الفرقان - في ظلال القرآن | Quran Course

الفرقان - في ظلال القرآن | Quran Course

منذ زمن نوح ﷺ... Careful: the rule says ﷺ after mentions of the Prophet Muhammad only, not other prophets. So Noah gets no ﷺ. منذ زمن نوح كان الكافرون يتخذون الموقف نفسه الذي اتخذه مشركو قريش تجاه محمد ﷺ، رسولِ الله الخاتم. فقد اعترضوا جميعاً على كون رسول الله بشراً فانياً، رجلاً عادياً مثلهم، قائلين: ﴿مَا لِهَٰذَا الرَّسُولِ يَأْكُلُ الطَّعَامَ وَيَمْشِي فِي الْأَسْوَاقِ ۙ لَوْلَا أُنزِلَ إِلَيْهِ مَلَكٌ فَيَكُونَ مَعَهُ نَذِيرًا﴾. (الآية 7) كما اعترضوا على قلة ماله، قائلين: ﴿لَوْلَا أُلْقِيَ عَلَيْهِ كَنزٌ﴾. (الآية 8) واعترضوا كذلك على طريقة نزول الوحي: ﴿وَقَالَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا لَوْلَا نُزِّلَ عَلَيْهِ الْقُرْآنُ جُمْلَةً وَاحِدَةً﴾. (الآية 32) وقد جاءت هذه الاعتراضات المعلنة فوق رفضهم الصريح للإيمان، وكذلك سخريتهم واعتداءاتهم.

Ever since Noah’s time unbelievers held the same attitude as the Quraysh idolaters towards Muhammad, God’s final Messenger. They all objected to the fact that God’s Messenger was mortal, an ordinary man like them, saying: “What sort of messenger is this, who eats food and goes about in the market places? Why has not an angel been sent down to him to give warning alongside him?” (Verse 7) They also objected to his limited wealth, saying: “Why has not a treasure been granted to him?” (Verse 8) They further objected to the method of revelation: “The unbelievers ask: Why has not the Qur’ān been revealed to him all at once?” (Verse 32) Such voiced objections came on top of their blatant rejection of faith, as also their ridicule and aggression.

واجه النبي محمد ﷺ كل هذا وحده، لا يملك قوة مادية ولا مالاً. وقف في حدوده المناسبة، لا يقترح شيئاً على ربه، ولا يفعل شيئاً سوى التوجه إلى ربه طلباً لرضاه، غير مكترث بشيء آخر. فدعا: «ربِّ! إن لم تكن ساخطاً عليَّ فلا أبالي بما ألقى... لك أستسلم حتى تنال رضاك.» وهنا، في هذه السورة، نرى النبي ﷺ يتمتع برحمة ربه، الذي يمنحه الراحة والسلوى، ويقدم له العون في مواجهة جميع الصعوبات التي توضع في طريقه، بما في ذلك سخرية الآخرين. فهم كثيراً ما يكونون غير مؤدبين مع ربهم الذي خلقهم وأعطاهم كل ما لديهم. فلا ينبغي إذن للنبي ﷺ أن يتأذى كثيراً إن تلقى شيئاً قليلاً من هذه السخرية وسوء المعاملة. «وَيَعْبُدُونَ مِن دُونِ اللَّهِ مَا لَا يَنفَعُهُمْ وَلَا يَضُرُّهُمْ ۗ وَكَانَ الْكَافِرُ عَلَىٰ رَبِّهِ ظَهِيرًا» (الآية ٥٥). «أَمِ اتَّخَذُوا مِن دُونِهِ آلِهَةً لَّا يَخْلُقُونَ شَيْئًا وَهُمْ يُخْلَقُونَ وَلَا يَمْلِكُونَ لِأَنفُسِهِمْ ضَرًّا وَلَا نَفْعًا وَلَا يَمْلِكُونَ مَوْتًا وَلَا حَيَاةً وَلَا نُشُورًا» (الآية ٣). «وَإِذَا قِيلَ لَهُمُ اسْجُدُوا لِلرَّحْمَٰنِ قَالُوا وَمَا الرَّحْمَٰنُ» (الآية ٦٠).

