النحل (الدعوة بالقدوة) 112-128
Al-Nahl (Advocacy by Example ) 112-128
ﷲ تعالیٰ ایک بستی کی مثال بیان فرماتا ہے جو امن و سکون میں تھی۔ اس کا رزق ہر طرف سے بافراط اس کے پاس آتا تھا۔ مگر اس نے اللہ کی نعمتوں کی ناشکری کی۔ لہٰذا اللہ نے اسے بھوک اور خوف کی مصیبت چکھا دی، اس کرتوت کے بدلے جو اس کے لوگ کیا کرتے تھے۔ (112)
God cites the case of a town living in security and ease. Its sustenance comes to it in abundance from all quarters. Yet it was ungrateful for God’s favours. Therefore, God caused it to experience the misery of hunger and fear for what its people used to do. (112)
جَاءَهُمْ رَسُولٌ مِنْهُمْ فَكَذَّبُوهُ
There had come to them a messenger from among themselves, but they denied him.
فَأَخَذَهُمُ الْعَذَابُ وَهُمْ ظَالِمُونَ۔ (113)
Therefore suffering overwhelmed them as they were wrongdoers. (113)
فَكُلُوا مِمَّا رَزَقَكُمُ اللَّهُ حَلَالًا طَيِّبًا، وَاشْكُرُوا نِعْمَةَ اللَّهِ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ إِيَّاهُ تَعْبُدُونَ.
So eat of all the lawful and good things God has provided for you, and be grateful to God for His favours, if it is truly Him that you worship.
(114)
(114)
إِنَّمَا حَرَّمَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْمَيْتَةَ وَالدَّمَ وَلَحْمَ الْخِنزِيرِ وَمَا أُهِلَّ بِهِ لِغَيْرِ اللَّهِ ۖ فَمَنِ اضْطُرَّ غَيْرَ بَاغٍ وَلَا عَادٍ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ (115)
He has forbidden you only carrion, blood, the flesh of swine and anything over which any name other than God’s has been invoked. But if anyone is driven to it by necessity, neither desiring it nor exceeding his immediate need, then God is Much- Forgiving, Merciful. (115)
لَا تَقُولُوا لِمَا تَصِفُ أَلْسِنَتُكُمُ الْكَذِبَ هَٰذَا حَلَالٌ وَهَٰذَا حَرَامٌ لِتَفْتَرُوا عَلَى اللَّهِ الْكَذِبَ ۚ إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَفْتَرُونَ عَلَى اللَّهِ الْكَذِبَ لَا يُفْلِحُونَ
Do not say — for any false thing you may utter with your tongues — that ‘This is lawful and this is forbidden’, so as to attribute your lying inventions to God. Indeed those who attribute their lying inventions to God will never be successful. (116)
مَتَاعٌ قَلِيلٌ، وَلَهُمْ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ۔ (١١٧)
Brief is their enjoyment [of this life], and grievous suffering awaits them [in the life to come]. (117)
إِلَى الْيَهُودِ وَعَلَى الَّذِينَ هَادُوا حَرَّمْنَا كُلَّ ذِي ظُفُرٍ ۖ وَمِنَ الْبَقَرِ وَالْغَنَمِ حَرَّمْنَا عَلَيْهِمْ شُحُومَهُمَا إِلَّا مَا حَمَلَتْ ظُهُورُهُمَا أَوِ الْحَوَايَا أَوْ مَا اخْتَلَطَ بِعَظْمٍ ۚ ذَٰلِكَ جَزَيْنَاهُم بِبَغْيِهِمْ ۖ وَإِنَّا لَصَادِقُونَ Note: the original is a rendering of Qur'an 6:146, which I have translated in its Arabic form above; if you want the plain translation of your English text instead, here it is: إِلَى الْيَهُودِ لَقَدْ حَرَّمْنَا عَلَيْهِمْ مَا ذَكَرْنَاهُ لَكَ مِنْ قَبْلُ، وَمَا ظَلَمْنَاهُمْ وَلَٰكِنْ كَانُوا أَنْفُسَهُمْ يَظْلِمُونَ.
