سورة الفرقان: الفرقان (أدنى من مستوى الحيوان) 21-44
Al-Furqan The Criterion(Below Animal Level) 21-44
وَقَالَ الَّذِينَ لَا يَرْجُونَ لِقَاءَنَا
Those who entertain no hope of meeting Us say:
لِمَ لَمْ تُنَزَّلْ عَلَيْنَا الْمَلَائِكَةُ؟ أَوْ نَرَىٰ رَبَّنَا؟ لَقَدِ اسْتَكْبَرُوا فِي أَنْفُسِهِمْ وَعَتَوْا عُتُوًّا كَبِيرًا (21)
‘Why have no angels been sent down to us?’ – or, ‘Why do we not see our Lord?’ Indeed, they are far too proud of themselves and they have been insolently overbearing. (21)
يَوْمَ يَرَوْنَ الْمَلَائِكَةَ لَا بُشْرَىٰ يَوْمَئِذٍ لِّلْمُجْرِمِينَ وَيَقُولُونَ حِجْرًا مَّحْجُورًا (22)
On the day when they shall see the angels, the sinners will receive no happy news then, and they will say: ‘a forbidding ban!’ (22)
وَقَدِمْنَا إِلَىٰ مَا عَمِلُوا مِنْ عَمَلٍ فَجَعَلْنَاهُ هَبَاءً مَنْثُورًا
We shall turn to whatever deeds they have done, and We shall transform it all into scattered dust.
(23)
(23)
في ذلك اليوم، سيُنعَم أهلُ الجنة بأحسن المساكن وأجمل مكان للاستقرار۔ (24)
On that day, those destined for paradise will be graced with the best of abodes and the fairest place of repose. (24)
وَيَوْمَ تَشَقَّقُ السَّمَاءُ بِالْغَمَامِ وَنُزِّلَ الْمَلَائِكَةُ تَنْزِيلًا (25)
On the day when the skies shall be rent asunder with clouds, and the angels shall be sent down [in ranks]. (25)
يَوْمَئِذٍ الْمُلْكُ يَوْمَئِذٍ لِلَّهِ الرَّحْمَٰنِ ۚ وَكَانَ يَوْمًا عَلَى الْكَافِرِينَ عَسِيرًا
On that day, true sovereignty belongs to the Most Merciful [alone]. It will be a day of dire distress for the unbelievers. (26)
وَيَوْمَ يَعَضُّ الظَّالِمُ عَلَىٰ يَدَيْهِ يَقُولُ يَا لَيْتَنِي اتَّخَذْتُ مَعَ الرَّسُولِ سَبِيلًا (27)
On that day the wrongdoer will bite his hands and say: ‘Would that I had followed the path shown to me by the Messenger. (27)
يَا وَيْلَتَىٰ لَيْتَنِي لَمْ أَتَّخِذْ فُلَانًا خَلِيلًا (28)
Oh, woe is me! Would that I had never taken so- and-so for a friend! (28)
لَقَدْ أَضَلَّنِي عَنِ الذِّكْرِ بَعْدَ إِذْ جَاءَنِي ۗ وَكَانَ الشَّيْطَانُ لِلْإِنْسَانِ خَذُولًا ﴿٢٩﴾
He surely led me astray from the Reminder after it had come to me!.’ Satan is ever treacherous to man. (29)
وَقَالَ الرَّسُولُ يَا رَبِّ إِنَّ قَوْمِي اتَّخَذُوا هَٰذَا الْقُرْآنَ مَهْجُورًا (٣٠)
And the Messenger will say: ‘My Lord! My people have regarded this Qur’ān as something to be discarded!’ (30)
وَكَذَٰلِكَ جَعَلْنَا لِكُلِّ نَبِيٍّ عَدُوًّا مِّنَ الْمُجْرِمِينَ
Thus against every prophet We have set up enemies from among those who are guilty.
وَكَفَىٰ بِرَبِّكَ هَادِيًا وَنَصِيرًا
Sufficient is your Lord to provide guidance and support. (31)
وَيَقُولُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا لَوْلَا نُزِّلَ عَلَيْهِ الْقُرْآنُ جُمْلَةً وَاحِدَةً ۚ كَذَٰلِكَ لِنُثَبِّتَ بِهِ فُؤَادَكَ ۖ وَرَتَّلْنَاهُ تَرْتِيلًا (٣٢)
The unbelievers ask: ‘Why has not the Qur’ān been revealed to him all at once?’ Thus [it has been revealed] so that We might strengthen your heart with it, and We have imparted it to you by gradual revelation. (32)
وَلَا يَأْتُونَكَ بِمَثَلٍ إِلَّا جِئْنَاكَ بِالْحَقِّ وَأَحْسَنَ تَفْسِيرًا
Whenever they come to you with an argument, We shall reveal to you the truth and the best explanation. (33)
الَّذِينَ يُحْشَرُونَ عَلَىٰ وُجُوهِهِمْ إِلَىٰ جَهَنَّمَ ۚ أُولَٰئِكَ شَرٌّ مَّكَانًا وَأَضَلُّ سَبِيلًا ﴿٣٤﴾
Those who will be gathered to hell on their faces – they will be worst in station and still farther away from the [right] path. (34)
{وَلَقَدْ آتَيْنَا مُوسَى الْكِتَابَ وَجَعَلْنَا مَعَهُ أَخَاهُ هَارُونَ وَزِيرًا} (٣٥)
Indeed, We gave the book to Moses, and appointed his brother Aaron to help him to bear his burden. (35)
{وَقُلْنَا اذْهَبَا إِلَى الْقَوْمِ الَّذِينَ كَذَّبُوا بِآيَاتِنَا فَدَمَّرْنَاهُمْ تَدْمِيرًا} (36)
And We said: ‘Go you both to the people who denied Our signs,’ and then We utterly destroyed those people. (36)
وَلَمَّا كَذَّبَ قَوْمُ نُوحٍ الرُّسُلَ أَغْرَقْنَاهُمْ وَجَعَلْنَاهُمْ آيَةً لِلنَّاسِ ۚ وَأَعْتَدْنَا لِلظَّالِمِينَ عَذَابًا أَلِيمًا
When the people of Noah rejected their messengers, We caused them to drown, and made of them an example for mankind. For the wrongdoers We have prepared grievous suffering.
