الحشر

الحشر - في ظلال القرآن | Quran Course

وقعت هذه الأحداث بعد غزوة أُحُد وقبل غزوة الخندق. فقد ذهب النبي ﷺ مع عشرة من كبار أصحابه، من بينهم أبو بكر وعمر وعلي، إلى دار بني النضير ليطلبوا منهم المساهمة في دية القتيلين البريئين اللذين قتلهما عمرو بن أمية، أحد أصحاب النبي ﷺ، عن غير قصد. وقد طلب النبي ﷺ منهم العون استناداً إلى العهد الذي عُقد بين المسلمين ويهود المدينة بعد استقراره ﷺ فيها. فاستقبل سادة بني النضير النبي ﷺ استقبالاً حسناً، وطلبوا منه أن ينتظر حتى يجمعوا المال. غير أنهم رأوا في ذلك فرصةً لاغتياله وهو جالس إلى جدار أحد بيوتهم. فقال بعضهم: "لن تجدوا الرجل أسهل صيداً مما هو الآن، فليصعد رجل قوي إلى سطح البيت الذي يجلس محمد ﷺ بجانبه فيلقي صخرة كبيرة على رأسه، ويريحنا منه". وتطوع منهم عمرو بن جحاش بن كعب لارتكاب هذه الجريمة الغادرة، فصعد إلى سطح البيت ليُلقي تلك الصخرة على رأس النبي ﷺ. أما النبي ﷺ فقد أعلمه الله بمكيدة بني النضير، فترك أصحابه في أماكنهم موهماً إياهم بأنه سيعود بعد قليل، ثم عاد توّاً إلى المدينة. فلما طال غيابه عن أصحابه الذين كانوا معه، أخذوا يقلقون عليه ويبحثون عنه، فلقوا سريعاً رجلاً قادماً من المدينة أخبرهم أنه رأى النبي ﷺ يدخل المدينة.

These events took place after the Battle of Uhud but before the Battle of the Moat. The Prophet along with ten leading figures from among his Companions, including Abu Bakr, ‘Umar and ( All, had gone to the al-Nadir’s quarters to request them to contribute to the blood money the Muslims had to pay for the accidental killing of two innocent men by ‘Amr ibn Umayyah, one of the Prophet’s Companions. The Prophet asked for their help on the basis of the covenant signed between the Muslim community and the Jews of Madinah soon after the Prophets settlement there. The elders of al-Nadir received the Prophet well and asked him to wait while they raised the money. In actual fact, it occurred to them that this was their opportunity to assassinate the Prophet as he sat against the wall of one of their homes. Some of them said: “You will never find the man as easy prey as he is now. Let a strong person go onto the roof of the house next to which Muhammad is sitting and drop a large stone or rock over his head and rid us of him.” One of them, 'Amr ibn Jihash ibn Ka‘b, volunteered to commit this treacherous crime, and went on to the roof of the house to throw such a stone on the Prophet’s head. The Prophet, however, had been informed by God of the al-Nadir s design and so he had left his Companions where they were, giving the impression that he would shortly return. Instead, he had gone straight back to Madinah. When the Prophet’s Companions who were with him felt that he had been absent for too long, they started to worry and went looking for him. Soon they met a man on his way from Madinah who told them that he had seen the Prophet entering the city.

ولكن المنافقين في المدينة، بقيادة عبد الله بن أُبيّ بن سلول، أرسلوا إليهم يحثونهم على المقاومة ويتعهدون لهم بالنصرة. فأكدوا لهم أنهم سيقاتلون معهم، وإن أُخرجوا فسيخرجون معهم. وفي الإشارة إلى هذه الوعود يقول تعالى في السورة: {أَلَمْ تَرَ إِلَى الَّذِينَ نَافَقُوا يَقُولُونَ لِإِخْوَانِهِمُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا مِنْ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ لَئِنْ أُخْرِجْتُمْ لَنَخْرُجَنَّ مَعَكُمْ وَلَا نُطِيعُ فِيكُمْ أَحَدًا أَبَدًا وَإِنْ قُوتِلْتُمْ لَنَنصُرَنَّكُمْ وَاللَّهُ يَشْهَدُ إِنَّهُمْ لَكَاذِبُونَ * لَئِنْ أُخْرِجُوا لَا يَخْرُجُونَ مَعَهُمْ وَلَئِنْ قُوتِلُوا لَا يَنْصُرُونَهُمْ وَلَئِنْ نَصَرُوهُمْ لَيُوَلُّنَّ الْأَدْبَارَ ثُمَّ لَا يُنصَرُونَ * لَأَنْتُمْ أَشَدُّ رَهْبَةً فِي صُدُورِهِمْ مِنَ اللَّهِ ذَلِكَ بِأَنَّهُمْ قَوْمٌ لَا يَفْقَهُونَ} (الحشر: 11-13)