To the Jews We have made unlawful such things as We have mentioned to you earlier. We did them no wrong, but they were the ones who persistently wronged themselves. (118)
إِنَّ رَبَّكَ لِلَّذِينَ عَمِلُوا السُّوءَ بِجَهَالَةٍ ثُمَّ تَابُوا مِن بَعْدِ ذَٰلِكَ وَأَصْلَحُوا إِنَّ رَبَّكَ مِن بَعْدِهَا لَغَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ
But indeed your Lord [grants forgiveness] to those who do evil out of ignorance, and then repent and mend their ways. After all this, your Lord is certainly Much- Forgiving, Merciful. (119)
إِنَّ إِبْرَاهِيمَ كَانَ أُمَّةً قَانِتًا لِلَّهِ حَنِيفًا، وَلَمْ يَكُ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ.
In truth Abraham was a model, devoutly obedient to God, and true in faith. He was not one of those who associated partners with God.
(120)
(120)
شَكَرَ نِعَمَ مَنِ اجْتَبَاهُ وَهَدَاهُ إِلَى صِرَاطٍ مُّسْتَقِيمٍ (121)
He showed his gratitude for the blessings bestowed by Him who had chosen him and guided him to a straight path. (121)
وَآتَيْنَاهُ أَجْرَهُ فِي الدُّنْيَا ۖ وَإِنَّهُ فِي الْآخِرَةِ لَمِنَ الصَّالِحِينَ (١٢٢)
We bestowed on him good in this world; and truly, in the life to come he will be among the righteous. (122)
ثُمَّ أَوْحَيْنَا إِلَيْكَ أَنِ اتَّبِعْ مِلَّةَ إِبْرَاهِيمَ حَنِيفًا وَمَا كَانَ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ ﴿١٢٣﴾
And now We have inspired you with [this message]: ‘Follow the creed of Abraham, who was true in faith, and who was not one of those who associated partners with God.’ (123)
إِنَّمَا جُعِلَ السَّبْتُ عَلَى الَّذِينَ اخْتَلَفُوا فِيهِ ۚ وَإِنَّ رَبَّكَ لَيَحْكُمُ بَيْنَهُمْ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ فِيمَا كَانُوا فِيهِ يَخْتَلِفُونَ
[The observance of] the Sabbath was ordained only to those who differed about him. Your Lord will judge between them on the Day of Resurrection with regard to all that on which they dispute. (124)
ادْعُ إِلَىٰ سَبِيلِ رَبِّكَ بِالْحِكْمَةِ وَالْمَوْعِظَةِ الْحَسَنَةِ ۖ وَجَادِلْهُم بِالَّتِي هِيَ أَحْسَنُ ۚ إِنَّ رَبَّكَ هُوَ أَعْلَمُ بِمَن ضَلَّ عَن سَبِيلِهِ ۖ وَهُوَ أَعْلَمُ بِالْمُهْتَدِينَ
Call people to the path of your Lord with wisdom and goodly exhortation, and argue with them in the most kindly manner. Your Lord knows best who strays from His path and who are rightly guided. (125)
وَإِنْ عَاقَبْتُمْ فَعَاقِبُوا بِمِثْلِ مَا عُوقِبْتُمْ بِهِ ۖ وَلَئِن صَبَرْتُمْ لَهُوَ خَيْرٌ لِّلصَّابِرِينَ ۚ (126)
If you should punish, then let your punishment be commensurate with the wrong done to you. But to endure patiently is far better for those who are patient in adversity. (126)
فَاصْبِرْ وَمَا صَبْرُكَ إِلَّا بِاللَّهِ ۚ وَلَا تَحْزَنْ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا تَكُ فِي ضَيْقٍ مِّمَّا يَمْكُرُونَ
Endure, then, with patience, remembering always that it is only God who helps you to be patient; and do not grieve over them, nor be distressed by their intrigues. (127)
إِنَّ اللَّهَ مَعَ الَّذِينَ اتَّقَوْا وَّالَّذِينَ هُم مُّحْسِنُونَ۔ (128)
God is indeed with those who remain God-fearing and those who do good. (128)
نظرة عامة
Overview
قبل ذلك في هذه السورة ضرب اللهُ مثلين ليُوضِّح للناس أصلًا مهمًّا من أصول الإيمان. والآن يضرب مثلًا آخر يصوّر حال مكة وأهلها المشركين الذين كفروا بنعم الله التي أنعم بها عليهم. ويُبيِّن هذا المثلُ ما ينتظرهم من مصير إن أصرّوا على موقفهم. ويُبرز المثلُ نعمَ الرزق الوفير والأمنِ والسلامِ التي منحها اللهُ للبلد، قبل أن يذكر الطيباتِ التي يحرّمونها على أنفسهم بناءً على أساطيرهم الوثنية. والحقيقة أن الله قد أحلّ هذه الطيبات للناس، وقد بيّن بوضوح ما حرّمه، وليس فيه ما يحرّمونه على أنفسهم. وفي ذلك كفرانٌ لنعم الله وعدمُ شكرٍ له على ما أنعم به، وبهذا الموقف يُعرِّضون أنفسهم لعقابه الشديد.
