سورۃ طٰہٰ (مقصدِ نزولِ قرآن) ۱-۹۸
Ta Ha (The Purpose of Revelation) 1-98
بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ
In the Name of God, the Lord of Grace, the Ever Merciful.
طه (1)
Ţā Hā, (1)
{مَا أَنْزَلْنَا عَلَيْكَ الْقُرْآنَ لِتَشْقَىٰ} (2)
We did not bestow this Qur’ān on you from on high to cause you distress, (2)
إِلَّا تَذْكِرَةً لِمَنْ يَخْشَىٰ (٣)
but only as an admonition to the God-fearing. (3)
تَنْزِيلٌ مِّمَّنْ خَلَقَ الْأَرْضَ وَالسَّمَاوَاتِ الْعُلَى (٤)
It is a revelation from Him who has created the earth and the high heavens, (4)
الرَّحْمَٰنُ عَلَى الْعَرْشِ اسْتَوَىٰ (٥)
the Most Merciful, established on the throne of His almightiness. (5)
لَهُ مَا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمَا فِي الْأَرْضِ وَمَا بَيْنَهُمَا وَمَا تَحْتَ الثَّرَىٰ (٦)
To Him belongs all that is in the heavens and on earth, as well as all that is between them, and underneath the soil. (6)
وَإِنْ تَجْهَرْ بِالْقَوْلِ فَإِنَّهُ يَعْلَمُ السِّرَّ وَأَخْفَى
If you say anything aloud, then [know that] He knows all that is secret, as well as all that is yet more hidden. (7)
هُوَ اللَّهُ، لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ
[He is] God; there is no deity other than Him.
لَهُ وَحْدَهُ صِفَاتُ الْكَمَالِ كُلُّهَا. (٨)
His alone are all the attributes of perfection. (8)
هل تعلمتَ قصة موسى؟ (9)
Have you learnt the story of Moses? (9)
فَلَمَّا رَأَى نَارًا قَالَ لِأَهْلِهِ امْكُثُوا إِنِّي آنَسْتُ نَارًا لَعَلِّي آتِيكُمْ مِنْهَا بِقَبَسٍ أَوْ أَجِدُ عَلَى النَّارِ هُدًى (10)
When he saw a fire, he said to his family: ‘Wait here! I perceive a fire. Perhaps I can bring you a lighted torch, or find some guidance at the fire.’ (10)
فَلَمَّا أَتَاهَا نُودِيَ يَا مُوسَىٰ
But when he came close to it, a voice called out to him: ‘Moses, (11)
أَنَا رَبُّكَ فَاخْلَعْ نَعْلَيْكَ إِنَّكَ بِالْوَادِ الْمُقَدَّسِ طُوًى (12)
I am your Lord! Take off your sandals, for you are in the sacred valley of Ţuwā. (12)
وَأَنَا اخْتَرْتُكَ فَاسْتَمِعْ لِمَا يُوحَىٰ
Know that I have chosen you. Listen, then, to what is being revealed. (13)
إِنَّنِي أَنَا اللَّهُ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا أَنَا، فَاعْبُدْنِي وَأَقِمِ الصَّلَاةَ لِذِكْرِي
Indeed, I alone am God; there is no deity other than Me. So, worship Me alone, and establish regular prayer to celebrate My praise.
(14)
(14)
إِنَّ السَّاعَةَ آتِيَةٌ أَكَادُ أُخْفِيهَا لِتُجْزَىٰ كُلُّ نَفْسٍ بِمَا تَسْعَىٰ ﴿١٥﴾
Although I have chosen to keep it hidden, the Last Hour is bound to come, so that every soul may be rewarded in accordance with what it strove for. (15)
فَلَا يَصُدَّنَّكَ عَنْهَا مَنْ لَا يُؤْمِنُ بِهَا وَاتَّبَعَ هَوَاهُ فَتَرْدَىٰ ﴿١٦﴾
Hence, let not anyone who does not believe in its coming and follows only his own desires turn your thoughts from it, lest you perish. (16)
"وَمَا تِلْكَ بِيَمِينِكَ يَا مُوسَىٰ؟" (١٧)
Now, what is this in your right hand, Moses?’ (17)
قَالَ: «هِيَ عَصَايَ، أَتَوَكَّأُ عَلَيْهَا، وَأَهُشُّ بِهَا عَلَى غَنَمِي، وَلِيَ فِيهَا مَآرِبُ أُخْرَى». (18)
He answered: ‘It is my staff; upon it I lean, and with it I beat down the leaves for my sheep; and other uses have I for it.’ (18)
قَالَ أَلْقِهَا يَا مُوسَىٰ
Said He: ‘Throw it down, Moses.’ (19)