However, the hypocrites in Madlnah, led by ‘Abdullah ibn Ubayy ibn Salul, sent word to them encouraging them to resist and pledging their support. They assured them that they would fight alongside them, and should they be made to leave, they promised to leave with them. It is in reference to these assurances that the surah says: "Are you not aware of those hypocrites who say to their brethren who disbelieve among the people of earlier revelations, 'If you are driven out, we shall most certainly go with you, and shall never pay heed to anyone against you; and if you are attacked, we shall most certainly come to your aid? God bears witness that they are indeed liars. If they are driven out, they will not go with them; and if they are attacked, they will not help them. Even if they come to their aid, they will most certainly turn their backs in flight; and in the end they will have no help. You, [believers,] arouse in their hearts afear more intense than their fear of God, because they are devoid of understanding” (Verses 11-13)

بعد ستة وعشرين يومًا من الحصار، يئس بنو النضير من أن تتحقق وعود أصدقائهم من المنافقين. فقد ألقى الله الرعب في قلوبهم. فأرسلوا إلى النبي ﷺ يطلبون أن يسمح لهم بالخروج بالشروط نفسها التي خرج بها يهود بني قينقاع من قبل. فيكون لهم بذلك الأمان، ويُسمح لهم أن يأخذوا ما تحمله إبلهم من أموالهم، إلا السلاح. فقبل النبي ﷺ ذلك. فحمّلوا إبلهم أموالهم، وهدموا بيوتهم بأيديهم حتى لا يستولي عليها المسلمون. وكان المسلمون قد هدموا بعض جدران حصونهم أثناء الحصار. وفي ذلك يقول الله تعالى في السورة: ﴿هُوَ الَّذِي أَخْرَجَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا مِنْ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ مِنْ دِيَارِهِمْ لِأَوَّلِ الْحَشْرِ ۚ مَا ظَنَنْتُمْ أَنْ يَخْرُجُوا ۖ وَظَنُّوا أَنَّهُم مَّانِعَتُهُمْ حُصُونُهُم مِّنَ اللَّهِ فَأَتَاهُمُ اللَّهُ مِنْ حَيْثُ لَمْ يَحْتَسِبُوا وَقَذَفَ فِي قُلُوبِهِمُ الرُّعْبَ يُخْرِبُونَ بُيُوتَهُم بِأَيْدِيهِمْ وَأَيْدِي الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ۖ فَاعْتَبِرُوا يَا أُولِي الْأَبْصَارِ * وَلَوْلَا أَن كَتَبَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمُ الْجَلَاءَ لَعَذَّبَهُمْ فِي الدُّنْيَا ۖ وَلَهُمْ فِي الْآخِرَةِ عَذَابُ النَّارِ * ذَٰلِكَ بِأَنَّهُمْ شَاقُّوا اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ ۚ وَمَن يُشَاقِّ اللَّهَ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ شَدِيدُ الْعِقَابِ﴾ (الحشر: 2-4)