(37)
(37)
وَعَادًا وَثَمُودَ، وَأَصْحَابَ الرَّسِّ، وَقُرُونًا كَثِيرَةً بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ.
And also the `Ād and Thamūd, and the people of al-Rass, and many generations in between.
(38)
(38)
وَكُلًّا ضَرَبْنَا لَهُ الْأَمْثَالَ ۖ وَكُلًّا تَبَّرْنَا تَتْبِيرًا
To each of them did We proffer lessons, and each of them did We utterly annihilate. (39)
أَفَلَمْ يَكُونُوا يَرَوْنَ الْقَرْيَةَ الَّتِي أُمْطِرَتْ مَطَرَ السَّوْءِ ۚ أَفَلَمْ يَكُونُوا يَرَوْنَهَا ۚ بَلْ كَانُوا لَا يَرْجُونَ نُشُورًا
They must have surely passed by the town which was rained upon with a shower of evil. Have they, then, never seen it? But nay, they would not believe in resurrection. (40)
وَإِذَا رَأَوْكَ إِن يَتَّخِذُونَكَ إِلَّا هُزُوًا ۚ أَهَٰذَا الَّذِي بَعَثَ اللَّهُ رَسُولًا ﴿٤١﴾
When they see you, they make you a target of their mockery, [saying]: ‘Is this the one whom God has sent as His emissary? (41)
كَادَ لَيُضِلُّنَا عَنْ آلِهَتِنَا لَوْلَا أَنْ صَبَرْنَا عَلَيْهَا ۖ وَسَوْفَ يَعْلَمُونَ حِينَ يَرَوْنَ الْعَذَابَ مَنْ أَضَلُّ سَبِيلًا ﴿٤٢﴾
He could almost have led us astray from our deities, had we not been steadfastly attached to them!’ But in time, when they see the suffering, they will come to know who it was that went farthest astray. (42)
أَفَرَأَيْتَ مَنِ اتَّخَذَ إِلَٰهَهُ هَوَاهُ أَفَأَنتَ تَكُونُ عَلَيْهِ وَكِيلًا
Have you considered the one who makes his desires his deity? Could you, then, be held responsible for him? (43)
أَمْ تَحْسَبُ أَنَّ أَكْثَرَهُمْ يَسْمَعُونَ أَوْ يَعْقِلُونَ ۚ إِنْ هُمْ إِلَّا كَالْأَنْعَامِ ۖ بَلْ هُمْ أَضَلُّ سَبِيلًا
Or do you think that most of them listen and use their reason? They are but like cattle. Nay, they are even far worse astray. (44)
نظرة عامة
Overview
هذا المقطع الثاني من السورة، كما الأول، يبدأ بالاتهامات والإيحاءات والاعتراضات التي يوجهها الكافرون، تمهيدًا لأقوالهم في شأن النبي ﷺ نفسه. وقد أُوردَ كل ذلك هنا بقصد تسلية النبي ﷺ. غير أنه يرد في هذا المقطع عرضٌ مبكرٌ للعقوبة المعدّة لاستكبارهم، وهي عقوبة تُصوَّر في سلسلة من صور الآخرة.
This second passage of the sūrah, like the first, starts with the allegations, suggestions and objections made by the unbelievers as a prelude to their statements about the Prophet himself. All this is given here with the aim of comforting the Prophet. In this passage, however, we have an early account of the punishment in store for their arrogance, one which is posited in a series of images of the hereafter.
كل هذا يُقال رداً على سؤالهم: «لماذا لم تُنزَل علينا الملائكة؟» أو «لماذا لا نرى ربنا؟» (الآية 21)
All this is given in reply to their question: “Why have no angels been sent down to us?’– or, ‘Why do we not see our Lord?” (Verse 21)
ثم تنقل السورة اعتراضهم على نزول القرآن مُفرَّقًا على مدى زمن طويل، وتبيّن الحكمة من ذلك، وتطمئن النبي ﷺ بأن عون الله حاضر متى جاءه الكفار بحجة: ﴿وَلَا يَأْتُونَكَ بِمَثَلٍ إِلَّا جِئْنَاكَ بِالْحَقِّ وَأَحْسَنَ تَفْسِيرًا﴾ (الآية ٣٣)
The sūrah then quotes their objection to the revelation of the Qur’ān over a long period, and explains the purpose behind this, reassuring the Prophet that God’s help is ready at hand whenever the unbelievers challenge him: “Whenever they come to you with an argument, We shall reveal to you the truth and the best explanation.” (Verse 33)
تُبيّن السورةُ للنبيِّ ﷺ وللكافرين مصيرَ الأمم السابقة التي كذّبت رسالاتِ الله، وتُذكّرهم على وجه الخصوص بالهلاك الذي أصاب قومَ لوط. وهذا أشدُّ تأثيرًا، لأنهم يمرّون بتلك القرية، وآثارُها تحكي قصّتها المروعة. ومع ذلك فهم قاسون القلوب تجاهها، ولا يبعث منظرُها فيهم الدافعَ لاتخاذ الخطوات التي تُجنّبهم مصيرًا مشابهًا.
