الأعراف | المواجهة مع فرعون ١٠٣-١٣٧
Al-a`rāf (the Heights) | A Confrontation With Pharaoh 103-137
ثُمَّ بَعَثْنَا مِنْ بَعْدِهِمْ مُوسَىٰ بِآيَاتِنَا إِلَىٰ فِرْعَوْنَ وَمَلَئِهِ فَظَلَمُوا بِهَا ۖ فَانظُرْ كَيْفَ كَانَ عَاقِبَةُ الْمُفْسِدِينَ ١٠٣
Then after those We sent Moses with Our signs to Pharaoh and his people, but they wilfully rejected them. Behold what happened in the end to those spreaders of corruption. (103)
قَالَ مُوسَىٰ: يَا فِرْعَوْنُ، إِنِّي رَسُولٌ مِنْ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ
Moses said: “Pharaoh, I am a Messenger from the Lord of all the worlds, (104)
وَحَقِيقٌ عَلَىٰ أَنْ لَا أَقُولَ عَلَى اللَّهِ إِلَّا الْحَقَّ ۚ قَدْ جِئْتُكُمْ بِبَيِّنَةٍ مِنْ رَبِّكُمْ فَأَرْسِلْ مَعِيَ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ (105)
and may say about God nothing but the truth. I have come to you with a clear evidence from your Lord. So, let the Children of Israel go with me.” (105)
قَالَ: «إِنْ كُنْتَ جِئْتَ بِآيَةٍ فَأْتِ بِهَا إِنْ كُنْتَ مِنَ الصَّادِقِينَ». (106)
He answered: “If you have come with a sign, produce it then if you are so truthful.” (106)
أَلْقَىٰ مُوسَىٰ عَصَاهُ، فَإِذَا هِيَ تَكُونُ حَيَّةً ظَاهِرَةً وَاضِحَةً مُبِينَةً. (107)
Moses threw down his staff, and it immediately became a plainly visible serpent. (107)
{وَنَزَعَ يَدَهُ فَإِذَا هِيَ بَيْضَاءُ لِلنَّاظِرِينَ} (108)
And he drew forth his hand, and it was [shining] white to the beholders. (108)
قَالَ الْمَلَأُ مِنْ قَوْمِ فِرْعَوْنَ
The great ones among Pharaoh’s people said:
إِنَّ هَٰذَا لَسَاحِرٌ عَلِيمٌ
“This man is indeed a sorcerer of great skill, (109)
«يُرِيدُ أَن يُخْرِجَكُم مِّنْ أَرْضِكُمْ» قَالَ فِرْعَوْنُ: «فَمَاذَا تَأْمُرُونَ؟» (110)
who wants to drive you out of your land!” [Said Pharaoh] “What, then, do you advise?” (110)
قَالُوا أَرْجِهْ وَأَخَاهُ وَأَرْسِلْ فِي الْمَدَائِنِ حَاشِرِينَ
They said: “Let him and his brother wait a while, and send heralds to all cities (111)
أن يأتوك بكل ساحر عليم۔ (112)
to bring before you every sorcerer of great skill.” (112)
وَجَاءَ السَّحَرَةُ فِرْعَوْنَ قَالُوا إِنَّ لَنَا لَأَجْرًا إِنْ كُنَّا نَحْنُ الْغَالِبِينَ (113)
The sorcerers came to Pharaoh and said: “Surely there will be a handsome reward for us if it is we who prevail.” (113)
قَالَ: «نَعَمْ وَإِنَّكُمْ لَمِنَ الْمُقَرَّبِينَ» (١١٤)
Answered [Pharaoh]: “Yes; and you will certainly be among those who are close to me.” (114)
قَالُوا يَا مُوسَىٰ إِمَّا أَن تُلْقِيَ وَإِمَّا أَن نَّكُونَ نَحْنُ الْمُلْقِينَ
They said: “Moses! Either you shall throw [first] , or we shall be the first to throw?” (115)
قَالَ أَلْقُوا ۖ فَلَمَّا أَلْقَوْا سَحَرُوا أَعْيُنَ النَّاسِ وَاسْتَرْهَبُوهُمْ وَجَاءُوا بِسِحْرٍ عَظِيمٍ
He answered: “You throw [first].” And when they threw [their staffs], they cast a spell upon people’s eyes and struck them with awe, making a display of great sorcery. (116)
فَأَوْحَيْنَا إِلَىٰ مُوسَىٰ أَنْ أَلْقِ عَصَاكَ
We then inspired Moses: “Throw your staff”.
فَإِذَا هِيَ تَلْقَفُ مَا يَأْفِكُونَ (117)
And it swallowed up their false devices (117)
فَوَقَعَ الْحَقُّ وَبَطَلَ مَا كَانُوا يَعْمَلُونَ (118)
Thus the truth prevailed and all their doings were proved to be in vain. (118)
فَهُزِمُوا هُنَاكَ فِي الْحَالِ، وَأَصْبَحُوا فِي غَايَةِ الذُّلِّ وَالْهَوَانِ. (119)
They were defeated there and then, and became utterly humiliated. (119)
فَأُلْقِيَ السَّحَرَةُ سَاجِدِينَ
The sorcerers fell down prostrating themselves, (120)
وَقَالُوا: ﴿آمَنَّا بِرَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ﴾
and said: “We believe in the Lord of all the worlds, (121)
رَبِّ مُوسَىٰ وَهَارُونَ۔ (122)
the Lord of Moses and Aaron.” (122)
قَالَ فِرْعَوْنُ: «آمَنْتُمْ بِهِ قَبْلَ أَنْ آذَنَ لَكُمْ، إِنَّ هَٰذَا لَمَكْرٌ مَكَرْتُمُوهُ فِي الْمَدِينَةِ لِتُخْرِجُوا مِنْهَا أَهْلَهَا، فَسَوْفَ تَعْلَمُونَ». (123)
Pharaoh said: “You believe in Him even before I have given you permission! This is indeed a plot you have contrived in this city in order to drive out its people, but you shall soon come to know [the consequences]. (123)
لَأُقَطِّعَنَّ أَيْدِيَكُمْ وَأَرْجُلَكُمْ مِنْ خِلَافٍ، ثُمَّ لَأُصَلِّبَنَّكُمْ أَجْمَعِينَ (124)
I shall have your hands and feet cut off on alternate sides, and then I shall crucify you all.” (124)
قَالُوا إِنَّا إِلَىٰ رَبِّنَا لَمُنْقَلِبُونَ ﴿١٢٥﴾
They replied: “To our Lord we shall indeed return. (125)
وَمَا تَنقِمُ مِنَّآ إِلَّآ أَنْ ءَامَنَّا بِـَٔايَـٰتِ رَبِّنَا لَمَّا جَآءَتْنَا ۚ رَبَّنَآ أَفْرِغْ عَلَيْنَا صَبْرًا وَتَوَفَّنَا مُسْلِمِينَ (١٢٦)
You want to take vengeance on us only because we have believed in the signs of our Lord when they were shown to us. Our Lord, grant us abundance of patience in adversity, and let us die as people who have surrendered themselves to You.” (126)
قَالَ الْمَلَأُ مِنْ قَوْمِ فِرْعَوْنَ
The great ones among Pharaoh’s people said:
«أَتَذَرُ مُوسَىٰ وَقَوْمَهُۥ لِيُفْسِدُوا۟ فِى ٱلْأَرْضِ وَيَذَرَكَ وَءَالِهَتَكَ ۚ قَالَ سَنُقَتِّلُ أَبْنَآءَهُمْ وَنَسْتَحْىِۦ نِسَآءَهُمْ ۖ وَإِنَّا فَوْقَهُمْ قَـٰهِرُونَ» (127)
“Will you allow Moses and his people to spread corruption in the land and to forsake you and your gods?” He replied: “We shall put their sons to death and shall spare only their women. We shall certainly overpower them.” (127)
قال موسى لقومه: «توبوا إلى الله (وحده)
Moses said to his people: “Turn to God (alone)
فاستعينوا بالله واصبروا ۚ إن الأرض لله يورثها من يشاء من عباده ۚ والعاقبة للمتقين (١٢٨)
for help and remain steadfast. The whole earth belongs to God. He allows it to be inherited by whomever He wills of His servants. The future belongs to those who are God-fearing.” (128)
قَالُوا أُوذِينَا مِنْ قَبْلِ أَنْ تَأْتِيَنَا وَمِنْ بَعْدِ مَا جِئْتَنَا ۚ قَالَ عَسَىٰ رَبُّكُمْ أَنْ يُهْلِكَ عَدُوَّكُمْ وَيَسْتَخْلِفَكُمْ فِي الْأَرْضِ فَيَنظُرَ كَيْفَ تَعْمَلُونَ (129)
They said: “We have been oppressed before you came to us and since you have come to us.” He replied: “It may well be that your Lord will destroy your enemy and leave you to inherit the earth. He will then see how you conduct yourselves.” (129)
وَلَقَدْ أَخَذْنَا آلَ فِرْعَوْنَ بِالسِّنِينَ وَنَقْصٍ مِنَ الثَّمَرَاتِ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَذَّكَّرُونَ (130)
We afflicted Pharaoh’s people with drought and poor harvests, so that they might take heed. (130)