The Prophet Muhammad, (peace be upon him), confronted all this alone, having neither physical power nor wealth. He stood within his appropriate limits, suggesting nothing to his Lord, doing nothing other than turning to his Lord seeking His pleasure, caring for nothing else. He prayed: “My Lord! If You are not displeased with me, I do not care what I face... To You I submit until I earn Your pleasure.” Here, in this sūrah, we see the Prophet enjoying his Lord’s compassion, who gives him comfort and solace, and provides him with support against all the difficulties placed in his way, including the ridicule of others. After all, they are often impolite with their Lord who creates them and gives them all that they have. The Prophet then should not be much troubled if he receives a little of such ridicule and ill treatment. “Yet people worship, instead of God, things that can neither benefit nor harm them. An unbeliever always gives support against his Lord.” (Verse 55) “Yet, some choose to worship, instead of Him, deities that cannot create anything but are themselves created, and have it not in their power to avert harm from, or bring benefit to, themselves, and have no power over death, life or resurrection.” (Verse 3) “Yet when they are told, ‘Prostrate yourselves before the Most Merciful,’ they ask, ‘What is the Most Merciful?” (Verse 60)

عندما تنتهي المعركة، يُري الله رسولَه ﷺ مشاهدَ هلاكِ الأمم السابقة التي كذّبت رسلَه، كقومِ نوحٍ، وعادٍ، وثمودَ، وأصحابِ الرَّسّ، وغيرِهم. وتُعرَض كيفيةُ نهايتهم المؤلمة من خلال سلسلةٍ من الصور من يوم القيامة: ﴿الَّذِينَ يُحْشَرُونَ عَلَىٰ وُجُوهِهِمْ إِلَىٰ جَهَنَّمَ أُولَٰئِكَ شَرٌّ مَّكَانًا وَأَضَلُّ سَبِيلًا﴾ (الآية 34). ﴿بَلْ كَذَّبُوا بِالسَّاعَةِ ۖ وَأَعْتَدْنَا لِمَن كَذَّبَ بِالسَّاعَةِ سَعِيرًا * إِذَا رَأَتْهُم مِّن مَّكَانٍ بَعِيدٍ سَمِعُوا لَهَا تَغَيُّظًا وَزَفِيرًا * وَإِذَا أُلْقُوا مِنْهَا مَكَانًا ضَيِّقًا مُّقَرَّنِينَ دَعَوْا هُنَالِكَ ثُبُورًا * لَّا تَدْعُوا الْيَوْمَ ثُبُورًا وَاحِدًا وَادْعُوا ثُبُورًا كَثِيرًا﴾ (الآيات 11-13).

When the battle is over, God shows His Messenger scenes of the destruction of earlier communities which rejected His messages, such as the people of Noah, the `Ād, Thamūd and the people of al-Rass, as well as others. The way they met their dismal end is shown in a series of images from the Day of Resurrection: “Those who will be gathered to hell on their faces – they will be worst in station and still farther away from the [right] path.” (Verse 34) “Nay! It is the Last Hour that they deny. For those who deny the Last Hour We have prepared a blazing fire. When it sees them from a far-off place, they will hear its fug and its raging sigh. And when, chained together, they are flung into a tight space within, they will pray for extinction there and then. [But they will be told]: ‘Do not pray today for one single extinction, but pray for many extinctions!’” (Verses 11-13)

تواصل السورة سيرها على النهج نفسه: فجانب منها يفيض بالسلوى والطمأنينة اللتين يمنحهما الله عز وجل لرسوله ﷺ، والجانب الآخر يصوّر عناد الكافرين وما يضعونه في طريقه من عقبات. وتتوعدهم بالعذاب والهلاك الذي سينزله بهم الله تعالى. وهكذا تمضي حتى تقترب من نهايتها، فتبسط جوًّا من اليسر والراحة والسلام والطمأنينة. وترسم صورة مفصلة لـ«عباد الرحمن»، وهم الذين {يَمْشُونَ عَلَى الْأَرْضِ هَوْنًا وَإِذَا خَاطَبَهُمُ الْجَاهِلُونَ قَالُوا سَلَامًا} (الفرقان: 63). ويبدون هنا كأنهم الثمرة النهائية للجهاد الطويل، أي الكفاح الشاق ضد قوم يصرّون على التمسك بضلالهم وعدم اتباع الهدى الإلهي، أو الثمرة الحلوة لشجرة الإنسان، رغم أغصانها الشائكة. وتختتم السورة ببيان مدى هوان الإنسان عند الله تعالى، إلا من آمن وتوجّه إليه بالدعاء وحده: {قُلْ مَا يَعْبَأُ بِكُمْ رَبِّي لَوْلَا دُعَاؤُكُمْ فَقَدْ كَذَّبْتُمْ فَسَوْفَ يَكُونُ لِزَامًا} (الفرقان: 77).

