِظُكَ أَن تَكُونَ مِنَ الْجَاهِلِينَ.
Noah called out to his Lord, saying: ‘Lord, my son is of my family. Surely Your promise always comes true, and You are the most just of judges.’ Noah,’ He answered, ‘he was not of your family; his was an unrighteous conduct. Do not question Me about matters of which you have no knowledge. I admonish you lest you become one of the ignorant.’ (Verses 45-46)
وَإِلَىٰ عَادٍ أَخَاهُمْ هُودًا ۚ قَالَ يَا قَوْمِ اعْبُدُوا اللَّهَ مَا لَكُم مِّنْ إِلَٰهٍ غَيْرُهُ ۚ إِنْ أَنتُمْ إِلَّا مُفْتَرُونَ ٥٠
To `Ād, We sent their brother Hūd. He said: My people! Worship God alone; you have no deity other than Him. You are indeed inventors of falsehood.’ (Verse 50)
إِلَىٰ ثَمُودَ أَخَاهُمْ صَالِحًا ۘ قَالَ يَا قَوْمِ اعْبُدُوا اللَّهَ مَا لَكُم مِّنْ إِلَٰهٍ غَيْرُهُ ۖ هُوَ أَنشَأَكُم مِّنَ الْأَرْضِ وَاسْتَعْمَرَكُمْ فِيهَا فَاسْتَغْفِرُوهُ ثُمَّ تُوبُوا إِلَيْهِ ۚ إِنَّ رَبِّي قَرِيبٌ مُّجِيبٌ
To Thamūd, We sent their brother Şāliĥ. He said: ‘My people! Worship God alone. You have no deity other than Him. He it is who brought you into being out of the earth and settled you therein. Seek His forgiveness and then turn to Him in repentance. My Lord is ever near. He answers all.’ (Verse 61)
قَالَ يَا قَوْمِ أَرَأَيْتُمْ إِنْ كُنتُ عَلَىٰ بَيِّنَةٍ مِّن رَّبِّي وَآتَانِي رَحْمَةً مِّنْ عِندِهِ فَمَن يَنصُرُنِي مِنَ اللَّهِ إِنْ عَصَيْتُهُ ۖ فَمَا تَزِيدُونَنِي غَيْرَ تَخْسِيرٍ
He said: ‘Think, my people! If I take my stand on a clear evidence from my Lord who has bestowed on me His grace, who will save me from God were Ito disobey Him? You are, in such a case, only aggravating my ruin. ‘(Verse 63)
وَإِلَىٰ مَدْيَنَ أَخَاهُمْ شُعَيْبًا ۚ قَالَ يَا قَوْمِ اعْبُدُوا اللَّهَ مَا لَكُم مِّنْ إِلَٰهٍ غَيْرُهُ
And to Madyan We sent their brother Shu`ayb. He said: ‘My people! Worship God alone. You have no deity other than Him.’ (Verse 84)
يَا قَوْمِ أَرَأَيْتُمْ إِن كُنتُ عَلَىٰ بَيِّنَةٍ مِّن رَّبِّي وَرَزَقَنِي مِنْهُ رِزْقًا حَسَنًا
‘Think, my people! If I take my stand on a clear evidence from my Lord and He has provided me with goodly sustenance which He alone can give?’ (Verse 88)
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• The following verses address the same points in the final passage:
وَلَا تَرْكَنُوا إِلَى الَّذِينَ ظَلَمُوا فَتَمَسَّكُمُ النَّارُ وَمَا لَكُم مِّن دُونِ اللَّهِ مِنْ أَوْلِيَاءَ ثُمَّ لَا تُنصَرُونَ
Put no trust in those who do wrong, lest the fire touch you. You would, then, have none to protect you from God, nor would you find any help. (Verse 113)
لَا يَعْلَمُ مَا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ إِلَّا اللَّهُ، وَلَهُ الْأَمْرُ كُلُّهُ، فَاعْبُدْهُ وَتَوَكَّلْ عَلَيْهِ، وَمَا رَبُّكَ بِغَافِلٍ عَمَّا تَعْمَلُونَ. (الآية ١٢٣)
God alone knows whatever is hidden in the heavens and the earth. All authority over all matters belongs to Him alone. Worship Him, then, and place your trust in Him alone. Your Lord is not unaware of what you do. (Verse 123)
وبهذا تتضافر الأقسامُ الثلاثةُ جميعًا لإثباتِ هذه الحقيقة.
Thus all three sections converge to establish this truth.
2. لكي يقرّ الناس بأن الربوبية كلها لله وحده، تزوّدهم السورة بتصوّر واضح عن الله، وتبيّن لهم أنهم في قبضته في هذه الحياة، وأنهم إليه يرجعون يوم القيامة فينالون جزاءهم. وتتعاون الأقسام الثلاثة كلها على ترسيخ هذه الحقيقة.