The sūrah describes to the Prophet and the unbelievers the fate suffered by earlier communities which denied God’s messages, reminding them in particular of the destruction suffered by Lot’s people. This has a greater effect, because they pass by that township, with its remains telling its terrible story. Yet they are hardened to it, and its sight does not inspire them to take steps in order to avoid a similar fate.
كل هذا يُذكر تمهيدًا لاستهزاء الكافرين بالنبي ﷺ وأقوالهم المسيئة في حقه. ثم تأتي السورة مباشرة بتعليق قوي عليهم، تصورهم فيه بصورة شديدة الازدراء: ﴿إِنْ هُمْ إِلَّا كَالْأَنْعَامِ﴾.
All this is given by way of introduction to the unbelievers’ ridicule of the Prophet and their offensive remarks about him. The sūrah immediately delivers a strong comment on this portraying them in a very contemptible light: “They are but like cattle.
الوعيد للكافرين
Ominous Prospects For The Unbelievers
وَقَالَ الَّذِينَ لَا يَرْجُونَ لِقَاءَنَا لَوْلَا أُنْزِلَ عَلَيْنَا الْمَلَائِكَةُ أَوْ نَرَىٰ رَبَّنَا ۗ لَقَدِ اسْتَكْبَرُوا فِي أَنْفُسِهِمْ وَعَتَوْا عُتُوًّا كَبِيرًا. يَوْمَ يَرَوْنَ الْمَلَائِكَةَ لَا بُشْرَىٰ يَوْمَئِذٍ لِلْمُجْرِمِينَ وَيَقُولُونَ حِجْرًا مَحْجُورًا. وَقَدِمْنَا إِلَىٰ مَا عَمِلُوا مِنْ عَمَلٍ فَجَعَلْنَاهُ هَبَاءً مَنْثُورًا. أَصْحَابُ الْجَنَّةِ يَوْمَئِذٍ خَيْرٌ مُسْتَقَرًّا وَأَحْسَنُ مَقِيلًا. وَيَوْمَ تَشَقَّقُ السَّمَاءُ بِالْغَمَامِ وَنُزِّلَ الْمَلَائِكَةُ تَنْزِيلًا.
Those who entertain no hope of meeting Us say: ‘Why have no angels been sent down to us?’ – or, ‘Why do we not see our Lord?’ Indeed, they are far too proud of themselves and they have been insolently overbearing. On the day when they shall see the angels, the sinners will receive no happy news then, and they will say: ‘a forbidding ban!’ We shall turn to whatever deeds they have done, and We shall transform it all into scattered dust. On that day, those destined for paradise will be graced with the best of abodes and the fairest place of repose. On the day when the skies shall be rent asunder with clouds, and the angels shall be sent down [in ranks].
يَوْمَئِذٍ الْمُلْكُ الْحَقُّ لِلرَّحْمَٰنِ ۚ وَكَانَ يَوْمًا عَلَى الْكَافِرِينَ عَسِيرًا ﴿٢٦﴾ وَيَوْمَ يَعَضُّ الظَّالِمُ عَلَىٰ يَدَيْهِ يَقُولُ يَا لَيْتَنِي اتَّخَذْتُ مَعَ الرَّسُولِ سَبِيلًا ﴿٢٧﴾ يَا وَيْلَتَىٰ لَيْتَنِي لَمْ أَتَّخِذْ فُلَانًا خَلِيلًا ﴿٢٨﴾ لَقَدْ أَضَلَّنِي عَنِ الذِّكْرِ بَعْدَ إِذْ جَاءَنِي ۗ وَكَانَ الشَّيْطَانُ لِلْإِنسَانِ خَذُولًا ﴿٢٩﴾ [الفرقان: 21-29]
On that day, true sovereignty belongs to the Most Merciful [alone]. It will be a day of dire distress for the unbelievers. On that day the wrongdoer will bite his hands and say: ‘Would that I had followed the path shown to me by the Messenger. Oh, woe is me! Would that I had never taken so- and-so for a friend! He surely led me astray from the Reminder after it had come to me!’ Satan is ever treacherous to man. (Verses 21- 29)
لا يرجو الكافرون لقاء الله. ومعنى ذلك أنهم لا يتوقعون هذا اللقاء، ولا يحسبون له حسابًا في تحديد سلوكهم السابق. وليس في قلوبهم أي خشية لله. ولهذا فهم مستعدون لقول أشياء لا يقولها من يتوقع لقاء الله. ﴿وَقَالَ الَّذِينَ لَا يَرْجُونَ لِقَاءَنَا لَوْلَا أُنْزِلَ عَلَيْنَا الْمَلَائِكَةُ أَوْ نَرَىٰ رَبَّنَا﴾ (الآية ٢١)
The unbelievers do not hope to meet God. This means that they do not expect such a meeting and do not take it into account so as to determine their prior behaviour. In their hearts they do not feel any awe of God. Hence, they are ready to make utterances that no one who expects to meet God would entertain. “Those who entertain no hope of meeting Us say: Why have no angels been sent down to us? – or, Why do we not see our Lord?” (Verse 21)
ما فائدة الندم؟
What Use Is Regret?