فَأَلْقَاهَا فَإِذَا هِيَ حَيَّةٌ تَسْعَىٰ
So he threw it down, and thereupon it was a snake, moving rapidly. (20)
قَالَ: خُذْهَا وَلَا تَخَفْ، سَنُعِيدُهَا سِيرَتَهَا الْأُولَى. (21)
Said He: ‘lake it up and have no fear. We shall restore it to its former state. (21)
ثم ضع يدك تحت إبطك، فستخرج [مضيئة] بيضاء، دون عيب:
Now put your hand under your armpit. It will come out [shining] white, without blemish:
آيَةٌ أُخْرَى. (22)
another sign. (22)
سَنُرِيهِمْ آيَاتِنَا فِي الْآفَاقِ وَفِي أَنْفُسِهِمْ حَتَّىٰ يَتَبَيَّنَ لَهُمْ أَنَّهُ الْحَقُّ (23)
We shall show you some of Our most wondrous signs. (23)
اذْهَبْ إِلَىٰ فِرْعَوْنَ إِنَّهُ طَغَىٰ
Go to Pharaoh; for he has indeed transgressed all bounds.’ (24)
قَالَ رَبِّ اشْرَحْ لِي صَدْرِي
Said [Moses]: ‘My Lord, open up my heart [to Your light], (25)
وَيُيَسِّرْ لِي أَمْرِي (٢٦)
and make my mission easy for me, (26)
﴿وَاحْلُلْ عُقْدَةً مِّن لِّسَانِي﴾
and free my tongue from its impediment, (27)
لِيَفْهَمَ النَّاسُ مَا أَقُولُ. (28)
so that people may understand what I say. (28)
اجْعَلْ لِي وَزِيرًا مِّنْ أَهْلِي
Appoint for me a helper from among my kinsmen, (29)
يا أخي هارون. (30)
Aaron, my brother. (30)
أَعِنِّي بِهِ على ذلك (31)
Grant me strength through him, (31)
وَاجْعَلْهُ شَرِيكًا فِي أَمْرِي (٣٢)
and let him share my task, (32)
لِنُسَبِّحَكَ كَثِيرًا
so that together we may extol Your limitless glory (33)
وَاذْكُرِ اللَّهَ دَائِمًا. (34)
and remember You always. (34)
إِنَّكَ كُنْتَ عَلَيْنَا رَقِيبًا
You are surely watching over us.’(35)
قَالَ قَدْ أُوتِيتَ سُؤْلَكَ يَا مُوسَىٰ
Said He: ‘You are granted all that you have asked for, Moses. (36)
{وَلَقَدْ مَنَنَّا عَلَيْكَ مَرَّةً أُخْرَىٰ} (٣٧)
And indeed We bestowed Our favour upon you in a time gone by, (37)
إِذْ أَوْحَيْنَا إِلَىٰ أُمِّكَ
when We inspired your mother, saying: (38)
"ضَعِيهِ فِي التَّابُوتِ فَٱقْذِفِيهِ فِي ٱلْيَمِّ فَلْيُلْقِهِ ٱلْيَمُّ بِٱلسَّاحِلِ يَأْخُذْهُ عَدُوٌّ لِّي وَعَدُوٌّ لَّهُ ۚ وَأَلْقَيْتُ عَلَيْكَ مَحَبَّةً مِّنِّي وَلِتُصْنَعَ عَلَىٰ عَيْنِي" (39)
“Place [your child] in a chest and throw it into the river. The river will cast him ashore, and one who is an enemy to Me and an enemy to him will pick him up.” I lavished My love on you, so that you may be reared under My watchful eye. (39)
فَقَالَتْ أُخْتُكَ هَلْ أَدُلُّكُمْ عَلَىٰ مَن يَكْفُلُهُ ۖ فَرَجَعْنَاكَ إِلَىٰ أُمِّكَ كَيْ تَقَرَّ عَيْنُهَا وَلَا تَحْزَنَ ۚ وَقَتَلْتَ نَفْسًا فَنَجَّيْنَاكَ مِنَ الْغَمِّ وَفَتَنَّاكَ فُتُونًا ۚ فَلَبِثْتَ سِنِينَ فِي أَهْلِ مَدْيَنَ ثُمَّ جِئْتَ عَلَىٰ قَدَرٍ يَا مُوسَىٰ ﴿٤٠﴾
Then your sister went forth and said [to Pharaoh’s people]: “Shall I direct you to one who might take care of him?” Thus did We restore you to your mother, so that her mind might he set at ease and that she might not grieve. And [when you came of age,] you killed a man; but We saved you from all grief, although We tested you with various trials. You then stayed for years among the people of Madyan; and now you have come here, Moses, as ordained [by Me]; (40)
وَأَنَا اصْطَنَعْتُكَ لِنَفْسِي (41)
for I have chosen you for Myself. (41)
اذْهَبْ أَنْتَ وَأَخُوكَ بِآيَاتِي وَلَا تَنِيَا فِي ذِكْرِي
Go forth, then, you and your brother, with My signs, and never slacken in remembering Me.