Earlier in the sūrah God gave two examples to drive home to people an important principle of faith. Now He gives another to portray the situation of Makkah and its pagan people who denied the blessings God had bestowed on them. The example serves to make clear what destiny awaits them if they persist in their attitude. The example highlights the blessings of abundant provisions, peace and security given to the city before mentioning the good and wholesome things they prohibit themselves on the basis of their pagan myths. In fact God has made these lawful to mankind. He has clearly outlined what He has forbidden, and it does not include the matters they prohibit themselves. This is an act of ingratitude to God, giving no thanks to Him for His blessings. By adopting this attitude they lay themselves open to God’s severe punishment.
لَمَّا كانت السورةُ تُبيِّنُ الأمورَ الخبيثةَ التي حرَّمها اللهُ على المسلمين، فإنها تذكُرُ أيضًا الأمورَ الطيبةَ التي حرَّمها اللهُ على اليهودِ بسببِ ظُلمِهم.
As it outlines the foul things God has forbidden to Muslims, the sūrah mentions the wholesome things God had forbidden to the Jews because of their wrongdoing.
لم يكن هذا محرّماً على آبائهم في زمن إبراهيم عليه السلام، الذي كان عبداً صالحاً لله. بل كان مباحاً له ولذريته.
These were not forbidden to their forefathers at the time of Abraham who was a devout servant of God. These were indeed permissible to him and his offspring.
ثم حُرِّمت بعض هذه الأشياء على اليهود عقوبةً لهم على عصيانهم اللاحق. وأما الذين أصلحوا أمرهم بعد ذلك فقد يَنالون مغفرةَ الله ورحمته.
Some were later forbidden to the Jews as a sort of punishment for their subsequent disobedience. Those who then mended their ways could receive God’s forgiveness and mercy.
ثُمَّ أَنْزَلَ اللهُ وَحْيًا جَدِيدًا عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ ﷺ بِوَصْفِهِ النُّسْخَةَ الأَخِيرَةَ مِنْ دِينِهِ.
Then God revealed a new message to Muĥammad as the final version of His faith.
مثالٌ يُجتنَب
An Example To Avoid
ذَكَرَ اللهُ مَثَلًا لِقَرْيَةٍ كَانَتْ آمِنَةً مُطْمَئِنَّةً، يَأْتِيهَا رِزْقُهَا رَغَدًا مِنْ كُلِّ مَكَانٍ، فَكَفَرَتْ بِأَنْعُمِ اللهِ، فَأَذَاقَهَا اللهُ لِبَاسَ الْجُوعِ وَالْخَوْفِ بِمَا كَانُوا يَصْنَعُونَ.
God cites the case of a town living in security and ease. Its sustenance comes to it in abundance from all quarters. Yet it was ungrateful for God’s favours. Therefore, God caused it to experience the misery of hunger and fear for what its people used to do.
جَاءَهُمْ رَسُولٌ مِنْهُمْ فَكَذَّبُوهُ
There had come to them a messenger from among themselves, but they denied him.
فَأَخَذَهُمُ الْعَذَابُ وَهُمْ ظَالِمُونَ۔ (الآيتان ١١٢-١١٣)
Therefore suffering overwhelmed them as they were wrongdoers. (Verses 112-113)
هذه الحال شبيهة جدًا بحال مكة التي بُني فيها بيتُ الله الحرام. فقد جُعلت بلدًا محرّمًا يأمن فيه كل أحد. لم يكن أحد يُهدَّد فيها، ولو كان متهمًا بالقتل. كان الجميع يتمتعون بالأمان لكونهم في جوار بيت الله الذي لا يُنتهَك. وكان الناس من حولها يتعرضون لشتى أنواع المخاطر، بينما كان أهل مكة ينعمون بالسلام والأمان. وكانت أرزاقهم تأتيهم بسهولة من كل أنحاء العالم، يحملها الحجاج أو قوافل التجارة التي تسير في أمان. ومع ذلك كانوا يعيشون في وادٍ قاحل لا زرع فيه ولا نبات. ومع هذا، فمنذ أيام إبراهيم عليه السلام، كانوا يتمتعون بحياة مرفهة إلى جانب أمنهم.