في هذه السورة يتوعد الله الكافرين بأن تنشقّ السماء بالغمام، وقد يكون ذلك إشارة إلى الغيوم المتكوّنة من الأبخرة الناتجة عن الانفجارات العظيمة. وفي ذلك اليوم سيأتي الملائكة إلى الكافرين، كما اقترحوا، لكن مهمتهم لن تكون تأييد رسالة النبي ﷺ، بل إيقاع العقوبة بالكافرين بأمر الله: "يومئذٍ يوم عسير على الكافرين" (الآية 26). فلماذا يطلبون نزول الملائكة إليهم، والحال أن مجيئهم يعني هذا القدر من الكرب؟
In this sūrah God threatens the unbelievers with the sky being rent asunder by clouds. This may be a reference to clouds formed out of the vapours produced by the great explosions. On that day, the angels will go to the unbelievers, as the latter suggested, but their task will not be to confirm the Prophet’s message, but rather to administer punishment to the unbelievers as God will have ordered: “It will be a day of dire distress for the unbelievers.” (Verse 26) So why do they want the angels to go to them when their arrival signals so much distress?
ثم تُصوِّر السورةُ مشهدًا يُبيّن الندمَ والحسرةَ اللذين يشعر بهما الكافرون، ويُصوَّر ذلك بإسهابٍ وتفصيلٍ، فيُوحي بأنه لا ينتهي، حيث يعضّ كلُّ ظالمٍ على يده في إشارةٍ إلى الندم:
The sūrah then portrays an image showing the regret and remorse felt by the unbelievers. It is portrayed at length, in detail, giving the impression that it is unending, where every wrongdoer bites his own hand in a gesture of regret:
وَيَوْمَ يَعَضُّ الظَّالِمُ عَلَىٰ يَدَيْهِ يَقُولُ يَا لَيْتَنِي اتَّخَذْتُ مَعَ الرَّسُولِ سَبِيلًا ﴿٢٧﴾ يَا وَيْلَتَىٰ لَيْتَنِي لَمْ أَتَّخِذْ فُلَانًا خَلِيلًا ﴿٢٨﴾ لَقَدْ أَضَلَّنِي عَنِ الذِّكْرِ بَعْدَ إِذْ جَاءَنِي ۗ وَكَانَ الشَّيْطَانُ لِلْإِنسَانِ خَذُولًا ﴿٢٩﴾
On that day the wrongdoer will bite his hands and say: ‘Would that I had followed the path shown to me by the Messenger. Oh, woe is me! Would that I had never taken so- and-so for a friend He surely led me astray from the Reminder after it had come to me!’ Satan is ever treacherous to man. (Verses 27-29)
كلُّ ما حول الظالمِ الكافرِ ساكنٌ، بينما يُطلِقُ عباراتِ الندمِ، والحزنُ يَسِمُ صوتَه. والإيقاعُ هنا طويلٌ عمداً لزيادةِ التأثيرِ الصوتيّ. وكأنّنا حين نقرأُ هذه الآياتِ أو نسمعُها نشارِكُ أيضاً في التعبيرِ عن الندم. ﴿وَيَوْمَ يَعَضُّ الظَّالِمُ عَلَىٰ يَدَيْهِ﴾ (الآية 27). ولا تكفي يدٌ واحدةٌ، فهو يعضُّ يديه كلتيهما، يتناوبُ بينهما، لشدةِ حزنِه وندمِه. والحركةُ نفسُها شائعةٌ جداً، تعبّرُ عمّا يشعرُ به فاعلُها، ولذلك تظهرُ بوضوحٍ تامٍّ.
Everything around the wrongdoing unbeliever is still, while he sends out expressions of regret, with sorrow marking his voice. The rhythm here is deliberately long to add to the sound effects. As we read or hear these verses, we also seem to participate in the expression of regret. “On that day the wrongdoer will bite his hands.” (Verse 27) One hand is not enough. He bites both, alternating from one to the other, because his sorrow and regret are so keen. The movement itself is very common, expressing what the person making it feels. Hence, it is shown in full clarity.
شكوى رسول الله ﷺ
A Complaint By God’s Messenger
بعد هذه المشاهد لیومِ القیامۃ تعيدنا السورۃ إلى هذه الدنيا، فتتناول موقفَ الكفّار من النبيّ ﷺ واعتراضاتهم على طريقۃ نزولِ القرآن من عند الله. ويختتم هذا الجزءُ من السورۃ مرّةً أخرى بمشهدٍ لما يحدث للكفّار يومَ القيامۃ.
After these scenes of the Day of Judgement the sūrah brings us back to this world with a discussion of the unbelievers’ attitude towards the Prophet and their objections to the method of revealing the Qur’ān from on high. This part of the sūrah again ends with a scene of what happens to the unbelievers on the Day of Judgement.