(42)
(42)
اذْهَبَا إِلَىٰ فِرْعَوْنَ إِنَّهُ طَغَىٰ
Go forth, both of you, to Pharaoh; for he has transgressed all bounds of equity! (43)
فَقُولَا لَهُ قَوْلًا لَّيِّنًا لَّعَلَّهُ يَتَذَكَّرُ أَوْ يَخْشَىٰ ﴿٤٤﴾
But speak to him mildly, so that he may yet take heed, or may be filled with apprehension.’ (44)
قَالُوا رَبَّنَا إِنَّنَا نَخَافُ أَن يَفْرُطَ عَلَيْنَا أَوْ أَن يَطْغَىٰ
They said: ‘Our Lord! We fear lest he hasten with insolence or tyranny against us.’ (45)
قَالَ: «لَا تَخَافَا، إِنَّنِي مَعَكُمَا، أَسْمَعُ وَأَرَىٰ». (٤٦)
Answered He: ‘Have no fear. I shall be with you. I hear all and see all. (46)
اذْهَبَا إِلَىٰ فِرْعَوْنَ إِنَّهُ طَغَىٰ، فَقُولَا لَهُ: إِنَّا رَسُولَا رَبِّكَ فَأَرْسِلْ مَعَنَا بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ وَلَا تُعَذِّبْهُمْ، قَدْ جِئْنَاكَ بِآيَةٍ مِّن رَّبِّكَ، وَالسَّلَامُ عَلَىٰ مَنِ اتَّبَعَ الْهُدَىٰ
Go, then, you two to him and say, “We are the emissaries of your Lord. Let the Children of Israel go with us, and oppress them no more. We have now come to you with a message from your Lord. Peace to all who follow [God’s] guidance.
(47)
(47)
أُوحِيَ إِلَيْنَا أَنَّ الْعَذَابَ سَيُصِيبُ الَّذِينَ كَذَّبُوا وَتَوَلَّوْا عَنْهُ. (48)
It has been revealed to us that the suffering shall befall those who deny the truth and turn away from it.” (48)
قَالَ فَمَنْ رَبُّكُمَا يَا مُوسَىٰ ﴿٤٩﴾
[Pharaoh] said: ‘Who, now, is this Lord of you two, Moses?’ (49)
قَالَ: ﴿رَبُّنَا الَّذِي أَعْطَىٰ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ خَلْقَهُ ثُمَّ هَدَىٰ﴾ (50)
He replied: ‘Our Lord is He who gives everything its distinctive nature and form, and further guides them.’ (50)
قَالَ فِرْعَوْنُ: «فَمَا بَالُ الْقُرُونِ الْأُولَىٰ؟» (٥١)
Said [Pharaoh]: ‘And what of all the past generations?’ (51)
قَالَ عِلْمُهَا عِندَ رَبِّي فِي كِتَابٍ ۖ لَّا يَضِلُّ رَبِّي وَلَا يَنسَى
[Moses] answered: ‘Knowledge of that rests with my Lord alone, recorded in a Book. My Lord does not err, and neither does He forget. (52)
{الَّذِي جَعَلَ لَكُمُ الْأَرْضَ مَهْدًا وَسَلَكَ لَكُمْ فِيهَا سُبُلًا وَأَنزَلَ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ مَاءً فَأَخْرَجْنَا بِهِ أَزْوَاجًا مِّن نَّبَاتٍ شَتَّىٰ} (53)
He it is who has made the earth your cradle, and has traced on it paths for you to walk on, and who sends down waters from the sky with which We bring forth diverse pairs of plants. (53)
كُلُوا وَارْعَوْا أَنْعَامَكُمْ ۚ إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ لَآيَاتٍ لِأُولِي النُّهَىٰ
Eat, then, and graze your cattle. In all this there are signs for those who are endowed with reason.
(54)
(54)
{مِنْهَا خَلَقْنَاكُمْ وَفِيهَا نُعِيدُكُمْ وَمِنْهَا نُخْرِجُكُمْ تَارَةً أُخْرَىٰ} (٥٥)
Out of this [earth] have We created you, and into it shall We return you, and out of it shall We bring you forth once again. (55)
وَلَقَدْ أَرَيْنَاهُ آيَاتِنَا كُلَّهَا فَكَذَّبَ وَأَبَىٰ
And, indeed, We showed Pharaoh all Our signs, but he denied them and refused [to take heed].
(56)
(56)
قَالَ: «أَجِئْتَنَا يَا مُوسَىٰ لِتُخْرِجَنَا مِنْ أَرْضِنَا بِسِحْرِكَ؟
He said: ‘Have you, Moses, come to drive us out of our land with your magic? (57)
فَلَنَأْتِيَنَّكَ بِسِحْرٍ مِّثْلِهِ ۖ فَاجْعَلْ بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَكَ مَوْعِدًا لَّا نُخْلِفُهُ نَحْنُ وَلَا أَنتَ مَكَانًا سُوًى
In that case, we shall most certainly produce for you magic to match it. Set, then, for us an appointment which neither we nor you shall fail to keep, at a suitable, open place.’ (58)
قَالَ مَوْعِدُكُمْ يَوْمُ الزِّينَةِ وَأَن يُحْشَرَ النَّاسُ ضُحًى ﴿٥٩﴾ Note: the text given is a Qur'an verse (in the original English, a rendering of Surah Ta-Ha 20:59), so I've provided the standard Arabic verse wording rather than a literal back-translation.