وَإِذَا جَاءَتْهُمُ الْحَسَنَةُ قَالُوا لَنَا هَٰذِهِ ۖ وَإِن تُصِبْهُمْ سَيِّئَةٌ يَطَّيَّرُوا بِمُوسَىٰ وَمَن مَّعَهُ ۗ أَلَا إِنَّمَا طَائِرُهُمْ عِندَ اللَّهِ وَلَٰكِنَّ أَكْثَرَهُمْ لَا يَعْلَمُونَ
Whenever something fine came their way, they would say: “This is our due”, but whenever affliction befell them, they attributed their ill omen to Moses and those who followed him. Surely, whatever befalls them has been decreed by God, though most of them do not know it. (131)
قَالُوا مَهْمَا تَأْتِنَا بِهِ مِنْ آيَةٍ لِتَسْحَرَنَا بِهَا فَمَا نَحْنُ لَكَ بِمُؤْمِنِينَ (132)
They said [to Moses]: “Whatever sign you may produce before us in order to cast a spell on us, we shall not believe in you.” (132)
{فَأَرْسَلْنَا عَلَيْهِمُ الطُّوفَانَ وَالْجَرَادَ وَالْقُمَّلَ وَالضَّفَادِعَ وَالدَّمَ آيَاتٍ مُّفَصَّلَاتٍ فَاسْتَكْبَرُوا وَكَانُوا قَوْمًا مُّجْرِمِينَ} (133)
So We plagued them with floods, and locusts, and lice, and frogs, and blood: clear signs all; but they gloried in their arrogance, for they were evil-doing folk. (133)
كُلَّمَا أَصَابَهُمُ الطَّاعُونُ كَانُوا يَصِيحُونَ:
Whenever a plague struck them, they would cry:
﴿وَقَالُوا يَا مُوسَى ادْعُ لَنَا رَبَّكَ بِمَا عَهِدَ عِندَكَ لَئِن كَشَفْتَ عَنَّا الرِّجْزَ لَنُؤْمِنَنَّ لَكَ وَلَنُرْسِلَنَّ مَعَكَ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ﴾ (134)
“Moses, pray to your Lord for us on the strength of the covenant He has made with you. If you lift the plague from us, we will truly believe in you, and we will let the Children of Israel go with you.” (134)
فَلَمَّا كَشَفْنَا عَنْهُمُ الرِّجْزَ إِلَىٰ أَجَلٍ هُمْ بَالِغُوهُ إِذَا هُمْ يَنْكُثُونَ
But when We had lifted the plague from them, for a term they were sure to reach, they broke their promise. (135)
فَانْتَقَمْنَا مِنْهُمْ فَأَغْرَقْنَاهُمْ فِي الْيَمِّ بِأَنَّهُمْ كَذَّبُوا بِآيَاتِنَا وَكَانُوا عَنْهَا غَافِلِينَ
So We inflicted Our retribution on them, and caused them to drown in the sea, because they denied Our signs and were heedless of them.
(136)
(136)
وَأَوْرَثْنَا الْقَوْمَ الَّذِينَ كَانُوا يُسْتَضْعَفُونَ مَشَارِقَ الْأَرْضِ وَمَغَارِبَهَا الَّتِي بَارَكْنَا فِيهَا
We caused the people who were persecuted and deemed utterly low to inherit the eastern and western parts of the land which We had blessed.
وَتَمَّتْ كَلِمَةُ رَبِّكَ الْحُسْنَىٰ عَلَىٰ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ بِمَا صَبَرُوا ۖ وَدَمَّرْنَا مَا كَانَ يَصْنَعُ فِرْعَوْنُ وَقَوْمُهُ وَمَا كَانُوا يَعْرِشُونَ ١٣٧
Thus your Lord’s gracious promise to the Children of Israel was fulfilled, because they were patient in adversity; and We destroyed all that Pharaoh and his people had wrought, and all that they had built. (137)
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تتناول هذه الآيات جانبًا كبيرًا من قصة موسى مع فرعون وقومه. تبدأ حين يُواجَه فرعون وأشراف قومه بحقيقة أن الله هو رب العالمين كلها، وتنتهي بإغراق فرعون وجنوده. وفيما بين هذين الحدثين، تحكي السورة المنازلة بين موسى والسحرة، التي انتهت بانتصار الحق، وإعلان السحرة إيمانهم برب العالمين، وفق المفهوم الذي دعا إليه موسى وأخوه هارون. كما تحكي السورة تهديدات فرعون بمعاقبة أولئك السحرة وقتلهم.
This passage relates much of the history of Moses with Pharaoh and his people. It starts when Pharaoh and the leading figures among his people are confronted with the fact that God is the Lord of all the universe, and ends with the drowning of Pharaoh and his army. In between these events, the sūrah tells us of the contest between Moses and the magicians which ends up with a triumph for the truth, and the declaration by the sorcerers that they believe in the Lord of all the worlds, according to the concept preached by Moses and his brother Aaron. The sūrah tells us of Pharaoh’s threats to punish those magicians and to put them to death.
ومع ذلك، كان الحق قد تمكّن من قلوبهم إلى حدٍّ لم يعودوا معه يبالون بفرعون، وكانوا مستعدين للتضحية بأرواحهم في سبيل إيمانهم.
Nevertheless, the truth had taken such a hold of their hearts that they no longer cared for Pharaoh. They were prepared to sacrifice their lives for their faith.
تتحدث السورة أيضًا عن الاضطهاد الذي تعرّض له بنو إسرائيل، وكيف عاقب الله فرعون وقومه بالقحط في الزروع، وأرسل عليهم الطوفان، وأنواعًا من الآفات: الجراد، والقمل، والضفادع، والدم. وفي كل مرة كانوا يتضرعون إلى موسى ليدعو ربه أن يكشف عنهم العذاب. غير أنهم كلما رُفع عنهم العذاب عادوا إلى ضلالهم، معلنين أنهم لن يؤمنوا مهما أُريَتهم من آيات. وفي النهاية أدركتهم سنة الله، فأُغرقوا بسبب تكذيبهم بالأدلة الواضحة التي أُظهرت لهم، ولأنهم غفلوا عن الغاية من الابتلاءات التي قد يبتلي الله بها أي أمة. فوفق سنة الله، يبتلي الله الكافرين بالشدة والرخاء قبل أن يهلكهم. ثم مُكِّن لقوم موسى في الأرض جزاءً على صبرهم في بلاء الشدة، وكان ذلك ابتلاءً جديدًا بالرخاء.
The sūrah also tells us of the persecution to which the Children of Israel were subjected and how God punished Pharaoh and his people with poor harvests and also inflicted on them floods, and pests of locusts, ants, frogs and blood. Each time, they appealed to Moses to pray to his Lord to lift the punishment. However, whenever a punishment was lifted, they reverted to their erring ways, declaring that they would not believe, no matter what signs they were shown. Eventually, God’s law overtook them and they were drowned because of their rejection of the clear evidence shown to them and because they overlooked the purpose of the tests to which God may subject any community. According to God’s law, He tests unbelievers with hardship and affluence before destroying them. Then, power in the land was given to Moses’s people as a reward for their perseverance through the test of hardship. That meant a new test with affluence.
كما تبدأ القصة
As the Story Begins
ثُمَّ بَعَثْنَا مِن بَعْدِهِم مُّوسَىٰ بِآيَاتِنَا إِلَىٰ فِرْعَوْنَ وَمَلَئِهِ فَظَلَمُوا بِهَا ۖ فَانظُرْ كَيْفَ كَانَ عَاقِبَةُ الْمُفْسِدِينَ ﴿١٠٣﴾ ولهذا نعلم أولاً أن بعثة موسى عليه السلام جاءت بعد تلك الأمم التي أُرسل إليها رسل قبله. وقد قدّمت السورة عرضًا لكل واحدة من تلك الأمم وما حلّ بقومها الذين كذّبوا رسالات أنبيائهم.
“Then after those We sent Moses with Our signs to Pharaoh and his people, but they wilfully rejected them. Behold what happened in the end to those spreaders of corruption.” (Verse 103) We first learn that Moses’s mission came after those communities to whom earlier prophets were sent. The sūrah has given us an account of each of those communities and what happened to their people who rejected the messages of those Prophets.