وَقَالَ الرَّسُولُ يَا رَبِّ إِنَّ قَوْمِي اتَّخَذُوا هَٰذَا الْقُرْآنَ مَهْجُورًا ﴿٣٠﴾ وَكَذَٰلِكَ جَعَلْنَا لِكُلِّ نَبِيٍّ عَدُوًّا مِّنَ الْمُجْرِمِينَ ۗ وَكَفَىٰ بِرَبِّكَ هَادِيًا وَنَصِيرًا ﴿٣١﴾
And the Messenger will say: My Lord! My people have regarded this Qur’ān as something to be discarded!’ Thus against every prophet We have set up enemies from among those who are guilty. Sufficient is your Lord to provide guidance and support.
وَقَالَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا لَوْلَا نُزِّلَ عَلَيْهِ الْقُرْآنُ جُمْلَةً وَاحِدَةً ۚ كَذَٰلِكَ لِنُثَبِّتَ بِهِ فُؤَادَكَ ۖ وَرَتَّلْنَاهُ تَرْتِيلًا ﴿٣٢﴾ وَلَا يَأْتُونَكَ بِمَثَلٍ إِلَّا جِئْنَاكَ بِالْحَقِّ وَأَحْسَنَ تَفْسِيرًا ﴿٣٣﴾ الَّذِينَ يُحْشَرُونَ عَلَىٰ وُجُوهِهِمْ إِلَىٰ جَهَنَّمَ ۙ أُولَٰئِكَ شَرٌّ مَكَانًا وَأَضَلُّ سَبِيلًا ﴿٣٤﴾
The unbelievers ask: ‘Why has not the Qur’ān been revealed to him all at once?’ Thus [it has been revealed] so that We might strengthen your heart with it, and We have imparted it to you by gradual revelation. Whenever they come to you with an argument, We shall reveal to you the truth and the best explanation. Those who will be gathered to hell on their faces – they will be worst in station and still farther away from the [right] path. (Verses 30-34)
لقد هجروا القرآن الذي أنزله الله على رسوله ليُنذرهم ويُبيّن لهم ما ينتظر البشرية، لكنهم أعرضوا عن الاستماع إليه خوفًا من أن يقعوا تحت تأثير رسالته. وبعنادٍ رفضوا أن ينظروا في رسالته التي كانت ستهديهم إلى الحق وتمنحهم النور. ومع أن الله أنزله دستورًا لحياة الإنسان، يهديها إلى كل ما هو أفضل، فقد أغلقوا عقولهم دونه. ﴿وَقَالَ الرَّسُولُ يَا رَبِّ إِنَّ قَوْمِي اتَّخَذُوا هَٰذَا الْقُرْآنَ مَهْجُورًا﴾ (الفرقان: ٣٠). ولا شك أن ربه كان عالمًا بذلك، لكنّ رسول الله ﷺ رفع شكواه متواضعًا، مُقرًّا بأنه بذل أقصى جهده، ومع ذلك أصرّ قومه على عدم الاستماع إلى القرآن والنظر في رسالته.
They have abandoned the Qur’ān, which God revealed to His Messenger to warn and explain to them what lies ahead for mankind. They refused to listen to it because they feared they would be attracted to its message. Stubbornly, they refused to consider its message which would have guided them to the truth and given them light. Although God revealed it as a constitution for human life, guiding it to all that is best, they shut their minds to it. “And the Messenger will say: My Lord! My people have regarded this Qur’ān as something to he discarded!” (Verse 30) His Lord certainly knew this, but God’s Messenger made his complaint, humbly stating that he had exerted his best efforts, but still his people adamantly refused to listen to the Qur’ān and consider its message.
مدة نزول القرآن الكريم
The Time Span Of Qur’ānic Revelations
تَتَابَعُ السُّورَةُ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ فَحْصَ حُجَجِ الَّذِينَ يَقِفُونَ مَوْقِفَ الْمُعَارَضَةِ لِلْقُرْآنِ مِنَ الظَّالِمِينَ.
The sūrah goes on examining the arguments of the wicked who stand in opposition to the Qur’ān:
وَقَالَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا لَوْلَا نُزِّلَ عَلَيْهِ الْقُرْآنُ جُمْلَةً وَاحِدَةً ۚ كَذَٰلِكَ لِنُثَبِّتَ بِهِ فُؤَادَكَ ۖ وَرَتَّلْنَاهُ تَرْتِيلًا (الفرقان: ٣٢)
The unbelievers ask: ‘Why has not the Qur’ān been revealed to him all at once?’ Thus [it has been revealed] so that We might strengthen your heart with it, and We have imparted it to you by gradual revelation. (Verse 32)
الغرض من نزول القرآن إعادة تربية أمّةٍ وإقامة نظامٍ اجتماعيٍّ جديد، وهذه المهمة تحتاج إلى وقت. فإنّ التربية الصحيحة لا تكفي فيها مجرّد فهم الألفاظ المقولة، بل ينبغي للإنسان أن يتفاعل معها ومع الأفكار التي تعبّر عنها، ثم ينبغي أن يُنقل هذا التفاعل إلى العالم العملي. والطبيعة البشرية لا تتحوّل تحوّلاً كاملاً في ليلة واحدة نتيجةَ قراءة كتابٍ يقدّم طريقة حياةٍ جديدة كاملة، بل الأرجح أن تتأثّر يوماً بعد يوم، وجانباً بعد جانب. وهذا يُتيح للطبيعة البشرية أن تفهمه شيئاً فشيئاً ولكن بعمق، وأن تعتاد عليه قليلاً قليلاً، فتتحمّل التبعات التي يقتضيها. وبذلك لا ينفر الناس كما قد ينفرون لو عُرض عليهم كاملاً محاطاً بالصعوبات. وهذا المنهج التدريجي يشبه تقديم وجبةٍ مغذّيةٍ طازجةٍ كلَّ يوم، يقوى بها المتلقّي فيصبح أقدر على الانتفاع بالوجبة التي تليها، ويستمتع بها أكثر.