Answered Moses: ‘Your appointment shall be the day of the Festival; and let the people assemble when the sun is risen high.’ (59)
فَتَوَلَّىٰ فِرْعَوْنُ فَجَمَعَ كَيْدَهُ ثُمَّ أَتَىٰ
Thereupon Pharaoh withdrew and put together the artful scheme which he would pursue; and then turned up. (60)
قَالَ لَهُمْ مُوسَىٰ: «وَيْلَكُمْ لَا تَفْتَرُوا عَلَى اللَّهِ كَذِبًا فَيُسْحِتَكُمْ بِعَذَابٍ ۖ وَقَدْ خَابَ مَنِ افْتَرَىٰ».
Moses said to them: ‘Woe betide you! Do not invent any falsehood against God, lest He afflict you with most grievous suffering. He who contrives such a lie is sure to come to grief.’ (61)
فَتَنَازَعُوا بَيْنَهُمْ أَمْرَهُمْ وَأَسَرُّوا النَّجْوَىٰ
So they debated among themselves as to what to do; but they kept their counsel secret. (62)
قَالُوا إِنْ هَٰذَانِ لَسَاحِرَانِ يُرِيدَانِ أَنْ يُخْرِجَاكُمْ مِنْ أَرْضِكُمْ بِسِحْرِهِمَا وَيَذْهَبَا بِطَرِيقَتِكُمُ الْمُثْلَىٰ ﴿٦٣﴾
They said: ‘These two are surely sorcerers intent on driving you away from your land by their sorcery, and on doing away with your exemplary way of life. (63)
فَأَجْمِعُوا أَمْرَكُمْ ثُمَّ ائْتُوا صَفًّا ۖ وَقَدْ أَفْلَحَ الْيَوْمَ مَنِ اسْتَعْلَىٰ
Hence, decide on the scheme you will pursue, and then come forward in one single body. For, indeed, he who prevails today shall ever be successful.’ (64)
قَالُوا يَا مُوسَىٰ إِمَّا أَن تُلْقِيَ وَإِمَّا أَن نَّكُونَ نَحْنُ الْمُلْقِينَ
Said [the sorcerers]: ‘Moses! Either you throw [first], or we shall be the first to throw.’ (65)
قَالَ بَلْ أَلْقُوا ۖ فَإِذَا حِبَالُهُمْ وَعِصِيُّهُمْ يُخَيَّلُ إِلَيْهِ مِن سِحْرِهِمْ أَنَّهَا تَسْعَىٰ
He answered: ‘You throw first!’ And by virtue of their sorcery, their ropes and staffs seemed to him to be moving rapidly. (66)
فَأَوْجَسَ فِي نَفْسِهِ خِيفَةً مُوسَىٰ
And in his heart Moses became apprehensive.
(67)
(67)
وَقُلْنَا لَا تَخَفْ إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ الْأَعْلَىٰ
But We said [to him]: ‘Have no fear! It is you who shall certainly prevail. (68)
وَأَلْقِ مَا فِي يَمِينِكَ تَلْقَفْ مَا صَنَعُوا
Now throw that which is in your right hand and it shall swallow up all that they have wrought.
إِنَّمَا صَنَعُوا كَيْدُ سَاحِرٍ، وَلَا يُفْلِحُ السَّاحِرُ حَيْثُ أَتَى
For, they have wrought nothing but a sorcerer’s deceitful trick; and sorcerers can never come to any good, whatever they may do.’ (69)
فَأُلْقِيَ السَّحَرَةُ سَاجِدِينَ، وَقَالُوا: {آمَنَّا بِرَبِّ هَارُونَ وَمُوسَىٰ}.
