التوبة (الانتقال عن المعصية) | كلمة الله العليا 38-41
Al-tawbah (the Repentance) | The Supreme Word Of God 38-41
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مَا لَكُمْ إِذَا قِيلَ لَكُمُ انفِرُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ اثَّاقَلْتُمْ إِلَى الْأَرْضِ أَرَضِيتُم بِالْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا مِنَ الْآخِرَةِ فَمَا مَتَاعُ الْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا فِي الْآخِرَةِ إِلَّا قَلِيلٌ
Believers, what is amiss with you that, when it is said to you: ‘Go forth to fight in God’s cause,’ you cling heavily to the earth? Are you content with the comforts of this world in preference to the life to come? Paltry indeed are the enjoyments of life in this world when compared with those to come.
(38)
(38)
إِلَّا تَنْفِرُوا يُعَذِّبْكُمْ عَذَابًا أَلِيمًا وَيَسْتَبْدِلْ قَوْمًا غَيْرَكُمْ وَلَا تَضُرُّوهُ شَيْئًا ۗ وَاللَّهُ عَلَىٰ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ ٣٩
If you do not go forth to fight [in God’s cause], He will punish you severely and replace you by other people. You will not harm Him in any way, for God has power over all things. (39)
إِلَّا تَنصُرُوهُ فَقَدْ نَصَرَهُ اللَّهُ إِذْ أَخْرَجَهُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا ثَانِيَ اثْنَيْنِ إِذْ هُمَا فِي الْغَارِ إِذْ يَقُولُ لِصَاحِبِهِ لَا تَحْزَنْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ مَعَنَا ۖ فَأَنزَلَ اللَّهُ سَكِينَتَهُ عَلَيْهِ وَأَيَّدَهُ بِجُنُودٍ لَّمْ تَرَوْهَا وَجَعَلَ كَلِمَةَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا السُّفْلَىٰ ۗ وَكَلِمَةُ اللَّهِ هِيَ الْعُلْيَا ۗ وَاللَّهُ عَزِيزٌ حَكِيمٌ ﴿٤٠﴾
If you do not help him [the Prophet]; God [will, as He] supported him at the time when the unbelievers drove him away. He was only one of two. When these two were alone in the cave, he said to his companion: ‘Do not grieve, for God is with us.’ Thereupon God bestowed on him the gift of inner peace, and sent to his aid forces which you did not see. He brought the word of the unbelievers utterly low, while the word of God remained supreme. God is Mighty, Wise. (40)
انفِرُوا خِفَافًا وَثِقَالًا وَجَاهِدُوا بِأَمْوَالِكُمْ وَأَنفُسِكُمْ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ ۚ ذَٰلِكُمْ خَيْرٌ لَّكُمْ إِن كُنتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ ﴿٤١﴾
Go forth, whether you be lightly or heavily armed, and strive in God’s cause with your wealth and your lives. This will be best for you if you but knew it. (41)
نظرة عامة
Overview
يُرجَّح أن هذه الآيات نزلت بعد صدور الأمر بالتعبئة العامة لغزوة تبوك. فقد بلغ النبيَّ ﷺ خبرٌ مفاده أن الروم كانوا يحشدون قوات كبيرة في جنوب الشام قرب الحدود مع جزيرة العرب. وأُخبر أيضاً أن إمبراطور الروم أمر بأن تُصرف رواتب الجنود المشاركين في الحملة قبل عام كامل.
It is perhaps most likely that the present passage was revealed after the order was given for general mobilization for the Tabūk Expedition. The Prophet received intelligence that the Byzantines were deploying large forces in southern Syria near the borders with Arabia. He was also informed that the Byzantine Emperor had ordered that all soldiers taking part should be given their salaries a year in advance.
وقد انضمت أيضًا إلى الجيوش البيزنطية عدة قبائل عربية في المنطقة، مثل لخم وجذام وعاملة وغسان، وكانت وحدات متقدمة قد انتشرت بالفعل في البلقاء بفلسطين. لذلك أصدر النبي ﷺ أمرًا بالاستعداد لحرب الروم.
A number of Arab tribes in the area, such as Lukham, Judām, `Amilah and Ghassān had also joined the Byzantine forces, and advance units had already been deployed in al-Balqā’ in Palestine. Therefore, the Prophet issued an order to prepare for war against the Byzantines.