The purpose of revealing the Qur’ān is to re-educate a community and establish a new social order. Such a task requires time. In a process of proper education it is not enough to understand the words being said, rather one must interact with them as also with the ideas expressed. This interaction should then be brought into the practical world. Human nature does not go through a total transformation overnight, as a result of reading a book which provides a complete new way of life. It is more likely to be influenced day by day, and by one aspect after another. This gives human nature the chance to gradually, but thoroughly understand it, and to get used to it bit by bit, bearing the responsibilities it requires. Thus, people are not scared off as they might be were it presented in full, surrounded by difficulties. This gradual approach is like serving a fresh nourishing meal every day, from which the recipient becomes stronger and better able to benefit by the next meal, enjoying it even more.
يُقدِّم القرآنُ الكريمُ منهجَ حياةٍ شاملًا، ونظامَ تربيةٍ يتلاءمُ مع فطرةِ الإنسان، لأنه وحيٌ من اللهِ خالقِ الفطرةِ العليمِ بها علمًا تامًّا. ولهذا نزلَ مُنَجَّمًا، ليوافقَ الحاجاتِ الحقيقيةَ للأمةِ المسلمةِ وهي تنشأُ وتنمو. وهو ليس كتابًا نظريًّا يُقرأُ للتسلية أو لزيادةِ المعرفة، بل هو كتابٌ يُرادُ تطبيقُه كاملًا، فتُنجَزُ كلُّ مهمةٍ، ويُنفَّذُ كلُّ أمرٍ تفصيليٍّ. فآياتُه هي «أوامرُ اليوم» التي يتلقّاها المسلمون فيشرعون في تنفيذها فورًا، كما يتلقّى الجنودُ أوامرَهم اليوميةَ في ساحةِ المعركة. وعليهم أن يفهموا هذه الأوامرَ فهمًا صحيحًا، ويتفاعلوا معها، ويُطبِّقوها.
مصير الكافرين الأوائل
The Fate Of Earlier Unbelievers
تُقدِّم السورة بعد ذلك إشاراتٍ سريعةً موجزةً إلى أممٍ سابقةٍ كذَّبت برسالة الله التي بلَّغتها إياها رسلُه. فأولًا يُذكر موسى ﷺ... Wait, the rule: ﷺ only after the Prophet Muhammad, never after Moses. Correcting: تُقدِّم السورة بعد ذلك إشاراتٍ سريعةً موجزةً إلى أممٍ سابقةٍ كذَّبت برسالة الله التي بلَّغتها إياها رسلُه. فأولًا يُذكر موسى، الذي أيَّده الله بأخيه هارون. وكان هارون مكلَّفًا أن يشارك موسى في المهمة الموكلة إليه. وقد أُمرا بمواجهة القوم الذين «كذَّبوا بآياتنا»، فإنَّ فرعون وقومه كذَّبوا بآيات الله حتى قبل أن يُرسَل إليهم موسى وهارون برسالة الله. وتلك الآيات قائمةٌ دائمًا، تقدِّم الدليل الواضح. فرسل الله إنما يُذكِّرون الناس بغفلتهم عن هذه الآيات. وقبل أن تكتمل الآية الثانية المتحدثة عنهم، يُعرض مشهدٌ سريعٌ لمصيرهم: «فدمَّرناهم تدميرًا». (الآية ٣٦)
The sūrah then makes some quick and brief references to earlier communities who rejected God’s message, as given to them through His messengers. First we are told about Moses who was granted the support of his brother Aaron. Aaron was to share the task assigned to Moses. They were ordered to confront the people who ‘denied Our signs’, for Pharaoh and his people denied God’s signs even before Moses and Aaron were sent to them with God’s message. Such signs are available all the time, giving clear evidence. God’s messengers simply remind people of their negligence of such signs. Before the second verse speaking about them is completed, a quick picture of their fate is shown: “We utterly destroyed these people.” (Verse 36)
يعقب ذلك إشارةٌ إلى قوم نوحٍ الذين «كذّبوا الرسلَ»، وأنّ الله «أغرقهم». وينبغي أن يُوضَّح هنا أنّ قوم نوحٍ إنما كذّبوا رسالة نوحٍ وحدها، وأنّ تكذيبهم اقتصر عليه، غير أنّ علينا أن نتذكّر أنّ نوحًا لم يدعُ إلا إلى الدين الذي دعا إليه جميعُ رسل الله. ومن ثَمّ فإنّ تكذيبهم لما قاله لهم كان بمثابة تكذيبٍ لجميع الرسل، وأكثرهم جاء بعد زمانهم. وقد قال الله تعالى إنه «جعلهم عبرةً للناس» (الآية ٣٧). ولم تكن الطوفانات العظيمة لتُنسى مع مرور الزمن. ومن نظر بتدبّر في نتيجة ذلك الطوفان فهم عبرته، متى ما تناوله بعقلٍ مفتوح.