So down fell the sorcerers, prostrating themselves, and declared: ‘We do believe in the Lord of Aaron and Moses.’ (70)
قَالَ فِرْعَوْنُ: آمَنْتُمْ بِهِ قَبْلَ أَنْ آذَنَ لَكُمْ ۖ إِنَّهُ لَكَبِيرُكُمُ الَّذِي عَلَّمَكُمُ السِّحْرَ ۖ فَلَأُقَطِّعَنَّ أَيْدِيَكُمْ وَأَرْجُلَكُم مِّنْ خِلَافٍ وَلَأُصَلِّبَنَّكُمْ فِي جُذُوعِ النَّخْلِ ۖ وَلَتَعْلَمُنَّ أَيُّنَا أَشَدُّ عَذَابًا وَأَبْقَىٰ
Said [Pharaoh]: ‘Do you believe in him before I have given you permission? Surely, he must be your master who has taught you witchcraft! I shall most certainly cut off your hands and feet on opposite sides, and I shall most certainly crucify you on the trunks of the palm trees. You will then come to know for certain which of us can inflict a more severe and longer lasting punishment.’ (71)
قَالُوا لَن نُّؤْثِرَكَ عَلَىٰ مَا جَاءَنَا مِنَ الْبَيِّنَاتِ وَالَّذِي فَطَرَنَا ۖ فَاقْضِ مَا أَنتَ قَاضٍ ۖ إِنَّمَا تَقْضِي هَٰذِهِ الْحَيَاةَ الدُّنْيَا
They answered: ‘Never shall we prefer you to all the evidence of the truth that has come to us, nor to Him who has brought us into being! Decree, then, whatever you are going to decree. You can only decree on what pertains to this worldly life.
(72)
(72)
إِنَّا آمَنَّا بِرَبِّنَا لِيَغْفِرَ لَنَا خَطَايَانَا وَمَا أَكْرَهْتَنَا عَلَيْهِ مِنَ السِّحْرِ ۗ وَاللَّهُ خَيْرٌ وَأَبْقَىٰ
As for us, we have come to believe in our Lord, hoping that He may forgive us our faults and all that magic to which you have forced us. God is certainly the best and He is Everlasting.’ (73)
مَنْ يَأْتِ رَبَّهُ مُجْرِمًا فَإِنَّ لَهُ جَهَنَّمَ لَا يَمُوتُ فِيهَا وَلَا يَحْيَا (74)
He who shall appear before his Lord [on Judgement Day] laden with sin shall be consigned to hell, where he shall neither die nor live. (74)
وَمَنْ يَأْتِهِ مُؤْمِنًا قَدْ عَمِلَ الصَّالِحَاتِ فَأُولَٰئِكَ لَهُمُ الدَّرَجَاتُ الْعُلَىٰ (75)
But he who shall appear before Him as a believer, having done righteous deeds, shall be exalted to the highest ranks, (75)
خَالِدِينَ فِيهَا ۚ تَجْرِي مِن تَحْتِهَا الْأَنْهَارُ ۚ ذَٰلِكَ جَزَاءُ مَن تَزَكَّىٰ (٧٦)
abiding in the gardens of Eden, through which running waters flow. Such shall be the recompense of those who keep themselves pure. (76)
فَأَوْحَيْنَا إِلَىٰ مُوسَىٰ أَنْ أَسْرِ بِعِبَادِي فَاضْرِبْ لَهُمْ طَرِيقًا فِي الْبَحْرِ يَبَسًا لَا تَخَافُ دَرَكًا وَلَا تَخْشَىٰ ﴿٧٧﴾
Then We thus inspired Moses: ‘Go forth with My servants by night, and strike out for them a dry path through the sea. Have no fear of being overtaken, and dread nothing.’ (77)
فَأَتْبَعَهُمْ فِرْعَوْنُ بِجُنُودِهِ فَغَشِيَهُم مِّنَ الْيَمِّ مَا غَشِيَهُمْ (٧٨)
Pharaoh pursued them with his hosts, but they were overwhelmed by the power of the sea. (78)
وَأَضَلَّ فِرْعَوْنُ قَوْمَهُ وَمَا هَدَىٰ
For Pharaoh had led his people astray and had not guided them aright. (79)
يَا بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ! قَدْ أَنجَيْنَاكُم مِّنْ عَدُوِّكُمْ وَوَاعَدْنَاكُمْ جَانِبَ الطُّورِ الْأَيْمَنَ وَنَزَّلْنَا عَلَيْكُمُ الْمَنَّ وَالسَّلْوَىٰ ﴿٨٠﴾
Children of Israel! We saved you from your enemy, and then We made a covenant with you on the right flank of Mount Sinai. We sent down manna and quails for you. (80)