2. In order that people should acknowledge that all Lordship belongs to God alone, the sūrah provides them with a clear concept of God, making it clear to them that they remain in His grasp in this life, and that to Him they will return on the Day of Resurrection when they receive their reward. Again all three sections work hand in hand to establish this truth.
من أمثلة ذلك، نقرأ في المقطع الافتتاحي:
• To give but a few examples, in the opening passage we read:
إنَّهُمْ يَثْنُونَ صُدُورَهُمْ لِيَسْتَخْفُوا مِنْهُ. أَلَا حِينَ يَسْتَغْشُونَ ثِيَابَهُمْ يَعْلَمُ مَا يُسِرُّونَ وَمَا يُعْلِنُونَ ۚ إِنَّهُ عَلِيمٌ بِذَاتِ الصُّدُورِ. وَمَا مِنْ دَابَّةٍ فِي الْأَرْضِ إِلَّا عَلَى اللَّهِ رِزْقُهَا وَيَعْلَمُ مُسْتَقَرَّهَا وَمُسْتَوْدَعَهَا ۚ كُلٌّ فِي كِتَابٍ مُبِينٍ. وَهُوَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ فِي سِتَّةِ أَيَّامٍ وَكَانَ عَرْشُهُ عَلَى الْمَاءِ لِيَبْلُوَكُمْ أَيُّكُمْ أَحْسَنُ عَمَلًا ۗ وَلَئِنْ قُلْتَ إِنَّكُمْ مَبْعُوثُونَ مِنْ بَعْدِ الْمَوْتِ لَيَقُولَنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا إِنْ هَٰذَا إِلَّا سِحْرٌ مُبِينٌ. وَلَئِنْ أَخَّرْنَا عَنْهُمُ الْعَذَابَ إِلَىٰ أُمَّةٍ مَعْدُودَةٍ لَيَقُولُنَّ مَا يَحْبِسُهُ ۗ أَلَا يَوْمَ يَأْتِيهِمْ لَيْسَ مَصْرُوفًا عَنْهُمْ وَحَاقَ بِهِمْ مَا كَانُوا بِهِ يَسْتَهْزِئُونَ. (الآيات ٥-٨)
They cover up their breasts in order to hide from Him. Surely, when they cover themselves with their garments, He knows all that they keep secret as well as all that they bring into the open. He has full knowledge of what is in people’s hearts. There is no living creature on earth but depends for its sustenance on God; and He knows its habitation and its resting-place. All this is in a clear record. He it is who has created the heavens and the earth in six days, whereas His throne has rested upon water, so that He may test you [to make manifest] which of you is best in conduct. Yet if you say to them: ‘You shall be raised again after death,’ those who disbelieve are sure to say: ‘This is nothing but plain sorcery.’ If We defer their suffering for a definite term, they are sure to say: ‘What is holding it back?’ On the day when it befalls them there will be nothing to avert it from them; and they shall be overwhelmed by that which they used to deride. (Verses 5-8)
مَن كَانَ يُرِيدُ الْحَيَاةَ الدُّنْيَا وَزِينَتَهَا نُوَفِّ إِلَيْهِمْ أَعْمَالَهُمْ فِيهَا وَهُمْ فِيهَا لَا يُبْخَسُونَ أُولَٰئِكَ الَّذِينَ لَيْسَ لَهُمْ فِي الْآخِرَةِ إِلَّا النَّارُ ۖ وَحَبِطَ مَا صَنَعُوا فِيهَا وَبَاطِلٌ مَّا كَانُوا يَعْمَلُونَ
As for those who desire only the lift of this world and its bounties, We shall fully repay them in this life for all they do, and they shall suffer no diminution of their just dues. It is they who, in the life to come, shall have nothing but the fire. In vain shall be all that they have done in this world, and worthless shall be all their actions. (Verses 15-16)
من الروايات التاريخية التي بين أيدينا بعض الأقوال القاطعة، مثل:
• In the historical accounts we have some definitive statements, such as:
إِنِّي تَوَكَّلْتُ عَلَى اللَّهِ رَبِّي وَرَبِّكُمْ ۚ مَا مِن دَابَّةٍ إِلَّا هُوَ آخِذٌ بِنَاصِيَتِهَا ۚ إِنَّ رَبِّي عَلَىٰ صِرَاطٍ مُّسْتَقِيمٍ فَإِن تَوَلَّوْا فَقَدْ أَبْلَغْتُكُم مَّا أُرْسِلْتُ بِهِ إِلَيْكُمْ ۚ وَيَسْتَخْلِفُ رَبِّي قَوْمًا غَيْرَكُمْ ۖ وَلَا تَضُرُّونَهُ شَيْئًا ۚ إِنَّ رَبِّي عَلَىٰ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ حَفِيظٌ