This is followed by a reference to Noah’s people who ‘rejected their messengers’ and in consequence, God ‘caused them to drown’. It should be explained here that Noah’s people denied only Noah’s message and their rejection applied only to him, but we have to remember that Noah only preached the faith advocated by all God’s messengers. Hence, when they rejected what he told them, it was as though they rejected all messengers, most of whom lived after their own time. God states that He ‘made of them an example for mankind.’ (Verse 37) The great floods could not be forgotten despite the passage of time. Anyone who looks carefully at the result of that flood will understand its lesson, provided he approaches it with an open mind.
﴿وَأَعْتَدْنَا لِلظَّالِمِينَ عَذَابًا أَلِيمًا﴾ (الآية ٣٧). وقد أُعِدَّ الآن، فلا يحتاج إلى انتظار أكثر. ونلاحظ أن الظالمين قد ذُكروا بوصفهم، لا بالضمير، وهو ما كان سيكون صحيحًا تمامًا من ناحية الأسلوب، لكن ذكر هذه الصفة يبيّن سبب عقابهم.
استهزاء برسول الله ﷺ
Ridiculing God’s Messenger
بَعْدَ هَذِهِ الإشَارَةِ السَّرِيعَةِ إِلَى الأُمَمِ السَّابِقَةِ، تَذْكُرُ السُّورَةُ السُّخْرِيَةَ الَّتِي لَقِيَهَا النَّبِيُّ مُحَمَّدٌ ﷺ مِنْ قَوْمِهِ. وَيَأْتِي هَذَا تَعْقِيبًا عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ مِنْ ذِكْرِ اسْتِكْبَارِهِمْ وَاعْتِرَاضِهِمْ عَلَى طَرِيقَةِ نُزُولِ الْقُرْآنِ. كَمَا سَبَقَ أَنْ وَصَفَتِ السُّورَةُ مَا سَيَحِلُّ بِهِمْ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ، وَكَذَلِكَ الْمَصِيرَ الَّذِي لَقِيَهُ الْكَافِرُونَ مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْ. وَكُلُّ ذَلِكَ جَاءَ عَلَى سَبِيلِ التَّسْلِيَةِ لِلنَّبِيِّ ﷺ قَبْلَ ذِكْرِ السُّخْرِيَةِ الَّتِي يُوَجِّهُونَهَا إِلَيْهِ. وَيُحَذَّرُونَ مِنْ أَنَّهُمْ سَيَصِيرُونَ إِلَى مَنْزِلَةٍ أَدْنَى مِنْ مَنْزِلَةِ الْحَيَوَانَاتِ: ﴿وَإِذَا رَأَوْكَ إِن يَتَّخِذُونَكَ إِلَّا هُزُوًا أَهَٰذَا الَّذِي بَعَثَ اللَّهُ رَسُولًا﴾ (الآية 41).
After this quick reference to earlier communities, the sūrah mentions the ridicule faced by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) from his people. This follows upon the earlier mention of their arrogance and objection to the method of revelation of the Qur’ān. The sūrah also earlier described what will happen to them on the Day of Resurrection, and also the fate suffered by earlier unbelievers. All this is given by way of solace to the Prophet before mentioning the ridicule they direct at him. They are warned that they will he placed in a position lower than that of animals: “When they see you, they make you a target of their mockery, [saying’: ‘Is this the one whom God has sent as His emissary?” (Verse 41)
قبل اختياره رسولًا من الله، كان محمد ﷺ موضع احترام كبير بين قومه، لانتمائه إلى أسرة وقبيلة ذات مكانة رفيعة. وقد عززت أمانته وخلقه مكانته، حتى لُقِّب بـ«الأمين»، أي الموثوق به. ولما نشب بين القوم خلاف خطير حول القبيلة التي تتولى وضع الحجر الأسود في مكانه، رضوا بأن يكون هو الحكم بينهم. وحين جمعهم ليبلّغهم أول أخبار رسالته، سألهم: هل تصدقونني لو أخبرتكم أن رجالًا مسلحين يتحركون خلف التلال، يستعدون لمهاجمتكم؟ فقالوا: «نعم، لأنك محل ثقتنا الكاملة». ومع ذلك، فلما أخبرهم برسالته، وتلا عليهم هذا الكتاب العظيم من الوحي الإلهي، سخروا منه قائلين: أهذا الذي أرسله الله رسولًا؟ وهذه سخرية قاسية. فهل كانوا مقتنعين حقًّا بأنه يستحق هذه السخرية، أو بأن الرسالة التي يبلّغها تستحقها؟ كلا البتة! فقد كان ذلك كله مكيدةً دبّرها كبار قريش ليقللوا من شأنه العظيم، ولمواجهة التأثير الذي لا يُقاوَم للقرآن الكريم. فقد رأوا أن الرسالة الجديدة تهديد لمكانتهم الاجتماعية والاقتصادية، ولذلك لجأوا إلى كل وسيلة يمكن تصورها لمواجهتها.