The sūrah continues along the same lines: one aspect of it overflows with solace and reassurance given by God to His Messenger, and the other portrays the intransigence of the unbelievers and the difficulties they put up against him. It threatens them with punishment and destruction that will be visited upon them by God Almighty. It thus moves on until it approaches its end when it spreads an air of ease, comfort, peace and reassurance. It portrays a detailed image of ‘the servants of God the Most Merciful’. These are the people “who walk gently on earth, and who, whenever the ignorant address them, say: Peace.” (Verse 63) They are seen here as if they are the final product of the long Jihād, or tough striving against people who stubbornly refuse to abandon their erroneous ways and follow divine guidance, or the sweet fruit of the human tree, despite its thorny branches. The sūrah ends with a picture of how little value humanity has in God’s sight, except for those believers who turn to Him and address their prayers to Him alone: “Say: No weight or value would my Lord attach to you were it not for you calling out [to Him]. You have indeed denied [His message], and in time this [sin] will cleave unto you.” (Verse 77)

يبدأ الجزء الأول بتمجيد الله تعالى وتنزيهه عن كل نقص، وحمده على إنزال القرآن الذي هو نذير للعالمين. ويؤكد بعبارات واضحة لا لبس فيها وحدانية الله تعالى وملكه للسماوات والأرض، ويثبت أنه وحده المتصرف في الكون، المدبِّر لشؤونه بحكمته المطلقة، وأنه لا ولد له ولا شريك. ثم يذكر أن الكافرين مع ذلك يجعلون لله آلهةً يعبدونها من دونه، وهي لا تخلق شيئاً وهي مخلوقة. وكل هذا يأتي قبل الإشارة إلى أقوالهم المؤذية في حق رسول الله ﷺ، حيث كذّبوا رسالته وزعموا أنها من افتعاله، أو أنها أساطير الأولين. ويأتي أيضاً قبل الإشارة إلى اعتراضهم على كون محمد ﷺ رسولَ الله بشراً يأكل الطعام ويمشي في الأسواق. ويأتي لاحقاً ما يقولونه من أنه ينبغي أن يُعضَد بملَك، أو أن يكون له كنز أو بستان يوفر له طعامه.

The first part begins with extolling God’s limitless glory and praising Him for the revelation of the Qur’ān which serves as a warner to mankind. It emphasizes in clear, unequivocal terms God’s oneness and sovereignty over the heavens and the earth. It affirms that He alone controls the universe and conducts its affairs in His absolute wisdom, making it clear that He has neither offspring nor partner. It then mentions that the unbelievers nevertheless ascribe divinity to alleged deities that can create nothing, but are themselves created. All this is stated before referring to their hurtful statements about God’s Messenger, denying his message and alleging that it is fabrication of his own making, or the fables of ancient communities. It also comes before any reference to their objection to Muhammad, God’s Messenger, being a human being who eats food and walks in the streets and market places. Also later come their other statements suggesting that he should be supported by an angel, or that he should have a treasure or a garden providing him with all his food.

الجزء الثالث من السورة يتكوّن من عدد من المشاهد الكونية، تبدأ بوصف الظلّ، ثم تنتقل إلى مشهد تعاقب الليل والنهار، قبل أن تُظهر الرياح بوصفها بشيرةً بالمطر المُحيي، وخلقَ الإنسان من الماء. ومع كل ذلك، يواصل الكافرون عبادة آلهةٍ لا تملك نفعًا ولا ضرًّا. بل يذهبون أبعد من ذلك، فيتعاونون على ربهم الذي خلقهم. وإذا دُعُوا إلى توجيه عبادتهم إلى الربّ الحق الوحيد للكون، عادوا إلى الاستكبار: ﴿وَإِذَا قِيلَ لَهُمُ اسْجُدُوا لِلرَّحْمَٰنِ قَالُوا وَمَا الرَّحْمَٰنُ﴾ (الآية 60). وتبيّن السورة أن الله هو ﴿الَّذِي جَعَلَ فِي السَّمَاءِ بُرُوجًا وَجَعَلَ فِيهَا سِرَاجًا وَقَمَرًا مُنِيرًا * وَهُوَ الَّذِي جَعَلَ اللَّيْلَ وَالنَّهَارَ خِلْفَةً لِمَنْ أَرَادَ أَنْ يَذَّكَّرَ أَوْ أَرَادَ شُكُورًا﴾ (الآيتان 61-62).

The third part of the sūrah is made up of a number of scenes from the universe, starting with a description of the shadow and moving to the scene of the succession of day and night, before showing the wind as a herald of revitalizing rain and the creation of man from water. Despite all this, the unbelievers continue to worship deities that have no power to bring them benefit or cause them harm. They even go further, by aiding one another against their Lord who has created them. When they are called upon to address their worship to the only true Lord of the universe, they revert to arrogance: “Yet when they are told, ‘Prostrate yourselves before the Most Merciful, ‘they ask: What is the Most Merciful?” (Verse 60) The sūrah explains that God is “He who has set up in the skies great constellations, and has placed among them a lamp and a light-giving moon. And He it is who causes the night and the day to succeed one another; [a clear sign] for him who would take heed or would show gratitude.” (Verses 61- 62)