{كُلُوا مِنْ طَيِّبَاتِ مَا رَزَقْنَاكُمْ وَلَا تَطْغَوْا فِيهِ فَيَحِلَّ عَلَيْكُمْ غَضَبِي ۖ وَمَن يَحْلِلْ عَلَيْهِ غَضَبِي فَقَدْ هَوَىٰ} (81)
Eat of the wholesome things which We have provided for you and do not transgress, lest you should incur My wrath. He that incurs My wrath has indeed thrown himself into utter ruin; (81)
{وَإِنِّي لَغَفَّارٌ لِّمَن تَابَ وَآمَنَ وَعَمِلَ صَالِحًا ثُمَّ اهْتَدَىٰ} (82)
but I certainly forgive all sins for anyone who repents, believes and does righteous deeds, and thereafter keeps to the right path. (82)
{قَالَ وَمَا أَعْجَلَكَ عَن قَوْمِكَ يَا مُوسَىٰ} (83) [قَالَ اللَّهُ]: «وَمَا الَّذِي أَعْجَلَكَ عَن قَوْمِكَ يَا مُوسَىٰ؟» (83)
[And God said]: ‘Now what has caused you, Moses, to leave your people behind in so great a haste?’ (83)
قَالَ: «هُمْ أُولَاءِ عَلَىٰ أَثَرِي، وَعَجِلْتُ إِلَيْكَ رَبِّ لِتَرْضَىٰ». (84)
He answered: ‘They are treading in my footsteps, while I have hastened to You, my Lord, so that You might be well-pleased with me.’ (84)
قَالَ فَإِنَّا قَدْ فَتَنَّا قَوْمَكَ مِنْ بَعْدِكَ وَأَضَلَّهُمُ السَّامِرِيُّ
Said He: ‘Then [know that] in your absence We have put your people to a test, and the Sāmiriy has led them astray.’ (85)
فَرَجَعَ مُوسَىٰ إِلَىٰ قَوْمِهِ غَضْبَانَ أَسِفًا ۚ قَالَ يَا قَوْمِ أَلَمْ يَعِدْكُمْ رَبُّكُمْ وَعْدًا حَسَنًا ۚ أَفَطَالَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْعَهْدُ أَمْ أَرَدتُّمْ أَن يَحِلَّ عَلَيْكُمْ غَضَبٌ مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ فَأَخْلَفْتُم مَّوْعِدِي
Thus Moses returned to his people full of wrath and sorrow: ‘My people,’ he said, ‘Did not your Lord hold out a goodly promise to you? Did, then, [the fulfilment of] this promise seem to you too long in coming? Or are you determined to see your Lord’s condemnation fall upon you, and so you broke your promise to me?’ (86)
قَالُوا مَا أَخْلَفْنَا مَوْعِدَكَ بِمَلْكِنَا وَلَٰكِنَّا حُمِّلْنَا أَوْزَارًا مِّن زِينَةِ الْقَوْمِ فَقَذَفْنَاهَا فَكَذَٰلِكَ أَلْقَى السَّامِرِيُّ
They answered: ‘We did not break our promise to you of our own free-will, but we were loaded with the burdens of the [Egyptian] people’s ornaments, and so we threw them [into the fire], and likewise this Sāmiriy threw.’ (87)
فَأَخْرَجَ لَهُمْ عِجْلًا جَسَدًا لَّهُ خُوَارٌ، فَقَالُوا هَٰذَا إِلَٰهُكُمْ وَإِلَٰهُ مُوسَىٰ فَنَسِيَ۔ (٨٨)
Thus he produced for them the effigy of a calf, which made a lowing sound. ‘This,’ they said, ‘is your deity and the deity of Moses; but he has forgotten.’ (88)
أَفَلَمْ يَرَوْا أَنَّهُ لَا يُكَلِّمُهُمْ وَلَا يَمْلِكُ لَهُمْ ضَرًّا وَلَا نَفْعًا؟ (89)
Why! Did they not see that it could not give them any response, and that it could neither harm nor benefit them? (89)
ولَقَدْ قَالَ لَهُمْ هَارُونُ مِنْ قَبْلُ
And, indeed, Aaron had said to them earlier:
يَا قَوْمِ إِنَّمَا فُتِنْتُمْ بِهِ ۖ وَإِنَّ رَبَّكُمُ الرَّحْمَٰنُ فَاتَّبِعُونِي وَأَطِيعُوا أَمْرِي ﴿٩٠﴾
‘My people! You are but being tempted to evil by this calf. Your only Lord is the Most Merciful! Follow me, then, and do as I bid you.’ (90)
قَالُوا لَن نَّبْرَحَ عَلَيْهِ عَاكِفِينَ حَتَّىٰ يَرْجِعَ إِلَيْنَا مُوسَىٰ Note: This is a Qur'an verse, so it is rendered with its Qur'anic wording and no ﷺ is added.