Indeed I have placed my trust in God, my Lord and your Lord. There is no living creature which He does not hold by its forelock. Straight indeed is my Lord’s way. But if you turn away, I have delivered to you the message with which I was sent to you. My Lord may replace you with another people. You can do Him no harm. My Lord watches over all things. (Verses 56-57)
وَإِلَىٰ ثَمُودَ أَخَاهُمْ صَالِحًا ۚ قَالَ يَا قَوْمِ اعْبُدُوا اللَّهَ مَا لَكُم مِّنْ إِلَٰهٍ غَيْرُهُ ۖ هُوَ أَنشَأَكُم مِّنَ الْأَرْضِ وَاسْتَعْمَرَكُمْ فِيهَا ۖ فَاسْتَغْفِرُوهُ ثُمَّ تُوبُوا إِلَيْهِ ۚ إِنَّ رَبِّي قَرِيبٌ مُّجِيبٌ (الآية 61)
To Thamūd, We sent their brother Şāliĥ. He said: My people! Worship God alone. You have no deity other than Him. He it is who brought you into being out of the earth and settled you therein. Seek His forgiveness and then turn to Him in repentance. My Lord is ever near. He answers all. (Verse 61)
وفي الفقرة الختامية نجد آيات مثل:
• And in the concluding passage we have verses like:
وَكَذَٰلِكَ أَخْذُ رَبِّكَ إِذَا أَخَذَ الْقُرَىٰ وَهِيَ ظَالِمَةٌ ۚ إِنَّ أَخْذَهُ أَلِيمٌ شَدِيدٌ (الآية ١٠٢)
Such is your Lord’s punishment whenever He takes to task any community which is bent on evil-doing; His punishment is indeed grievous, severe. (Verse 102)
وَإِنَّ كُلًّا لَّمَّا لَيُوَفِّيَنَّهُمْ رَبُّكَ أَعْمَالَهُمْ ۚ إِنَّهُ بِمَا يَعْمَلُونَ خَبِيرٌ (سورة هود: 111)
To each and all your Lord will surely give their full due for whatever they may have done. He is indeed aware of all that they do. (Verse 111)
وَلَوْ شَاءَ رَبُّكَ لَجَعَلَ النَّاسَ أُمَّةً وَاحِدَةً وَلَا يَزَالُونَ مُخْتَلِفِينَ * إِلَّا مَن رَّحِمَ رَبُّكَ وَلِذَٰلِكَ خَلَقَهُمْ وَتَمَّتْ كَلِمَةُ رَبِّكَ لَأَمْلَأَنَّ جَهَنَّمَ مِنَ الْجِنَّةِ وَالنَّاسِ أَجْمَعِينَ
Had your Lord so willed, He would have made all mankind one single community. As it is, they continue to differ, except those upon whom your Lord has bestowed His grace. And to this end He created them. The word of your Lord shall be fulfilled: I shall certainly fill hell with jinn and humans all.
(الآيات ١١٨-١١٩)
‘(Verses 1 18-119)
وبذلك تتكامل الأقسامُ الثلاثةُ للسورةِ في تأكيدِ حقيقةِ الألوهيةِ وحقيقةِ الآخرةِ.
Thus, all three sections of the sūrah complement each other in driving home the nature of Godhead and the nature of the hereafter.
لا تُرِيدُ السورةُ أن تُثبِتَ وجودَ اللهِ، وإنما تُثبِتُ انفرادَه بالرُّبوبيةِ في حياةِ الإنسانِ، كما هو الأمرُ في سائرِ الكونِ. ولم يكن هناك خلافٌ يُذكَرُ، أو لم يكن هناكَ خلافٌ البتةَ، حولَ وجودِ اللهِ. وكانت الرسالاتُ الإلهيةُ معنيةً في المقامِ الأولِ برُبوبيةِ اللهِ. وينطبقُ الأمرُ نفسُه على الرسالةِ الخاتمةِ، رسالةِ الإسلامِ. فهذه قضيةُ الخضوعِ لله وحدَه، وعدمِ الإشراكِ به، والطاعةِ له في كلِّ شيءٍ. وينبغي أن تُرَدَّ إليه شؤونُ الناسِ جميعًا، وأن تُقضى وفقَ شريعتِه. والآياتُ التي نقلناها تُوضِّحُ ذلك توضيحًا كافيًا.
It is not the existence of God that the sūrah wants to prove. Rather, it is God’s sole Lordship in human life, as indeed in the rest of the universe. There was little or no dispute over God’s existence. Divine messages were primarily concerned with God’s Lordship. The same applies to the final message of Islam. This is a question of submission to God alone, ascribing no partners to Him, and of obedience to Him in all respects. All people’s affairs must be referred to Him, and settled in accordance with His law. The verses we have quoted make this amply clear.