This case is very similar to that of Makkah where God’s sacred house was built. It was made a consecrated city where everyone could feel secure. No one was threatened, even though he might be guilty of murder. All enjoyed the security of being in the neighbourhood of God’s Inviolable House. People all around were threatened by all manner of dangers, while the people of Makkah enjoyed peace and security. Their provisions came to them easily from all over the world, carried by pilgrims or trade caravans which travelled in peace. Yet they lived in a barren valley with no cultivation or vegetation. Nevertheless, ever since the days of Abraham, they enjoyed a life of prosperity in addition to their security.
ثم جاءهم رسولٌ: رجلٌ منهم كانوا يعرفونه بأنه يصدق دائمًا، ويتمثّل الأمانة في أعلى صورها. لم يجدوا في خلقه عيبًا. وإنما أرسله الله رسولًا منه، رحمةً لهم وللناس أجمعين، يدعو إلى الملّة نفسها التي دعا إليها إبراهيمُ، الذي بنى البيتَ الحرامَ الذي كان سببًا لأمنهم ورخائهم.
Then a Messenger came to them: a man from among them whom they knew to always tell the truth and to be exemplary in his honesty. They could find nothing wrong with his character. It was God who sent him as His Messenger, bringing mercy to them and to all mankind, preaching the same faith as that of Abraham, who built the Inviolable House of worship which ensured their security and prosperity.
الحلال والحرام
The Lawful And The Forbidden
تُبيّن السورةُ الآنَ ما هو محرَّمٌ، وتُفصّل المحرَّماتِ تفصيلاً، ولا تتضمّنُ هذه القائمةُ ما حرّمهُ العربُ على أنفسِهم، وقد أطلقوا عليه أسماءً خاصّةً مثل: البحيرةِ، والسائبةِ، والوصيلةِ، والحامِ.
Now the sūrah defines what is forbidden, listing the prohibitions in detail. The list does not include what the Arabs forbade themselves, giving these special names such as baĥīrah, sā’ibah, waşīlah and ĥām.
نلاحظ الحصر في طريقة عرض المحرّمات: «إِنَّمَا حَرَّمَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْمَيْتَةَ وَالدَّمَ وَلَحْمَ الْخِنزِيرِ وَمَا أُهِلَّ بِهِ لِغَيْرِ اللَّهِ» (الآية 115). وهي محرّمة إما لأنها ضارّة بالجسم، كما في حالة الحيوان الميت والدم ولحم الخنزير، وإما لأنها منافية للعقيدة أو للسلامة النفسية، كما في حالة ذكر اسم مخلوق عند الذبح. «فَمَنِ اضْطُرَّ غَيْرَ بَاغٍ وَلَا عَادٍ فَلَا إِثْمَ عَلَيْهِ إِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ» (الآية 115). إن دين الإسلام يسرٌ لا يُلحق بأتباعه المشقّة. فمن خاف على نفسه الموت، أو مرض بسبب الجوع والعطش، جاز له أن يأكل شيئاً من هذه المحرّمات. وقد ذكرنا قبل ذلك اختلاف العلماء في مقدار ما يجوز أن يأكله في هذه الحال. والمهم أن لا يتجاوز الإنسان أصل التحريم، ولا يزيد على حدّ الضرورة الذي يبيح المحظور.
We note the exclusivity in the way the prohibitions are listed: “He has forbidden you only carrion, blood, the flesh of swine and anything over which any name other than God’s has been invoked.” (Verse 115) These are forbidden either because they are physically harmful, as in the case of dead animals, blood and pig meat, or because they are outrageous to faith or to mental well-being as when invoking a creature’s name at the time of slaughter. “But if anyone is driven to it by necessity, neither desiring it nor exceeding his immediate need, then God is Much- Forgiving, Merciful.” (Verse 115) This faith of Islam is made easy, involving no affliction. If someone fears to die or becomes ill as a result of hunger and thirst, he may eat something of these forbidden items. We mentioned earlier the differences among scholars as to how much one may eat in such cases. The important thing is that one must neither transgress the principle of prohibition, nor exceed the limits of necessity that override the prohibition in order to permit what is normally restricted.
هذه هي الحدود التي حرّمها الله أو أباحها فيما يتعلق بالطعام.
These are the limits of what God has prohibited or left lawful in relation to food.