Prior to his choice as God’s Messenger, Muhammad was highly respected among his people, being the descendant of a leading family and tribe. His honesty and morality enhanced his position, as he was nicknamed al-amīn, which meant ‘the trustworthy’. When the community faced a serious dispute over which tribe should replace the Black Stone, they accepted him as arbiter. When he gathered them to give them the first news of his mission, he asked them whether they would believe him if he were to tell them that armed people were moving behind the hills, preparing to attack them, they said: “Yes, because you enjoy our full trust.” Yet when he told them of his mission and recited to them this great book of divine revelations, they ridiculed him, saying: ‘Is this the one whom God has sent as His emissary?’ This is cruel ridicule. Yet, were they so convinced that he deserved such ridicule, or that the message he preached also deserved it? Not at all! For it was all a scheme devised by the Quraysh elders to detract from his great personality and to counter the irresistible influence of the Qur’ān. They felt that the new message constituted a threat to their social and economic positions. Hence, they resorted to every conceivable means to counter it.
عندما يُعبَد الهوى
When Desire Is Worshipped
ثم تتوجّه السورة إلى النبي ﷺ فتواسيه وتطمئنه. لم يقصّر في تبليغ رسالته ولا في إقامة الحجج القوية في الدعوة إليها. ولم يكن يستحق شيئًا من السخرية والاستهزاء اللذين وجّهوهما إليه. إنهم هم الظالمون، يتخذون أهواءهم إلهًا يعبدونه. وليس لهم حجة فيما اتخذوه من موقف. فكيف لمن هذا حاله أن يصوغ ولو شبهة حجة؟
The sūrah then addresses the Prophet consoling and comforting him. He did not fail to deliver his message or to employ strong arguments in advocating it. He certainly deserved nothing of the mockery and ridicule they levelled at him. It is they that are wicked. They make their own desires an idol which they worship. They have no argument for the stand they adopted. How could such a person formulate even the semblance of an argument?
أَفَرَأَيْتَ مَنِ اتَّخَذَ إِلَٰهَهُ هَوَاهُ أَفَأَنتَ تَكُونُ عَلَيْهِ وَكِيلًا؟ (الآية ٤٣) هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ مُصَاغَةٌ بِعِنَايَةٍ لِتَرْسُمَ صُورَةً تُبَيِّنُ الْحَالَةَ النَّفْسِيَّةَ لِلْإِنْسَانِ الَّذِي لَا يَلْتَفِتُ إِلَى الْمَعَايِيرِ وَالْقِيَمِ الْمُتَعَارَفِ عَلَيْهَا، بَلْ لَا يَخْضَعُ إِلَّا لِهَوَاهُ، وَلَا يَعْبُدُ إِلَّا لَذَّتَهُ. فَهُوَ لَا يَعْتَمِدُ مِعْيَارًا، وَلَا يَعْرِفُ قِيمَةً، وَلَا يُقِرُّ بِمَنْطِقٍ. وَمَا إِنْ يَتَّجِهَ هَوَاهُ وِجْهَةً مُعَيَّنَةً حَتَّى يَنْقَادَ لَهُ انْقِيَادَ الْعَبِيدِ لِسَيِّدٍ قَاهِرٍ.
“Have you considered the one who makes his desires his deity? Could you then, be held responsible for him?” (Verse 43) This verse is carefully phrased to paint a picture showing the psychological condition of a person who pays no heed to accepted standards or values. Instead, they only submit to their own desires and worship none but their own pleasure. They apply no standard, recognize no value, acknowledge no logic. Once their desire moves clearly in a particular direction, they follow like slaves submitting to a powerful master.
يُخاطِبُ اللهُ، الْمُنَزَّهُ عن كل نقص في جَلالِه، عبدَه ورسولَه بأسلوبٍ رقيقٍ رحيمٍ، مُشيرًا إلى هذا النوعِ من الناسِ، فيَسألُه:
God, who is limitless in His glory, addresses His servant and Messenger in a kindly and compassionate manner, referring to this type of person. He asks him:
أَفَرَأَيْتَ مَنِ اتَّخَذَ إِلٰهَهُ هَوَاهُ؟ ... تعالیٰ: "أَفَرَأَيْتَ"، یعنی کیا آپ نے اُس شخص کے بارے میں غور کیا؟ یہ سوال ایک تصویر کھینچتا ہے: ایسا آدمی جو سچ، عقل اور مضبوط دلیل کی کوئی پرواہ نہیں کرتا۔ Note: the input was in English, so the reply should be in Arabic. Correcting that now: أَفَرَأَيْتَ... ثُمَّ يَرْسُمُ صُورَةَ رَجُلٍ لَا يَعْبَأُ بِالْحَقِّ وَلَا بِالْمَنْطِقِ وَلَا بِالْحُجَّةِ الصَّحِيحَةِ. يُوَاسِي النَّبِيَّ ﷺ حَتَّى لَا يَشْعُرَ بِخَيْبَةِ أَمْلٍ شَدِيدَةٍ لِأَنَّهُ لَمْ يَهْدِ مَنْ لَا مَيْلَ لَهُ إِلَى قَبُولِ الْهُدَى. وَمِنْ ثَمَّ فَلَا يَنْبَغِي لِلنَّبِيِّ ﷺ أَنْ يَهْتَمَّ بِمِثْلِ هَؤُلَاءِ.