But they had replied: ‘By no means shall we cease worshipping it until Moses comes back to us.’ (91)
قَالَ مُوسَىٰ: يَا هَارُونُ! مَا مَنَعَكَ، إِذْ رَأَيْتَهُمْ ضَلُّوا، (٩٢)
[Moses] said: Aaron! What has prevented you, when you saw that they had gone astray, (92)
"ما الذي منعك من أن تتبعني؟ لماذا عصيت أمري؟" (٩٣)
from following me? Why have you disobeyed me?’ (93)
قَالَ يَا ابْنَ أُمَّ لَا تَأْخُذْ بِلِحْيَتِي وَلَا بِرَأْسِي ۖ إِنِّي خَشِيتُ أَنْ تَقُولَ فَرَّقْتَ بَيْنَ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ وَلَمْ تَرْقُبْ قَوْلِي (94)
‘Son of my mother,’ he replied, ‘do not seize me by my beard, or by my head! I was afraid that you might say, “You have caused a split among the Israelites and did not wait for my orders.”‘ (94)
قَالَ فَمَا خَطْبُكَ يَا سَامِرِيُّ (٩٥)
Said [Moses]: ‘What is then your case, Sāmiriy?’ (95)
قَالَ: «بَصُرْتُ بِمَا لَمْ يَبْصُرُوا بِهِ، فَقَبَضْتُ قَبْضَةً مِنْ أَثَرِ الرَّسُولِ فَنَبَذْتُهَا، وَكَذَلِكَ سَوَّلَتْ لِي نَفْسِي». (96)
He answered: ‘I have gained insight into something which they were unable to see; and so I took a handful of dust from the trail of the messenger and flung it away; for thus has my mind prompted me to act.’ (96)
قَالَ فَاذْهَبْ فَإِنَّ لَكَ فِي الْحَيَاةِ أَنْ تَقُولَ لَا مِسَاسَ ۖ وَإِنَّ لَكَ مَوْعِدًا لَّن تُخْلَفَهُ ۖ وَانظُرْ إِلَىٰ إِلَٰهِكَ الَّذِي ظَلْتَ عَلَيْهِ عَاكِفًا ۖ لَّنُحَرِّقَنَّهُ ثُمَّ لَنَنسِفَنَّهُ فِي الْيَمِّ نَسْفًا (97)
Said [Moses]: ‘Begone, then! It shall be your lot to say throughout your life, “Do not touch me.” But you shall be faced with a destiny from which you shall have no escape. Now look at this deity of yours to whose worship you have become so devoted: we shall most certainly burn it, and then scatter it far and wide over the sea.’ (97)
لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ وَحْدَهُ، وَعِلْمُهُ يُحِيطُ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ.
Your only deity is God, other than whom there is no deity. His knowledge encompasses all things.
(98)
(98)
العلم الذي يتعمّق أبعد من الأسرار
Knowledge Going Deeper Than Secrets
طه ۚ مَا أَنزَلْنَا عَلَيْكَ الْقُرْآنَ لِتَشْقَىٰ إِلَّا تَذْكِرَةً لِّمَن يَخْشَىٰ تَنزِيلًا مِّمَّنْ خَلَقَ الْأَرْضَ وَالسَّمَاوَاتِ الْعُلَى الرَّحْمَٰنُ عَلَى الْعَرْشِ اسْتَوَىٰ لَهُ مَا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمَا فِي الْأَرْضِ وَمَا بَيْنَهُمَا وَمَا تَحْتَ الثَّرَىٰ وَإِن تَجْهَرْ بِالْقَوْلِ فَإِنَّهُ يَعْلَمُ السِّرَّ وَأَخْفَىٰ اللَّهُ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ ۖ لَهُ الْأَسْمَاءُ الْحُسْنَىٰ
Ţā Hā. We did not bestow this Qur’ān on you from on high to cause you distress, but only as an admonition to the God-fearing. It is a revelation from Him who has created the earth and the high heavens, the Most Merciful, established on the throne of His almightiness. To Him belongs all that is in the heavens and on earth, as well as all that is between them, and underneath the soil. If you say anything aloud, then [know that] He knows all that is secret, as well as all that is yet more hidden. [He is] God; there is no deity other than Him. His alone are all the attributes of perfection. (Verses 1-8)
تُفتتح هذه الآيات الأولى من السورة بلطافة، بحرفين صوتيين هما طا هاء، للدلالة على أن هذه السورة، كما هو الشأن في القرآن كله، مكوّنة من حروف الأبجدية العربية، كما بيّنّا ذلك في المجلدات السابقة. وقد اختير هذان الحرفان لأن صوت خاتمتهما يوافق صوت خاتمة آيات السورة.
These opening verses give the sūrah a tender start beginning with two letter sounds, Ţā Ha, to indicate that this sūrah, like the entire Qur’ān, is made up of letters from the Arabic alphabet, as we have explained in earlier volumes. The two letters chosen here have the same sound-ending as the verses of the sūrah.
ثم يأتي ذكر القرآن، كما في غيره من السور التي تبتدئ بحروف مقطعة، لكن الإشارة هنا تكون في صورة خطاب موجَّه إلى النبي ﷺ: ﴿مَا أَنزَلْنَا عَلَيْكَ الْقُرْآنَ لِتَشْقَىٰ﴾ (الآية 2). لم ننزل عليك هذا القرآن لكي يقودك إلى حال من الشقاء والعنت. إننا لا نريد أن نُعسِّر عليك الأمور بأن تُلزَم بتلاوته في العبادة على نحو يتجاوز حدود الطاقة البشرية. بل إن القرآن ميسَّر للذكر، وما يفرضه من تكاليف وواجبات هو مما يسهل على الناس القيام به. فهو لا يفرض إلا ما يدخل في نطاق الطاقة البشرية تمامًا. وتلاوته في العبادة نعمة، إذ تتيح لنا فرصة الاتصال بالمجتمع الأعلى الذي نستمد منه القوة والطمأنينة والرضا وشعور الأنس.