كانت عادة النبي ﷺ عند خروجه من المدينة لمواجهة عدوٍّ أن يُخفي وجهته للحفاظ على عنصر المفاجأة. أما هذه المرة، فقد أوضح هدفه بجلاء، بسبب طول المسافة المتوقعة وصعوبة الظروف. وقد تزامن توقيت هذه الغزوة مع حرارة الصيف المحرقة، حين كان الناس يلتمسون الظل ويحرصون على التمتع بثمار الصيف. وفي مثل هذا الوقت كان ينبغي تجنب كل مجهود بدني، فضلاً عن المواجهة العسكرية في مكان بعيد عن الديار. ومن هنا بدأت تظهر بين المسلمين الأعراض التي ذكرناها في المقدمة. فرأى المنافقون في ذلك فرصتهم لثني المسلمين عن الالتحاق بالنبي ﷺ، فنصحوهم بألا يخرجوا في حر الصيف، وحذّروهم من بأس الروم ومن السفر الطويل المُنهِك الذي سيتحملونه. فبدأ بعض الناس يشعرون بالقلق. وهذا المقطع إذن يتناول هذا النوع من التردد.
It was the Prophet’s standard strategy when he set out of Madinah to confront an enemy that he kept his destination unknown in order to maintain an element of surprise. This time, however, he made his objective very clear because of the long travelling expected and the difficult circumstances. The timing of this expedition coincided with the burning heat of summer, when people would seek the shade and be keen to enjoy the summer fruits. At such a time all physical activity, let alone military confrontation a long way from home, was to be avoided. Hence, the symptoms we mentioned in the Prologue started to appear among the Muslims. The hypocrites felt this to be their chance to dissuade the Muslims from joining the Prophet. They advised them not to march in the hot summer, and warned them against the might of the Byzantines and the long, weakening travel they would have to endure. Hence some people began to feel uneasy. This passage, then, deals with this type of reluctance.
عزيمة تتراخى
A Slackening Resolve
يبدأ المقطع بكلمة عتاب وتحذير من التثاقل عن الانضمام إلى حملة الجهاد، أي الجهاد في سبيل الله. يُذكّر المؤمنون بالعون الذي أمدّ الله به رسوله قبل أن ينضمّ إليه أحدٌ منهم، وكذلك بقدرته على نصره إلى الظفر دونهم. ولو حدث ذلك لم يكن لهم إلا معصيتهم لله وتقصيرهم في نصرة رسوله.
The passage begins with a word of reproach and a warning against the reluctance to join the campaign of jihād, or struggle for God’s cause. The believers are reminded of the help God gave to His Messenger even before any one of them had joined him, and also of His ability to help him to victory without them. In such an eventuality they would have nothing except their disobedience of God and their failure to support His Messenger.
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مَا لَكُمْ إِذَا قِيلَ لَكُمُ انفِرُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ اثَّاقَلْتُمْ إِلَى الْأَرْضِ
Believers, what is amiss with you that, when it is said to you: ‘Go forth to fight in God’s cause,’ you cling heavily to the earth? (Verse 38)
مثل هذا التردد في النهوض لنصرة دين الله لا يدفع إليه إلا الاعتبارات والطموحات الدنيوية. فقد يخشى الناس على أرواحهم وأموالهم، ويحرصون على حماية مصالحهم والحفاظ على ملذاتهم، ويفضلون حياة مستقرة هادئة يسودها الرغد والراحة. إنهم يفكرون أساسًا في حياتهم الحاضرة، وأهدافهم العاجلة، وأقاربهم القريبين، وحاجاتهم الجسدية. وتعطي الألفاظ المختارة هنا انطباعًا حيًّا عن "الثِّقَل إلى الأرض"، كأننا ننظر إلى جسم ثقيل ظل في موضعه زمنًا طويلًا؛ يرفعه جماعة من الناس، ولكنه سرعان ما يسقط إلى الأسفل بقوة جاذبية شديدة.
Such reluctance to march forth in support of God’s cause is only motivated by worldly considerations and ambitions. People may fear for their lives and their property. They are keen to protect their interests and preserve their pleasures, and would prefer a settled life of ease and comfort. They think primarily of their present life, immediate objectives, close relatives and physical needs. The words chosen here give a vivid impression of “clinging heavily to the earth”. It is as if we are looking at a heavy object that has been in its position for a long time. It is lifted up by a group of people, but it soon falls down with a strong gravitational pull.