After 26 nights of siege, the al-Nadir despaired that the promises of their hypocrite friends would ever come true. God had cast terror in their hearts. They sent to the Prophet requesting him to allow them to leave on the same terms as the Qaynuqa‘ Jews who had earlier been evacuated.1 This would afford them safe conduct and they would be allowed to take what their camels could carry of their possessions, except their arms. The Prophet accepted this. Thus, they loaded their camels with their possessions. They also destroyed their own homes so that these would not be taken over by Muslims. During the siege, the Muslims had destroyed some of the walls of their fortifications. In reference to this, the surah says: “It is He who drove the unbelievers among the people of earlier revelations out of their homes at the first gathering. You never thought they would go; while they thought that their fortifications would protect them against God. God came upon them from where they had not expected, casting terror into their hearts. Thus, they destroyed their homes by their own hands, as well as the hands of the believers. Learn from their example, you who are endowed with insight. Had it not been for God's having decreed exile for them, He would surely have inflicted [greater] suffering on them in this world. In the life to come they will still endure suffering through the fire because they have defied God and His Messenger. Whoever defies God— well, God is severe in retribution.” Verses 2—4)

قال بعض الناس، وهم في الغالب من المنافقين، معترضين على فعل النبي ﷺ. يقول الله تعالى في هذه السورة: ﴿وَمَا أَفَاءَ اللَّهُ عَلَىٰ رَسُولِهِ مِنْهُمْ فَمَا أَوْجَفْتُمْ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ خَيْلٍ وَلَا رِكَابٍ وَلَكِنَّ اللَّهَ يُسَلِّطُ رُسُلَهُ عَلَىٰ مَنْ يَشَاءُ وَاللَّهُ عَلَىٰ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ﴾ (الآية 6). وقال النبي ﷺ للأنصار: «إن شئتم قسمتم للمهاجرين من أموالكم وديارِكم، وشاركتموهم في هذه الغنيمة، وإن شئتم أمسكتم أموالكم وديارَكم ولا نصيب لكم في هذه الغنيمة». فقال الأنصار، وهم على كرمهم المعهود: «بل نقسم لهم من أموالنا وديارنا، ونترك الغنيمة لهم فلا نأخذ منها شيئا». وعلّقت السورة على ذلك بقوله تعالى: ﴿لِلْفُقَرَاءِ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ الَّذِينَ أُخْرِجُوا مِنْ دِيَارِهِمْ وَأَمْوَالِهِمْ يَبْتَغُونَ فَضْلًا مِنَ اللَّهِ وَرِضْوَانًا وَيَنْصُرُونَ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ ۚ أُولَٰئِكَ هُمُ الصَّادِقُونَ * وَالَّذِينَ تَبَوَّءُوا الدَّارَ وَالْإِيمَانَ مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْ يُحِبُّونَ مَنْ هَاجَرَ إِلَيْهِمْ وَلَا يَجِدُونَ فِي صُدُورِهِمْ حَاجَةً مِمَّا أُوتُوا وَيُؤْثِرُونَ عَلَىٰ أَنْفُسِهِمْ وَلَوْ كَانَ بِهِمْ خَصَاصَةٌ ۚ وَمَنْ يُوقَ شُحَّ نَفْسِهِ فَأُولَٰئِكَ هُمُ الْمُفْلِحُونَ﴾ (الآيتان 8-9).

Some people — most probably hypocrites - spoke out, criticizing the Prophets action. God states in this surah: “What ever gains were taken from them God has turned over to His Messenger; you did not have to spur horse or riding-cameI for its sake. God gives His messengers mastery over whomever He wills. God has power over all things.” (Verse 6) The Prophet said to the Ansar: “If you wish, you may give a share of your property and your homes to your brethren, the Muhajirin, and then you will share with them this gain. On the other hand, if you prefer, you keep your property and your homes for yourselves but you will have no share of this gain.” True to their generous character, the Ansar said: “We will give them a share of our property and homes and we will leave this gain to them, taking no share of it.” Commenting on this, the surah says: “[Such gains are for] the poor migrants who have been driven out of their homes and possessions, seeking God's favour and His goodly acceptance, and who help God and His Messenger. These are the ones who are true. And to those who were already firmly established in their homes and in faith, those who love the ones that seek refuge with them and harbour no desire in their hearts for whatever the others may have been given. They give them preference over themselves, even though they are in want. Those who are saved from their own greed are truly successful]' (Verses 8-9)

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