ذَكَرَت السورةُ الآنَ قصةَ موسى ﵇ منذ أن واجهَ فرعونَ وكبارَ رجالِ حكومته بالرسالةِ الإلهية. ثم تُخبِرُنا بإيجازٍ شديدٍ بخلاصةِ ردِّهم، وتُشيرُ إلى المصيرِ الذي لقوه. فقد كذَّبَ قومُ فرعونَ بآياتِ اللهِ التي أُريَتْهم، تكذيبًا عن عنادٍ وظلمٍ، دونَ تدبُّرٍ أو تفكُّرٍ سليم. ونجدُ أنَّ القرآنَ كثيرًا ما يستعملُ ألفاظًا مثل: «الظلم، والجَوْر، والبغي، والتعدِّي» بدلًا من «الكفر» أو «الإشراك باللهِ». وهنا يستعملُ النصُّ العربيُّ عبارةَ «ظلموا بها» لما تُرجِمَ في النصِّ المترجَم بـ«الرفضِ المتعمَّد». والحقيقةُ أنَّ الإشراكَ باللهِ أو رفضَ الإيمانِ الإلهيِّ هو أسوأُ أنواعِ الظلمِ وأفظعُ ضروبِ التعدِّي. فالذين يرفضون الإيمانَ يتخذون موقفًا ظالمًا من الحقيقةِ الأساسيةِ في توحيدِ اللهِ. وهم كذلك يظلمون أنفسَهم إذ يُعرِّضونها للهلاكِ في هذه الحياةِ، وللعذابِ الشديدِ في الحياةِ الآخرة. وهم ظالمون لسائرِ بني البشرِ أيضًا؛ لأنهم يحاولون صرفَهم عن الخضوعِ للهِ، الربِّ الواحدِ في الكون، ليُرغموهم على الخضوعِ لآلهةٍ وسلطاتٍ شتَّى. ولا ظلمَ أعظمُ من هذا. ومن ثَمَّ فإنَّ الكفرَ باللهِ ظلمٌ، وكما قال القرآنُ: ﴿وَالْكَافِرُونَ هُمُ الظَّالِمُونَ﴾ [البقرة: ٢٥٤]. وكذلك فإنَّ مَن يرفضُ الإيمانَ متعدٍّ، لأنه يُعرِضُ عن الصراطِ المستقيمِ المؤدي إلى اللهِ، ليتبعَ سبلًا أخرى لا تُفضي إلا إلى جهنم.
The sūrah now begins the story of Moses from when he confronted Pharaoh and the leaders of his government with the divine message. It then tells us very briefly the sum of their response, and refers to the fate they suffered. Pharaoh’s people wilfully and wrongfully rejected the signs shown to them by God, without proper consideration or reflection. We find that the Qur’ān often uses terms like, `wrongful, unjust, oppression or transgression’ in place of `disbelief’ or `associating partners with God’. Here the Arabic text uses the phrase `resorted to injustice’ for what is rendered in the translated text as `wilful rejection’. The fact is that the association of partners with God or rejecting divine faith is the worst type of injustice and the most ghastly transgression. Those who reject faith adopt a wrongful attitude towards the basic truism of God’s oneness. They also wrong themselves by exposing themselves to destruction in this life, as well as severe punishment in the life to come. They are also unjust to other human beings because they try to take them away from submission to God, the only Lord in the universe, in order to force them to submit to different deities and authorities. There can be no worse injustice than this. Hence, to disbelieve in God is to be unjust, and, as the Qur’ān states, “Truly, the unbelievers are the wrongdoers.” (2: 254) Similarly, a person who rejects faith is a transgressor, because he turns away from the straight path leading to God in order to follow other paths that lead only to hell.
الحقُّ، والحقُّ كلُّه
The Truth, the Whole Truth
هذه الافتتاحية للقصة تمثل منهجاً قرآنياً خاصاً في عرض الأخبار التاريخية. وهو بلا شك المنهج الأنسب لهذه السورة، لأنه يتناسب تماماً مع موضوعها المحوري. فهو يخبرنا بالعاقبة منذ البداية، ثم ينتقل إلى تفصيل الأحداث، حتى نتتبعها إلى نهايتها. فماذا جرى إذن بين موسى وفرعون؟
This opening of the story represents a particular Qur’ānic method of relating historical accounts. It is certainly the most appropriate method for this sūrah, because it fits in well with its central theme. It tells us the outcome right at the beginning. It then moves on to give the details, so that we may follow the events right up to their conclusion. What happened, then, between Moses and Pharaoh?
قال موسى: ﴿يَا فِرْعَوْنُ إِنِّي رَسُولٌ مِّن رَّبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ * حَقِيقٌ عَلَىٰ أَن لَّا أَقُولَ عَلَى اللَّهِ إِلَّا الْحَقَّ ۚ قَدْ جِئْتُكُم بِبَيِّنَةٍ مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ ۖ فَأَرْسِلْ مَعِيَ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ﴾. قال: ﴿إِن كُنتَ جِئْتَ بِآيَةٍ فَأْتِ بِهَا إِن كُنتَ مِنَ الصَّادِقِينَ﴾. فألقى عصاه فإذا هي ثعبان مبين، ونزع يده فإذا هي بيضاء للناظرين. قال الملأ من قوم فرعون: ﴿إِنَّ هَٰذَا لَسَاحِرٌ عَلِيمٌ * يُرِيدُ أَن يُخْرِجَكُم مِّنْ أَرْضِكُمْ﴾. [قال فرعون]: ﴿فَمَاذَا تَأْمُرُونَ﴾. قالوا: ﴿أَرْجِهْ وَأَخَاهُ وَابْعَثْ فِي الْمَدَائِنِ حَاشِرِينَ * يَأْتُوكَ بِكُلِّ سَاحِرٍ عَلِيمٍ﴾.
Moses said: ‘Pharaoh, I am a Messenger from the Lord of all the worlds, and may say about God nothing but the truth. I have come to you with a clear evidence from your Lord. So, let the Children of Israel go with me.” He answered: “If you have come with a sign, produce it then if you are so truthful.” Moses threw down his staff and it immediately became a plainly visible serpent. And he drew forth his hand, and it was [shining] white to the beholders. The great ones among Pharaoh’s people said: “This man is indeed a sorcerer of great skill, who wants to drive you out of your land!” [Said Pharaoh] “What, then, do you advise?” They said: “Let him and his brother wait a while, and send heralds to all cities to bring before you every sorcerer of great skill.” (Verses 104-112)
هذا هو اللقاء الأول بين الحق والباطل، وبين الإيمان والكفر. إنه مشهد يضع الرسول، الذي يدعو الناس إلى الإيمان برب العالمين، وجهاً لوجه مع الطغاة الذين يدّعون الربوبية على شعوبهم، بل ويمارسونها عليهم.
Here is the first encounter between truth and falsehood, faith and rejection. It is a scene which brings the Messenger, who calls on people to believe in the Lord of all the worlds, face to face with the tyrants who claim, and indeed practise, lordship over their people.