الخروج في سبيل الله للجهاد يمثل التحرر من قيود هذه الحياة الدنيا ولذاتها الحسية. ويؤكد الشوق إلى الحرية بعد التخلص من الحاجات الضيقة، وإلى سعة الأبدية بعد الانعتاق من هذه الحياة الدنيا المحدودة: ﴿أَرَضِيتُم بِالْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا مِنَ الْآخِرَةِ ۚ فَمَا مَتَاعُ الْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا فِي الْآخِرَةِ إِلَّا قَلِيلٌ﴾ (الآية 38)
Joining a jihād campaign for God’s cause represents freedom from the shackles of this earthly life and physical pleasures. It emphasizes the yearning for freedom after the shedding of narrow needs, and the expanse of eternity after getting rid of this limited worldly life: “Are you content with the comforts of this world in preference to the life to come? Paltry indeed are the enjoyments of life in this world when compared with those to come.” (Verse 38)
أفضل اختيار للمؤمنين
The Best Choice for Believers
ثُمَّ يَضْرِبُ لَهُمْ مَثَلًا مِنَ التَّارِيخِ الَّذِي شَهِدُوهُ بِأَنْفُسِهِمْ، فَيُبَيِّنُ لَهُمْ كَيْفَ أَيَّدَ اللهُ رَسُولَهُ ﷺ وَنَصَرَهُ نَصْرًا عَظِيمًا دُونَ حَاجَةٍ إِلَى نُصْرَتِهِمْ. أَلَيْسَ النَّصْرُ يَمْنَحُهُ اللهُ لِمَنْ يَشَاءُ؟
God then gives them an example of the history which they themselves had witnessed, showing them how He supported His Messenger and gave him a great victory without need for their support. After all, victory is granted by God to whom He pleases:
إِلَّا تَنصُرُوهُ فَقَدْ نَصَرَهُ اللَّهُ إِذْ أَخْرَجَهُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا ثَانِيَ اثْنَيْنِ إِذْ هُمَا فِي الْغَارِ إِذْ يَقُولُ لِصَاحِبِهِ لَا تَحْزَنْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ مَعَنَا فَأَنزَلَ اللَّهُ سَكِينَتَهُ عَلَيْهِ وَأَيَّدَهُ بِجُنُودٍ لَّمْ تَرَوْهَا وَجَعَلَ كَلِمَةَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا السُّفْلَىٰ وَكَلِمَةُ اللَّهِ هِيَ الْعُلْيَا وَاللَّهُ عَزِيزٌ حَكِيمٌ
If you do not help him [the Prophet]; God [will, as He] supported him at the time when the unbelievers drove him away. He was only one of two. When these two were alone in the cave, he said to his Companion: Do not grieve, for God is with us.’ Thereupon God bestowed on him the gift of inner peace, and sent to his aid forces which you did not see. He brought the word of the unbelievers utterly low, while the word of God remained supreme. God is Mighty, Wise. (Verse 40)
هذه إشارة إلى الوقت الذي فقدت فيه قريش كل صبر على محمدٍ ﷺ ورسالته. وهكذا هو الحال مع كل سلطة طاغية حين تفقد صبرها تجاه رسالة الحق، بعد أن تدرك أنها لا تستطيع خنقها أو قمعها. فعقدوا مشاوراتهم وقرروا اغتيال محمدٍ ﷺ.
This is a reference to the time when the Quraysh had lost all patience with Muĥammad and his message. It is the same with every tyrannical authority when it loses patience with the message of the truth after it realizes that it cannot stifle or suppress it. They held their consultations and decided to assassinate Muĥammad.
ثم أخبر الله النبي ﷺ بما دبّره قريش، وأمره بالخروج. فخرج من مكة وحده، إلا من صاحبه المؤتمن أبي بكر. ولم يكن معه جند ولا سلاح يواجه به أعداءه الكثيرين. وكانت الفرص كلها ضده.
God then informed the Prophet of what the Quraysh had plotted and instructed him to leave. He set out of Makkah alone except for his trusted Companion, Abū Bakr. He had neither troops nor weapons with which to confront his numerous enemies. The odds were heavily against him.
یُصوِّر هذه السورةُ بوضوح حالَ النبيِّ ﷺ وصاحبِه: ﴿إِذْ هُمَا فِي الْغَارِ﴾ [التوبة: ٤٠]، وفرقٌ من قريشٍ تطاردهما في كل اتجاه. لم يكن أبو بكرٍ يخاف على نفسه، بل كان يخاف على النبيِّ ﷺ.
The sūrah describes vividly the situation of the Prophet and his friend: “When these two were alone in the cave,” (Verse 40) with several bands of the Quraysh chasing them in all directions. Abū Bakr had no fear for his own life, but he feared for the Prophet.