يجب ألا تُتجاوز هذه الحدود استنادًا إلى خرافات وثنية. ولا يحق لأحد أن يدّعي كذبًا تحريم ما أباحه الله. فإباحة التحريم وتحليله إنما تكون بأمر من الله، لأنها من باب التشريع، والتشريع من اختصاص الله وحده. ومن ادّعى لنفسه حق التشريع على أي أساس غير أمر الله، فهو مفترٍ على الله الكذب. وإن الذين يختلقون شيئًا بغير إذن من الله لا يفلحون أبدًا.
These limits must not be trespassed on the basis of pagan myths. No one can make a false claim describing as prohibited what God has permitted. Permissibility and prohibition are made by order from God, because they are part of legislation, which is the prerogative of God alone. Anyone who claims legislative authority for himself, on any basis other than God’s orders, is an inventor of untruth. Those who invent anything without God’s authority will never prosper:
أفضل منهج في الدعوة
The Best Method Of Advocacy
لقد أوضحت السورة ما قد يظهر من أوجه تشابه بين الدين القائم على الإيمان بتوحيد الله كما بيّنه إبراهيم وكمّله الإسلام، رسالةِ الله الأخيرة إلى البشر، وبين المعتقدات المنحرفة التي تمسّك بها اليهود أو مشركو العرب. وكل ذلك من جملة ما أُنزل القرآن لتصحيحه. ويُؤمر النبي ﷺ بمواصلة جهوده، فيدعو الناس إلى اتباع الدين الإلهي، مستعملاً الحكمة والموعظة الحسنة، ومجادلاً بالتي هي أحسن. فإن اعتدى خصومه وتصرفوا بعدوانية، فيكون الجزاء من جنس الاعتداء، أو يختار النبي ﷺ الطريق الأفضل، وهو العفو والصبر على الأذى، مع قدرته على إنزال العقوبة. وهذا لا شك سيؤول به إلى عاقبة أحسن. ولا ينبغي له أن يحزن على الذين يرفضون هداية الله، ولا أن يضيق صدره بمكرهم به وبأتباعه.
The sūrah has thus clarified what similarities may appear between the faith based on believing in God’s oneness as outlined by Abraham and perfected by Islam, God’s final message to mankind, and the deviant beliefs to which the Jews or the pagan Arabs adhered. All this is part of what the Qur’ān has been revealed to set right. The Prophet is told to continue his efforts, calling on people to follow the divine faith, but utilizing wisdom and good exhortation, and delivering his argument in a kindly manner. If his opponents go on the offensive and act aggressively, the penalty should be of the same type as the aggression, or the Prophet may choose the better way of forgiveness and patience in adversity, despite being able to exact punishment. This is sure to bring him a better outcome. He need not grieve however over those who reject God’s guidance, nor should he be afflicted by their scheming against him and his followers.
ادْعُ إِلَىٰ سَبِيلِ رَبِّكَ بِالْحِكْمَةِ وَالْمَوْعِظَةِ الْحَسَنَةِ وَجَادِلْهُم بِالَّتِي هِيَ أَحْسَنُ ۚ إِنَّ رَبَّكَ هُوَ أَعْلَمُ بِمَن ضَلَّ عَن سَبِيلِهِ وَهُوَ أَعْلَمُ بِالْمُهْتَدِينَ۔ وَإِنْ عَاقَبْتُمْ فَعَاقِبُوا بِمِثْلِ مَا عُوقِبْتُم بِهِ ۖ وَلَئِن صَبَرْتُمْ لَهُوَ خَيْرٌ لِّلصَّابِرِينَ۔ وَاصْبِرْ وَمَا صَبْرُكَ إِلَّا بِاللَّهِ ۚ وَلَا تَحْزَنْ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا تَكُن فِي ضَيْقٍ مِّمَّا يَمْكُرُونَ۔ إِنَّ اللَّهَ مَعَ الَّذِينَ اتَّقَوا وَّالَّذِينَ هُم مُّحْسِنُونَ۔ (النحل: ١٢٥-١٢٨)
Call people to the path of your Lord with wisdom and goodly exhortation, and argue with them in the most kindly manner. Your Lord knows best who strays from His path and who are rightly guided. If you should punish, then let your punishment be commensurate with the wrong done to you. But to endure patiently is far better for those who are patient in adversity. Endure, then, with patience, remembering always that it is only God who helps you to be patient; and do not grieve over them, nor be distressed by their intrigues. God is indeed with those who remain God-fearing and those who do good. (Verses 125-128)
هذه هي القواعد الأساسية للدعوة الإسلامية، وهذه هي وسائلها المناسبة.
Such are the basic rules of Islamic advocacy and such are its appropriate methods.