قال موسى: ‹يا فرعون، إني رسول من رب العالمين، حقيق على ألا أقول على الله إلا الحق، قد جئتكم ببينة من ربكم، فأرسل معي بني إسرائيل›. (الآيتان 104-105) إنه يخاطبه بلقبه المجرد «فرعون»، ولا يناديه بـ«يا مولاي» كما يفعل الذين لا يعرفون حقيقة الرب الحق. ويجمع موسى بين حسن الأدب والثقة بالنفس، فيخاطب فرعون بلقبه البسيط ليبيّن له مكانته الحقيقية، وفي الوقت نفسه يقرر أعظم حقيقة في الكون: «إني رسول من رب العالمين». (الآية 104)
المواجهة والتعبئة
Confrontation and Mobilization
قال فرعون إنه لو استطاع أن يثبت أن موسى كاذب، فإن جميع دعاواه يمكن دحضها، وسيزول كل خطر. لكن موسى كان عنده الجواب الكامل:
Pharaoh felt that if he could prove that Moses was a liar, then all his claims could be refuted and all danger would be removed. But Moses had the complete answer:
“فَأَلْقَىٰ عَصَاهُ فَإِذَا هِيَ ثُعْبَانٌ مُّبِينٌ وَنَزَعَ يَدَهُ فَإِذَا هِيَ بَيْضَاءُ لِلنَّاظِرِينَ.” (الآيتان 107-108) كان هذا مفاجأةً تامّةً لفرعون وأشراف قومه. فقد صارت العصا حيّةً حقيقيةً «مُبِينَةً» أي ظاهرةً للعيان. وقد وُصفت في سورةٍ أخرى بأنها «جانٌّ تَسْعَىٰ» (طه: 20). وفضلاً عن ذلك، كان موسىٰ ﷺ رجلاً أسمر البشرة، فلما أخرج يده من جيبه رُئيت بيضاءَ شديدة البياض، من غير أيّ أثرٍ للمرض. وكان هذا في حدّ ذاته آيةً عظيمة، لأنه لم يكن عليه إلا أن يُدخل يده في جيبه مرةً أخرى حتى تعود إلى لونها الأسمر الأصلي.16
“Moses threw down his staff, and it immediately became a plainly visible serpent. And he drew forth his hand, and it was [shining] white to the beholders.” (Verses 107-108) This came as a complete surprise to Pharaoh and the elders of his people. The staff became a real serpent which was “plainly visible”. It is described in another sūrah as “a scurrying snake”.15 (20: 20) Moreover, Moses was a man of dark complexion, but when he took his hand out of his pocket, it was seen as very white, without any sign of illness. This in itself was a miraculous sign, because he only had to put his hand in his pocket again for it to regain its original dark complexion.16
فَكَيْفَ يَقْبَلُ فِرْعَوْنُ وَقَوْمُهُ هَذَا الدَّعْوَى الْخَطِيرَةَ وَيُقِرُّونَ بِاللَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ، وَقَدْ أَقَامَ مُوسَى الْآيَاتِ وَالْبَرَاهِينَ عَلَى صِحَّةِ قَوْلِهِ بِأَنَّهُ رَسُولٌ مِنْ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ؟ وَأَيُّ أَسَاسٍ يَبْقَى لِحُكْمِ فِرْعَوْنَ مَلِكًا عَلَى مِصْرَ؟ وَأَيُّ مُبَرِّرٍ لِأَعْوَانِهِ فِي شَغْلِ هَذِهِ الْمَنَاصِبِ الْمُؤَثِّرَةِ، وَهِيَ مَا مَنَحَهُمْ إِيَّاهَا فِرْعَوْنُ نَفْسُهُ؟ وَكَيْفَ يَسْتَقِيمُ النِّظَامُ كُلُّهُ إِذَا كَانَتِ السُّلْطَةُ الْمُطْلَقَةُ فِي الْكَوْنِ كُلِّهِ لِرَبِّهِ، الْإِلَهِ الْوَاحِدِ الْوَحِيدِ؟ فَإِنِ اعْتُرِفَ بِهَذِهِ الرُّبُوبِيَّةِ، وَجَبَ أَنْ تَسُودَ شَرِيعَةُ اللَّهِ، وَأَنْ يَكُونَ اللَّهُ وَحْدَهُ هُوَ الْمُطَاعَ. فَمَا مَوْقِفُ فِرْعَوْنَ حِينَئِذٍ، وَحُكْمُهُ لَا يَقُومُ عَلَى شَرْعِ اللَّهِ، وَلَا يَعْتَمِدُ عَلَى أَوَامِرِهِ؟ وَإِذَا أَقَرَّ النَّاسُ بِرُبُوبِيَّةِ اللَّهِ، فَلَا يَكُونُ لَهُمْ رَبٌّ آخَرُ يَفْرِضُ عَلَيْهِمْ حُكْمَهُ وَتَشْرِيعَهُ. إِنَّهُمْ يَخْضَعُونَ لِقَانُونِ فِرْعَوْنَ حِينَ يَكُونُ فِرْعَوْنُ رَبَّهُمْ. فَمَنْ يَسْتَطِيعُ أَنْ يَفْرِضَ تَشْرِيعَهُ عَلَى جَمَاعَةٍ مِنَ النَّاسِ فَهُوَ رَبُّ تِلْكَ الْجَمَاعَةِ، وَهُمْ يَقْبَلُونَ دِينَهُ عَلَى أَيِّ حَالٍ مَا يَقُولُهُ لَهُمْ.
So, Moses had the signs and proofs to confirm his statement that he was a Messenger from the Lord of the universe, but would Pharaoh and his people accept such a dangerous claim and acknowledge God, the Lord of all the worlds? What basis would Pharaoh then have for his rule as the king of Egypt? What justification would his aides have for occupying such influential positions when these were given them by Pharaoh himself? How could the whole system be justified if all authority in the universe belonged to its Lord, the only God? If this Lordship is acknowledged, then God’s law must prevail, and God would be the only one to be obeyed. What then would be Pharaoh’s position when his rule is neither based on God’s law nor relies on His commandments? When people acknowledge God’s Lordship, they can have no other lord who imposes on them his rule and legislation. They submit to Pharaoh’s law when Pharaoh is their lord. Whoever can impose his legislation on a community is the Lord of that community, and they simply accept his religion whatever he tells them.
مواجهة السحر والباطل
Squaring Up to Sorcery and Falsehood
لا يذكر القرآن الكريم الإجراءات التي اتخذها فرعون ومعاونوه في جمع السحرة من كل أنحاء المملكة، بل يسدل الستار بعد المشهد الأول ليُرفع من جديد والمسابقة تجري أمام الأعين، كأن هذه القصة تحدث الآن أمامنا. وهذه سمة من سمات الأسلوب القرآني المعجز.
The Qur’ānic account skips over all the measures taken by Pharaoh and his aides in gathering all the sorcerers from every corner of the kingdom. The curtain falls after the first scene to be raised again with the contest progressing in full view in order to show this history as if it is happening now, in front of us. This is a characteristic of the inimitable style of the Qur’ān.
"جاء السَّحَرَةُ فِرْعَوْنَ قَالُوا إِنَّ لَنَا لَأَجْرًا إِن كُنَّا نَحْنُ الْغَالِبِينَ * قَالَ نَعَمْ وَإِنَّكُمْ لَمِنَ الْمُقَرَّبِينَ" (الأعراف: ١١٣-١١٤) إنهم مجرد محترفين. فالسحر والكهانة في نظرهم مهنتان، وغايتهم من ممارسة كلتا الحرفتين أن ينالوا مكافأة مالية كبيرة. والعمل في خدمة الحكام ومساندة الطغيان هو المهمة التي يتولاها رجال الدين المحترفون. وكلما ابتعد الوضع العام في بلد أو مجتمع عن الخضوع الخالص لله، والإقرار بالسيادة له وحده، وكلما حلّ محل شريعة الله سلطانٌ زائف تحكمي، احتاج أصحاب هذا السلطان إلى مثل هؤلاء رجال الدين المحترفين. والسلطان الزائف مستعد دائمًا لمكافأة هؤلاء على خدماتهم. وهي صفقة تخدم المصالح المشتركة للطرفين؛ فرجال الدين يقرّون ذلك السلطان الزائف باسم الدين، ومن يمارسون السلطة يمنحونهم الأجور ويرفعونهم إلى المناصب العالية.
“The sorcerers came to Pharaoh and said: ‘Surely there will be a handsome reward for us if it is we who prevail.’ Answered [Pharaoh]: ‘Yes; and you will certainly be among those who are close to me.’” (Verses 113-114) They are mere professionals. To them, both sorcery and priesthood are professions. Their ultimate aim in carrying on with both vocations is to enjoy a handsome financial reward. Being in the service of rulers and overpowering tyranny is the task undertaken by professional clergy. Whenever the general situation in a country or a community moves away from pure submission to God, acknowledging all sovereignty to Him alone, and whenever a form of false, arbitrary authority replaces God’s law, those exercising such an authority find themselves in need of such professional clergy. The false authority is always ready to remunerate such clergy for their services. It is a deal which serves the mutual interests of both parties; the clergy acknowledge that false authority in the name of religion, and those exercising power provide them with wages and give them high positions.
أكّد فرعون للسحرة أنهم سيُجازَون على خدمتهم، ووعدهم بمناصب في الدائرة الأقرب إليه، ليزيد في الإغراء ويحثّهم على بذل أقصى جهدهم. ولم يدرك فرعون ولا السحرة أن الموقف لم يكن يستدعي أيّ خبرةٍ مهنية أو مهارةٍ أو خداع. فهم كانوا يقفون في مواجهة معجزةٍ أعطاها الله، القادر على كل شيء، ورسالةٍ أنزلها عليه سبحانه. ولا يقف أمام هذه لا ساحرٌ ولا طاغية.
Pharaoh assured them that they would be paid for their services, and promised them positions in the circle closest to him to increase the temptation and to encourage them to make their best efforts. Neither Pharaoh nor the sorcerers realized that the situation did not call for any professional expertise, skill or deception. They were placing themselves in confrontation with a miracle given by God who has power over all things, and a message revealed by Him. No sorcerer or tyrant can stand up to these.
لا إذنَ للإيمان بالله
No Permission to Believe in God
لا يستطيع أي طاغية يتمتع بسلطة مطلقة أن يدرك كيف يتغلغل النور في قلوب البشر، أو كيف يتنعم الناس بطمأنينة الإيمان ويجدون السعادة التي يمنحها. يواصل الطغاة ممارسة سلطتهم زمنًا طويلًا، إذ يرون الناس يقبلون كل ما يقولونه. ومع مرور الوقت يعتقدون أن سلطانهم يمتد إلى عقول الناس وقلوبهم وأرواحهم، والحال أنهم لا يخضعون إلا لله. ولذلك دُهش فرعون دهشة بالغة حين رأى السحرة يقبلون الإيمان بهذه السرعة، لا سيما أنه لم يستطع أن يرى الإيمان يتغلغل في قلوبهم، ولم يدرك كيف تعمل عقولهم. لكنه سارع إلى إدراك خطورة هذا التطور وأنه يهدد سلطانه نفسه. فأولئك السحرة، الذين كانوا في الحقيقة من خدّام المعابد في أنحاء مصر، جُمعوا لإثبات بطلان رسالة موسى وهارون. وهم أنفسهم الذين قبلوا تلك الرسالة وأعلنوا خضوعهم لله، رب العالمين، ورب موسى وهارون.
No tyrant enjoying absolute power can ever understand how light penetrates human hearts, or how people can enjoy the reassurance of faith and experience the happiness it imparts. Tyrants continue to exercise power for a long time, seeing that people accept whatever they say. With the passage of time they come to believe that their authority extends over people’s minds, hearts and souls, when these actually submit only to God. Hence, Pharaoh was totally surprised to see the sorcerers accept the faith so quickly, especially as he could not see the faith penetrating into their hearts and could not realize how their minds worked. But he was quick to recognize how serious this development was and that it threatened his very authority. Those sorcerers, who were actually the attendants in temples throughout Egypt, were gathered in order to prove Moses’s and Aaron’s message as false. It was those same sorcerers who accepted that message and declared their submission to God, the Lord of the universe and of Moses and Aaron.
لقد شعر فرعون باهتزاز عرشه، ومن المعلوم أن العرش والتاج يمثلان كل ما في حياة الطاغية. والطغاة مستعدون دائمًا لارتكاب أي جريمة دون تردد، من أجل الحفاظ على السلطة: ﴿قَالَ آمَنتُمْ بِهِ قَبْلَ أَنْ آذَنَ لَكُمْ ۖ إِنَّ هَٰذَا لَمَكْرٌ مَّكَرْتُمُوهُ فِي الْمَدِينَةِ لِتُخْرِجُوا مِنْهَا أَهْلَهَا ۖ فَسَوْفَ تَعْلَمُونَ * لَأُقَطِّعَنَّ أَيْدِيَكُمْ وَأَرْجُلَكُم مِّنْ خِلَافٍ ثُمَّ لَأُصَلِّبَنَّكُمْ أَجْمَعِينَ﴾ (الأعراف: 123-124)
Pharaoh felt his throne shake, and it is well known that the throne and the crown represent all that is in the life of a tyrant. Tyrants are always ready to commit any crime, without hesitation, in order to retain power: “Pharaoh said: ‘You believe in Him even before I have given you permission! This is indeed a plot you have contrived in this city in order to drive out its people, but you shall soon come to know [the consequences]. I shall have your hands and feet cut off on alternate sides, and then I shall crucify you all.’” (Verses 123-124)
ويصيح بتكبّر: «آمنتم به قبل أن آذن لكم!» (الآية 123). إنه يتوقع فعلًا أن يستأذنوه قبل أن تنفتح قلوبهم وضمائرهم وأرواحهم لتقبّل الحق، مع أنهم لا يملكون التحكم في هذه، ولا يستطيعون منع أي شيء من أن يمسّها أو يخترقها.
نصرٌ مؤزّر
A Decisive Victory
كان ذلك لحظةً حاسمةً في تاريخ البشرية، إذ شهدت إفلاسَ القوة الغاشمة. فأولئك الأحرار الذين كانوا قبل لحظات قليلة يطلبون من فرعون أجرهم ويأملون أن ينالوا رضاه، صاروا الآن قادرين على الارتفاع فوق مستوى فرعون، لا يخافون منه، ولا يلقون بالًا لتهديداته، ويُعدّون أنفسهم لمواجهة الاضطهاد. لم يتغيّر شيء في حياتهم ولا في العالم المادي من حولهم، سوى لمسةٍ لطيفةٍ تصل الإنسانَ الفانيَ بقوة الخلود. فصارت القلوب والأرواح قادرةً على الإحساس بقدرة الله، وأصبحت الضمائر مهيّأةً لاستقبال الهداية الإلهية ونورها. وتلك اللمسة اللطيفة تُحدث تغييرًا جذريًّا في العالم المادي، وترفع الإنسانَ إلى مستوى لم يكن يحلم به قط. وعليه، فإن الإنذارات والتهديدات تبدو جوفاءَ لا معنى لها. أما الإيمان فيمضي في طريقه ثابتًا، لا يتردد، وبطمأنينة تامة.
It was a decisive moment in the history of mankind because it witnessed the bankruptcy of brute force. Those free individuals who only a few moments earlier were asking Pharaoh for their reward and hoping to win favour with him were now able to rise above Pharaoh’s standard, having no fear of him, paying little attention to his threats and preparing themselves to face persecution. Nothing in their lives or in the material world around them had changed. Only a subtle touch that connects a mortal human being to the power of immortality. Hearts and souls were now able to feel God’s power, and consciences were ready to receive divine guidance and its light. That subtle touch brings about a fundamental change in the material world and elevates man to a standard he could never have dreamed possible. Warnings and threats, then, sound hollow, meaningless. Faith goes along its way steadily, unhesitatingly and with complete reassurance.
ثم يُسدَل الستار عند هذا الحد، وتنتهي الرواية القرآنية لهذا اللقاء. وقد بلغ المشهد ذروته. ويخدم وصفه المؤثر الغاية النفسية التي من أجلها يُروى هذا الخبر. وهذا هو منهج القرآن الذي يخاطب القلوب والأرواح برسالة الإيمان ولغة التعبير الفني، في انسجام لا يبلغه إلا القرآن.
At this point the curtain falls and the Qur’ānic account of this encounter is over. The scene has reached its climax. Its powerful description serves the psychological purpose behind relating this account. It is the method of the Qur’ān that addresses hearts and souls with the message of faith and the language of artistic expression in a degree of harmony that only the Qur’ān can achieve.
النقطة الأولى التي نودّ الإشارة إليها ونحن نختتم حديثنا عن المشهد الذي شهد إعلان السحرة خضوعهم لله هي أنّ فرعون وكبار معاونيه أدركوا فورًا أنّ هذا يمثّل تهديدًا لنظام حكمهم. ويرجع ذلك إلى أنّ أساس الإيمان يتعارض مع الأساس الذي قام عليه سلطان فرعون. وقد تناولنا هذا من قبل، لكننا نرى أن نعيد التأكيد هنا على هذا المبدأ الأساسي. لا يمكن أن يتعايش، سواء في عقل إنسان واحد أو في أرض واحدة أو تحت نظام واحد، مفهومان: ربوبية الله على العالمين، وممارسة إنسان للسلطة يشرّع لقومه من تلقاء نفسه.
The first point to be made as we conclude our discussion of the scene that witnessed how the sorcerers declared their submission to God is that Pharaoh and his top aides recognized immediately that this represented a threat to their system of government. This is due to the fact that the foundation of faith is in conflict with the basis upon which Pharaoh established his authority. We have discussed this previously, but we wish to restate here this fundamental principle. There can be no coexistence either in one person’s mind or in the same land or under the same regime between the two concepts of God’s Lordship over all the worlds and the exercise of power by a human being who proceeds to enact his own legislation for his people.
ما الذي يُعَدّ فساداً
What Constitutes Corruption
الآن نعود إلى خيط القصة، ونرفع الستار عن مشهد رابع تجري فيه مؤامرة. لم يكن بوسع مستشاري فرعون أن يتركوا موسى ومن آمن معه، وهم أقلية صغيرة، دون عقاب. فأخذوا يدبّرون ويحرّضون. أرادوا من فرعون أن يتخذ إجراءً صارمًا ضد موسى وأتباعه، وألقوا أمامه شبح فقدان سلطانه ومكانته إن هو تساهل. وحذّروه من احتمال أن يُترك الدين الجديد، القائم على توحيد الله وربوبيته للكون، ليُرسِّخ جذوره في المجتمع. فغضب فرعون وأخذ يُصدر تهديداته، شاعرًا أن له القدرة على قمع التمرد: ﴿وَقَالَ الْمَلَأُ مِن قَوْمِ فِرْعَوْنَ أَتَذَرُ مُوسَىٰ وَقَوْمَهُ لِيُفْسِدُوا فِي الْأَرْضِ وَيَذَرَكَ وَآلِهَتَكَ ۚ قَالَ سَنُقَتِّلُ أَبْنَاءَهُمْ وَنَسْتَحْيِي نِسَاءَهُمْ وَإِنَّا فَوْقَهُمْ قَاهِرُونَ﴾ [الأعراف: 127].
Let us now pickup the thread of the story as the curtains are drawn back to reveal a fourth scene where conspiracy is taking place. Pharaoh’s advisers felt that they simply could not allow Moses and those who believed with him, a small minority as they were, to go unpunished. They began to plot and instigate. They wanted Pharaoh to take strong action against Moses and his followers, raising before him the spectre of losing all his power and position, should he take a lenient attitude. They warned him against the possibility that the new faith, based on God’s oneness and Lordship of the universe, could be allowed to establish roots in society. Pharaoh was furious and began to issue his warnings feeling that he had the power to suppress the rebellion: “The great ones among Pharaoh’s people said: `Will you allow Moses and his people to spread corruption in the land and to forsake you and your gods?’ He replied: ‘We shall put their sons to death and shall spare only their women. We shall certainly overpower them.’” (Verse 127)
لم يدّعِ فرعون الألوهية بمعنى أنه الخالق المدبِّر للكون، ولا أنه كان له سلطان على القوى الطبيعية. بل ادّعى فقط أنه إلهُ قومه المستعبَدين، بمعنى أنه كان يحكمهم وفق قانونه الخاص، وأنهم كانوا خاضعين لمشيئته في جميع شؤونهم. وهذا ما يدّعيه إلى اليوم كل حاكم يفرض قانونه الخاص ويفرض إرادته. وهذه هي الربوبية بمعناها اللغوي والعملي معًا.
Pharaoh did not claim Godhead in the sense that he was the creator and controller of the universe, or that he had power over natural forces. He simply claimed to be the god of his subjugated people, in the sense that he ruled them according to his own law and that they were subject to his will in all their affairs. This is still claimed by every ruler who enforces his own law and imposes his own will. This is lordship in both its linguistic and practical senses.
ولم يكن المصريون يعبدون فرعون بمعنى أنهم كانوا يوجّهون إليه شعائر عبادتهم، بل كان لهم آلهتهم الخاصة، وكان لفرعون نفسه آلهته أيضًا. ويتضح ذلك جليًا من قول أشراف قومه حين حذّروه من أن يتركه موسى وقومه، إذ قالوا: {وَيَذَرَكَ وَآلِهَتَكَ} (الآية 127).
Nor did the Egyptians serve Pharaoh in the sense that they addressed their worship rituals to him. They had their own deities as did Pharaoh himself. This is clearly understood from his aides’ statement where he is warned against being abandoned by Moses and his followers: “And to forsake you and your gods.” (Verse 127)
كيف يُزعج الحقُّ الطغاة
How the Truth Unnerves Tyrants
كان فرعون يستمد سلطانه من الدين القائم على عبادة تلك الآلهة، زاعمًا أنه الابن المحبوب لتلك الآلهة. ولم تكن هذه البنوّة بنوّةً جسدية، إذ كان الناس يعلمون علم اليقين أن فرعون وُلد لزوجين من البشر. بل كانت علاقةً رمزية، تضمن له السلطان الذي يمارس به حكمه. فإن كان موسى وقومه سيعبدون الله، رب العالمين، ويتركون تلك المعبودات التي كان المصريون يعبدونها، فإنهم بذلك يهدمون عمليًا أساس السلطان الروحي لفرعون على قومه. وينبغي أن نتذكر هنا أن القوم أنفسهم كانوا من الفاسقين، ولذلك كانت طاعتهم لفرعون، كما قال الله تعالى نفسه: {فَاسْتَخَفَّ قَوْمَهُ فَأَطَاعُوهُ ۚ إِنَّهُمْ كَانُوا قَوْمًا فَاسِقِينَ} [الزخرف: 54].
Pharaoh used to derive his authority from the religion based on the worship of those gods, making out that he was the favourite son of those gods. It was not a physical parenthood, because people knew very well that Pharaoh was born to a human couple. It was a symbolic relationship, which ensured for him the authority to exercise his power. If Moses and his people were to worship God, the Lord of all the worlds, forsaking those deities worshipped by the Egyptians, then they are practically destroying the foundation of Pharaoh’s spiritual authority over his people. We must remember here that the people themselves were transgressors, and hence their obedience to Pharaoh, as God Himself states: “Thus did he make fools of his people, and they obeyed him. They were indeed transgressors.” (43: 54)
هذا هو التفسير الصحيح للتاريخ. ما كان لفرعون أن يُطاع من قومه حين استخفّهم، لولا أنهم كانوا قومًا فاسقين.
This is indeed the correct interpretation of history. Pharaoh could not have been obeyed by his people when he made fools of them, had they not been transgressors.
المؤمن لا يدع الطغيان يخدعه البتة، ولا يطيعه في أي وجه من الوجوه، لأنه يعلم أن مثل هذه الطاعة لا يمكن أن يقرّها الإيمان الحق. وهذا ما كان يمثّل تهديداً لنظام فرعون وسلطانه، حين دعا موسى الناس إلى الإيمان بالله، رب العالمين. وقد تجسّد هذا التهديد في الاستجابة الإيجابية من السحرة، مقرونةً بقبول طائفة قليلة من قوم موسى أنفسهم لهذا الدين الجديد. وعلى نحو مماثل، فإن كل نظام اجتماعي قائم على ربوبية بعض البشر على بعض يشعر بالتهديد من أي دعوة تهدف إلى الإقرار بربوبية الله وحده، أو إلى إعلان أنه لا إله إلا الله. ونحن نتحدث هنا عن المعنى الحقيقي لهذه الشهادة، الذي يُدخل الناس في حظيرة الإسلام، لا عن معناها المخفَّف الذي ساد في هذه الأيام.
A believer simply does not allow tyranny to fool him and will not obey tyranny in any respect, because he knows such obedience cannot be endorsed by true faith. This was what represented a threat to Pharaoh’s regime and power, as Moses called on people to believe in God, the Lord of all the worlds. The threat was embodied by the sorcerers’ positive response, coupled with the acceptance of the new faith by a minority of Moses’s own people. Similarly, every social set-up established on the lordship of some human beings over others feels threatened by any call that aims to acknowledge the Lordship of God alone, or declaring that there is no deity other than God. We are speaking here of the true sense of this declaration which brings people into the fold of Islam, not its watered-down sense that prevails these days.
لِمَنْ يَنْتَمِي الْمُسْتَقْبَلُ
To Whom the Future Belongs
قال موسى لقومه: "استعينوا بالله واصبروا، إن الأرض لله يورثها من يشاء من عباده."
The sūrah leaves Pharaoh and his clique to cook up their conspiracy and portrays a new scene that imparts to us the impression that Pharaoh put his threats and warnings into effect. Now we see the Prophet Moses speaking to his people in the language and with the passion of a prophet who truly knows His Lord and how His will works. He impresses on them the need to endure adversity with patience and to seek God’s help to overcome it. He enlightens them about the rules God has put in place in the universe, making it clear to them that the whole earth belongs to God alone and that He causes it to be inherited by any group of His servants according to His will. The ultimate trial will inevitably be given to those who fear none other than God. They complain to him that before he came they endured a wave of persecution and torture similar to that which they now suffer after his arrival. They feel that such persecution is endless. He declares that he sincerely hopes that God will destroy their enemy and cause them to be the heirs of the land to see how they conduct themselves when they are given the trust of building human life on earth: “Moses said to his people: ‘Turn to God (alone) for help and remain steadfast. The whole earth belongs to God.
يُورِثُهَا مَن يَشَاءُ مِنْ عِبَادِهِ ۖ وَالْعَاقِبَةُ لِلْمُتَّقِينَ. قَالُوا أُوذِينَا مِن قَبْلِ أَن تَأْتِيَنَا وَمِن بَعْدِ مَا جِئْتَنَا ۚ قَالَ عَسَىٰ رَبُّكُمْ أَن يُهْلِكَ عَدُوَّكُمْ وَيَسْتَخْلِفَكُمْ فِي الْأَرْضِ فَيَنظُرَ كَيْفَ تَعْمَلُونَ.
He allows it to be inherited by whomever He wills of His servants. The future belongs to those who are God-fearing.’ They said: ‘We have been oppressed before you came to us and since you have come to us.’ He replied: It may well be that your Lord will destroy your enemy and leave you to inherit the earth. He will then see how you conduct yourselves.” (Verses 128- 129)
هكذا يرى النبي طبيعة الألوهية، وكيف تُنير قلبه.
This is how a prophet sees the nature of Godhead and how it enlightens his heart.
إنَّه يعلمُ ما يجري في الكون، والقوى العاملة فيه، والسنن التي أقامها الله فيه، وما يمكن أن يرجوه في المستقبل أولئك الذين يثبتون ويتمسكون بإيمانهم. ليس لدعاة الحق ملجأ آمنٌ واحدٌ، ولا حامٍ سواه، وهو الله عزَّ وجلَّ. وعليهم أن يصبروا على الشدائد حتى يحدِّد الله، وليُّهم، بحكمته البالغة، الوقتَ الذي يمنحهم فيه النصر. ولا يجوز لهم أن يستعجلوا الأمور؛ لأنهم لا يستطيعون التنبؤ بالمستقبل، ولا يعلمون ما فيه خيرُ أنفسهم.
He is aware of what takes place in the universe, the forces operating in it, the laws God has established in it and what those who remain steadfast, holding firmly to their faith, may hope for the future. The advocates of the true faith have only one safe haven and one protector who is God Almighty. They have to be patient in adversity until God, their protector, in His perfect wisdom, determines the time when He grants them victory. They may not precipitate matters because they cannot foretell the future and they do not know what will work for their own good.
من الذي يجلب الطيرة؟
Who Brings Bad Omen
ولَقَدْ أَخَذْنَا آلَ فِرْعَوْنَ بِالسِّنِينَ وَنَقْصٍ مِّنَ الثَّمَرَاتِ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَذَّكَّرُونَ فَإِذَا جَاءَتْهُمُ الْحَسَنَةُ قَالُوا لَنَا هَٰذِهِ ۖ وَإِن تُصِبْهُمْ سَيِّئَةٌ يَطَّيَّرُوا بِمُوسَىٰ وَمَن مَّعَهُ ۗ أَلَا إِنَّمَا طَائِرُهُمْ عِندَ اللَّهِ وَلَٰكِنَّ أَكْثَرَهُمْ لَا يَعْلَمُونَ
We afflicted Pharaoh’s people with drought and poor harvests, so that they might take heed. Whenever something fine came their way, they would say: “This is our due”, but whenever affliction befell them, they attributed their ill omen to Moses and those who followed him. Surely, whatever befalls them has been decreed by God, though most of them do not know it. (Verses 130-131)
هذا مشهد آخر من القصة يبدأ فيه فرعون وقومه في ذوق ثمار الظلم والطغيان، بينما تتحقق الوعود التي قدّمها موسى لقومه، القائمة على ثقته بربّه. كما يُرى أن التحذيرات، التي تؤكدها السورة كلها وتُقرّها القصة في مواضعها كلها، صادقة.
Here we have another scene in the story whereby Pharaoh and his people begin to taste the fruits of injustice and tyranny, while the promises Moses has given to his people, based on his trust in his Lord, come true. The warnings, stressed in the entire sūrah and endorsed throughout the story, are also seen to be true.
بدأ المشهد بهدوءٍ هادئ، لكنّ العاصفة كانت تتجمّع شيئاً فشيئاً. وحين أوشكت الستائر على الإسدال، بلغت العاصفة ذروتها، تُنزل الدمار وتمحو الطغاة من الوجود. وقد عرفنا كذلك أنّ بني إسرائيل نالوا جزاءً وافراً على صبرهم، بينما عوقب فرعون وقومه على طغيانهم. وقد تحقّق وعدُ الله ووعيدُه معاً. كما جرى في تمامه ناموسُ الكون الذي أرساه سبحانه، فيحكم على الكافرين بالهلاك بعد أن يبتليهم بالضرّاء والسرّاء.
The scene starts on a quiet note, but we can feel the storm gathering slowly. When the curtains are about to fall, the storm is at its highest, wreaking destruction and wiping the tyrants out. We also learn that the Children of Israel have been well rewarded for their steadfastness, while Pharaoh and his people were punished for their transgression. Both God’s promises and warnings have come true. The law of nature which He has established, sentencing unbelievers to destruction after testing them with hardship and affluence, has also operated in full:
{وَلَقَدْ أَخَذْنَا آلَ فِرْعَوْنَ بِالسِّنِينَ وَنَقْصٍ مِّنَ الثَّمَرَاتِ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَذَّكَّرُونَ فَإِذَا جَاءَتْهُمُ الْحَسَنَةُ قَالُوا لَنَا هَٰذِهِ ۖ وَإِن تُصِبْهُمْ سَيِّئَةٌ يَطَّيَّرُوا بِمُوسَىٰ وَمَن مَّعَهُ ۗ أَلَا إِنَّمَا طَائِرُهُمْ عِندَ اللَّهِ وَلَٰكِنَّ أَكْثَرَهُمْ لَا يَعْلَمُونَ وَقَالُوا مَهْمَا تَأْتِنَا بِهِ مِنْ آيَةٍ لِّتَسْحَرَنَا بِهَا فَمَا نَحْنُ لَكَ بِمُؤْمِنِينَ فَأَرْسَلْنَا عَلَيْهِمُ الطُّوفَانَ وَالْجَرَادَ وَالْقُمَّلَ وَالضَّفَادِعَ وَالدَّمَ آيَاتٍ مُّفَصَّلَاتٍ فَاسْتَكْبَرُوا وَكَانُوا قَوْمًا مُّجْرِمِينَ وَلَمَّا وَقَعَ عَلَيْهِمُ الرِّجْزُ قَالُوا يَا مُوسَى ادْعُ لَنَا رَبَّكَ بِمَا عَهِدَ عِندَكَ ۖ لَئِن كَشَفْتَ عَنَّا الرِّجْزَ لَنُؤْمِنَنَّ لَكَ وَلَنُرْسِلَنَّ مَعَكَ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ فَلَمَّا كَشَفْنَا عَنْهُمُ الرِّجْزَ إِلَىٰ أَجَلٍ هُم بَالِغُوهُ إِذَا هُمْ يَنكُثُونَ فَانتَقَمْنَا مِنْهُمْ فَأَغْرَقْنَاهُمْ فِي الْيَمِّ بِأَنَّهُمْ كَذَّبُوا بِآيَاتِنَا وَكَانُوا عَنْهَا غَافِلِينَ وَأَوْرَثْنَا الْقَوْمَ الَّذِينَ كَانُوا يُسْتَضْعَفُونَ مَشَارِقَ الْأَرْضِ وَمَغَارِبَهَا الَّتِي بَارَكْنَا فِيهَا ۖ وَتَمَّتْ كَلِمَتُ رَبِّكَ الْحُسْنَىٰ عَلَىٰ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ بِمَا صَبَرُوا ۖ وَدَمَّرْنَا مَا كَانَ يَصْنَعُ فِرْعَوْنُ وَقَوْمُهُ وَمَا كَانُوا يَعْرِشُونَ } [الأعراف: 130-137]
بسبب أعمالهم السيئة. لكن أكثرهم لا يدركون ذلك. وكان هؤلاء الكفار القدماء على شاكلة أولئك الذين يدّعون في زماننا لأنفسهم «البراغماتية العلمية» ليبرروا إنكارهم لمشيئة الله وتدبيره لما يقع خارج عالمنا. ومن الشبيه بهم أولئك «الاشتراكيون العلميون» الذين يُرجعون ضعف محاصيلهم إلى طبيعة معادية! وكل هؤلاء جاهلون، خالون من العلم.
for their misdeeds. But most of them do not recognize this. These ancient unbelievers were the same as those who in our present day claim for themselves `scientific pragmatism’ in order to justify their denial of God’s will and His control of what lies beyond our world. Similar to them are those ‘scientific socialists’ who attribute their poor harvests to an antagonistic nature! All of them are ignorant, devoid of knowledge.
وَلَكِنَّ قَوْمَ فِرْعَوْنَ كَانُوا مُتَكَبِّرِينَ، مُصِرِّينَ دَائِمًا عَلَى سُبُلِهِمُ الْخَبِيثَةِ، لَا يُلْقُونَ بَالًا لِآيَاتِ اللهِ وَلَا لِأَيِّ اخْتِبَارٍ يُعَرَّضُونَ لَهُ. وَقَالُوا لِمُوسَى: «مَهْمَا تَأْتِنَا بِهِ مِنْ آيَةٍ لِتَسْحَرَنَا بِهَا، فَمَا نَحْنُ لَكَ بِمُؤْمِنِينَ». (الآية 132) إِنَّهُ مَوْقِفُ الِاسْتِكْبَارِ الَّذِي لَا يَقْبَلُ تَذْكِيرًا وَلَا يَسْتَجِيبُ لِأَيِّ دَلِيلٍ. وَهُوَ مَوْقِفُ مَنْ لَا يُرِيدُ أَنْ يَنْظُرَ أَوْ يُقَيِّمَ، لِأَنَّهُ يُعْلِنُ إِصْرَارَهُ عَلَى رَفْضِ الرِّسَالَةِ حَتَّى قَبْلَ أَنْ يُعْرَضَ عَلَيْهِ الدَّلِيلُ، فَيَشْعُرُ بِأَنَّهُ قَادِرٌ عَلَى رَدِّ الدَّلِيلِ جُمْلَةً. وَهَذَا الْمَوْقِفُ كَثِيرًا مَا يُظْهِرُهُ الْكَافِرُونَ بَعْدَ أَنْ يُغْلَبُوا بِالْحَقِّ وَبِبَرَاهِينِهِ الْوَاضِحَةِ، فَيُدْرِكُونَ أَنَّ مَصَالِحَهُمْ وَأَمْوَالَهُمْ وَسُلْطَانَهُمْ وَقُوَّتَهُمْ فِي غَيْرِ الْحَقِّ، وَأَنَّ خِدْمَتَهَا أَفْضَلُ بِإِنْكَارِ الْحَقِّ جُمْلَةً.
The Promises of Unbelievers But Pharaoh’s people were too arrogant, always persisting with their evil ways and paying no heed to God’s signs or to any test to which they were put. They said to Moses: “Whatever sign you may bring before us in order to cast a spell on us, we shall not believe in you.” (Verse 132) It is an attitude of arrogance that will heed no reminder and will not respond to any proof. It is the attitude of a person who does not want to look or evaluate, because he declares his insistence on rejecting the message, even before proof is shown to him. Thus, he feels able to dismiss the proof altogether. This is an attitude which is frequently demonstrated by unbelievers after they have been overwhelmed by the truth and its clear proofs, while they recognize that their interests, wealth, authority and power belong elsewhere and are better served by denying the truth altogether.
عِنْدَ هَذِهِ المَرْحَلَةِ يَتَدَخَّلُ السُّلْطَانُ الإِلَهِيُّ المُطْلَقُ: ﴿فَأَرْسَلْنَا عَلَيْهِمُ الطُّوفَانَ وَالْجَرَادَ وَالْقُمَّلَ وَالضَّفَادِعَ وَالدَّمَ آيَاتٍ مُّفَصَّلَاتٍ﴾ (الآية 133). وَكَانَتْ هَذِهِ الآيَاتُ الوَاضِحَةُ كُلُّهَا لِلِامْتِحَانِ وَالتَّحْذِيرِ. وَكَانَ مَدْلُولُهَا وَاضِحًا جِدًّا، وَكُلُّهَا تُعْطِي الرِّسَالَةَ نَفْسَهَا، وَكُلُّ وَاحِدَةٍ مِنْهَا تُؤَيِّدُ مَا سَبَقَهَا. وَقَدْ أُرِيَتْ لَهُمْ هَذِهِ الآيَاتُ مُنْفَصِلَةً، لَكِنَّ السُّورَةَ تَذْكُرُهَا مُجْتَمِعَةً هُنَا. وَكُلَّمَا أَصَابَتْهُمْ إِحْدَى هَذِهِ الآفَاتِ، كَانُوا يُسْرِعُونَ إِلَى مُوسَى يَسْتَغِيثُونَ بِهِ أَنْ يَدْعُوَ رَبَّهُ لِيَكْشِفَ عَنْهُمُ العَذَابَ. وَكُلَّمَا وَعَدُوهُ أَنْ يُطْلِقُوا بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ مَعَهُ إِنْ هُوَ كَشَفَ عَنْهُمْ ضُرَّهُمْ. وَأَدْرَكُوا أَنَّهُمْ لَا يَمْلِكُونَ وَسِيلَةً لِرَفْعِ شِدَّتِهِمْ بِأَنْفُسِهِمْ: ﴿وَلَمَّا وَقَعَ عَلَيْهِمُ الرِّجْزُ قَالُوا يَا مُوسَى ادْعُ لَنَا رَبَّكَ بِمَا عَهِدَ عِندَكَ﴾ (الآية 134). وَفِي كُلِّ مَرَّةٍ كَانُوا يَنْقُضُونَ وَعْدَهُمْ وَيَعُودُونَ إِلَى عَادَاتِهِمْ وَأَفْعَالِهِمْ نَفْسِهَا قَبْلَ أَنْ يَنْزِلَ بِهِمُ العَذَابُ. وَلَكِنَّ العَذَابَ لَمْ يُكْشَفْ إِلَّا وَفْقَ مَشِيئَةِ اللهِ، لِيَتْرُكَهُمْ وَشَأْنَهُمْ فِي حِينٍ حَتَّى يَحِينَ أَجَلُهُمُ المَحْتُومُ: ﴿فَلَمَّا كَشَفْنَا عَنْهُمُ الرِّجْزَ إِلَىٰ أَجَلٍ هُم بَالِغُوهُ إِذَا هُمْ يَنكُثُونَ﴾ (الآية 135).
الانتقام من الكفار المعاندين
Wreaking Vengeance on Hardened Unbelievers
على الرغم من دينهم الوثني، وجهلهم المطلق، وطغيانهم الذي مكّن فرعون من استخفافهم، فإنهم كانوا يتسابقون مرارًا إلى النبي موسى ﷺ، يتضرعون إليه أن يدعو ربه بحق العهد الذي بينه وبينه، إذ كانوا يرون أن ذلك هو السبيل الوحيد لرفع البلاء. أما أصحاب السلطان فقد أبوا الوفاء بوعودهم، لأن سلطانهم كله قائم على دعواهم أن فرعون هو رب قومه. وكانوا يخشون ما سيحدث لو أُقرّت ربوبية الله، إذ يعني ذلك انهيار النظام كله، الذي أسند السيادة والتشريع إلى فرعون، ليحلّ محله نظام يُقرّ بأن السيادة لله وحده.
Despite their pagan religion, their total ignorance, and their transgression which enabled Pharaoh to take them as fools, they still rushed to the Prophet Moses, time and again, beseeching him to pray to his Lord on account of the covenant he had with Him. They felt that was the only way for the plague to be lifted. But those in power refused to honour their promises because their whole authority was based on their claim that Pharaoh was the Lord of his people. They feared what would have happened if God’s Lordship was to be recognized. That would have meant that the entire system, which assigned sovereignty and legislative authority to Pharaoh, would collapse, giving way to a system which recognized sovereignty as belonging only to God.
في الجاهلية المعاصرة قد يسمح الله بأن تهدد الآفات المحاصيل الزراعية، لكن الناس لا يرجعون إلى الله البتة. فإذا شعر المزارعون بالشعور الفطري الذي يعتري بني آدم، حتى الكفار، في أوقات الشدة، وهو أن الله هو الذي يرسل هذه الآفات، فإذا لجأوا إلى الله داعين إياه أن يرفع عنهم هذا البلاء، قال لهم دعاة ما يسمونه زوراً «العلم» إن فعلهم هذا متجذّر بعمق في الخرافة والميتافيزيقا. ويتخذون موقفاً شديد السخرية ليردّوهم إلى حالة من الإنكار أسوأ بكثير من حال الوثنيين الأوائل.
In present-day jāhiliyyah, God may allow pests to threaten harvests, but people do not turn back to God at all. If the farmers experience the natural feeling which occurs to human beings, even unbelievers, in times of hardship, that it is God who sends these plagues, and if they turn to God praying to Him to lift this affliction, the advocates of false `science’ tell them that their action is deeply rooted in superstition and metaphysics. They adopt a very sarcastic attitude in order to turn them back to a state of rejection that is far worse than that of ancient pagans.
ثُمَّ يَقَعُ الْخِتَامُ وَفْقَ سُنَّةِ اللَّهِ فِي مُعَاقَبَةِ الْكَافِرِينَ، بَعْدَ أَنِ ابْتَلَاهُمْ بِالضَّرَّاءِ وَالسَّرَّاءِ جَمِيعًا.
The end then takes place in accordance with God’s law of punishing unbelievers after having tested them both with affliction and affluence.
لقد أعطى اللهُ فرعونَ وقومَه كلَّ فرصةٍ، وحدّد لهم أجلًا كانوا على يقينٍ من بلوغه، ثم أهلك اللهُ فرعونَ وملأَه. كما أنجز وعدَه للمستضعفين الذين صبروا على الشدائد: ﴿فَانتَقَمْنَا مِنْهُمْ فَأَغْرَقْنَاهُمْ فِي الْيَمِّ بِأَنَّهُمْ كَذَّبُوا بِآيَاتِنَا وَكَانُوا عَنْهَا غَافِلِينَ * وَأَوْرَثْنَا الْقَوْمَ الَّذِينَ كَانُوا يُسْتَضْعَفُونَ مَشَارِقَ الْأَرْضِ وَمَغَارِبَهَا الَّتِي بَارَكْنَا فِيهَا وَتَمَّتْ كَلِمَتُ رَبِّكَ الْحُسْنَىٰ عَلَىٰ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ بِمَا صَبَرُوا وَدَمَّرْنَا مَا كَانَ يَصْنَعُ فِرْعَوْنُ وَقَوْمُهُ وَمَا كَانُوا يَعْرِشُونَ﴾.
يُفرّق المختصون بالحيوانات بين الثعابين والأفاعي، مع أنهما ينتميان إلى الفصيلة نفسها.
15 Animal specialists differentiate between serpents and snakes, but they belong to the same species.
هذا يعني أن تحوّل يد موسى عليه السلام لم يكن دائماً، إذ كانت يده تعود إلى لونها الأصلي حتى يحتاج إلى إظهار آية الله مرة أخرى. — ملاحظة المحرر.
16 This means that the transformation of Moses’s hand was only temporary, as his hand would resume its original colour until he needed to show God’s sign again. — Editor’s note.
17 كان المؤلف يكتب في النصف الثاني من القرن العشرين. ولا حاجة للقول إن ملاحظته عن الطغاة المعاصرين تنطبق اليوم بالطريقة نفسها. — ملاحظة المحرر.
17 The author was writing in the second half of the twentieth century. Needless to say, his remark about contemporary dictators applies today in the same manner. — Editor’s note.
١٨ عندما عانى الاتحاد السوفيتي السابق ومعسكر الدول الشيوعية من محاصيل زراعية رديئة، لم يجد خروشوف تفسيراً سوى أن قال: «الطبيعة تعارضنا». وقد صدر هذا القول عن رجلٍ أصرّ على إنكار أي قوةٍ غيبية، وادّعى الإيمان بالاشتراكية العلمية. وكان موقفه موقفَ عمًى متعمَّد. وإلا فما هذه «الطبيعة» التي لها إرادةٌ تعارض بني البشر؟
18 When the former Soviet Union and the Communist Bloc suffered poor harvests, Khrushchev could find no explanation other than to say, “nature is opposing us.” This came from the man who insisted on denying any unseen force and claimed to believe in scientific socialism. His attitude was one of deliberate blindness. Otherwise, what is this “nature” which has a will to oppose human beings?
19 الطبري، ابن جرير، جامع البيان، بيروت، المجلد 6، ص 34
19 Al-Ţabarī, Ibn Jarīr, jāmi` al-Bayān, Beirut, Vol. 6, p. 34