We then have a reference to the Qur’ān, in the same way as other sūrahs commencing with separate letters, but the reference here is made in the form of an address to the Prophet [peace be on him] . “We did not bestow this Qur’ān on you from on high to cause you distress.” (Verse 2) We have not revealed this Qur’ān so that it leads you to a state of distress. We do not want to make things hard for you requiring that you recite it in worship going beyond the limits of human ability. In fact, the Qur’ān is made easy for remembrance, and whatever requirements and duties it imposes are easy for people to fulfil. It only imposes duties that are well within human ability. Reciting it during worship is a blessing, providing us with an opportunity to be in touch with the Supreme Society from whom we derive strength, reassurance, contentment and a feeling of companionship.
للمزيد من النقاش حول صفة الاستواء، يُرجى الرجوع إلى القسم 1.1 من كتاب «نقد: في ظلال القرآن».
§ For further discussion on the Istiwā’ attribute, please refer to section 1.1 of A Critique of ‘In the Shade of the Qur’ān.
تفاصيل أكثر عن موسى
More Details About Moses
ثُمَّ يَبْدَأُ اللهُ تَعَالَى يَقُصُّ عَلَى رَسُولِهِ مُحَمَّدٍ ﷺ قِصَّةَ مُوسَىٰ، مَثَلًا عَلَى العِنَايَةِ الَّتِي يَتَوَلَّاهَا بِمَنِ اصْطَفَاهُمْ لِيَسْمَعُوا كَلَامَهُ.
Now God begins to tell His Messenger, Muĥammad, the story of Moses, as an example of the care He takes of those whom He chooses to hear His message.
تُعدّ قصص موسى عليه السلام أكثر تكرارًا في القرآن الكريم من قصص جميع الرسل الآخرين. وقد ورد هذا التاريخ في القرآن على شكل مقاطع، يتناسب كلٌّ منها تمام التناسب مع المحور العام للسورة التي يرد فيها. وحتى الآن، رأينا مثل هذه المقاطع في سورة البقرة، وسورة المائدة، وسورة الأعراف، وسورة يونس، وسورة الإسراء، وسورة الكهف. وترد إشارات أخرى في سور لاحقة.
Accounts of Moses are more frequent in the Qur’ān than those of all other messengers. This history is given in the Qur’ān in episodes, each of which fits perfectly with the general theme of the sūrah in which it occurs. So far, we have seen such episodes in Sūrah 2, The Cow; 5, The Repast; 7, The Heights; 10, Jonah; 17, The Night Journey; and 18, The Cave. Other references are also made in later sūrahs.
ذكر ما قصّه الله في سورة المائدة من أن بني إسرائيل وقفوا على بُعد من الأرض المقدسة، ممتنعين عن دخولها بسبب الجبابرة القاطنين فيها. وفي سورة الكهف، الواردة أيضًا في هذا المجلد، رأينا لقاء موسى بالرجل الصالح وما وقع حين سافرا معًا. أما هنا، فنحن أمام تاريخ طويل مفصّل يشتمل على عدة وقائع، كما كان الحال في سور البقرة والأعراف ويونس. وقد تختلف الوقائع التي يذكرها كل سورة اختلافًا تامًا، لكن حيثما وُجد تشابه بينها، فإنه يُعرض من زوايا مختلفة، ليتناسب تمامًا مع المسار العام للسورة التي وردت فيها.
The account given in Sūrah 5, The Repast, tells how the Children of Israel stood at a distance from the Holy Land, refusing to enter it because of the powerful residents living there. In Sūrah 18, The Cave, also in this volume, we saw Moses’ encounter with the pious man and what occurred when the two travelled together. Here, however, we have a long and detailed history covering several episodes, as was the case in Sūrahs 2, 7, and 10. The episodes given in each sūrah may be totally different, but where there are similarities, these are portrayed from different angles, so that they fit more perfectly with the general line of the sūrah in which they occur.
ولهذا، في سورة البقرة، تسبق قصةَ موسى قصةُ آدم وكيف أُكرم في الجنة، وكيف جُعل خليفةً في الأرض، ونعمةُ الله عليه حين تاب عليه وغفر له. وعلى المنوال نفسه، تذكّر قصةُ موسى وبني إسرائيل بنعمة الله، وبميثاقه معهم، ونجاتهم من فرعون، ودعائهم لله أن يُنزل عليهم المطر، وكيف أُنزل عليهم المنّ والسلوى طعامًا. كما تذكر ميعادَ موسى مع ربه، وكيف اتخذ بنو إسرائيل العجلَ معبودًا في غيبته، ومغفرةَ الله لهم وعهدَه المؤكَّد معهم تحت الجبل، ونقضَهم لحرمة السبت، وقصةَ البقرة.
Thus, in Sūrah 2, The Cow, Moses’ story is preceded by that of Adam and how he was honoured in heaven, how he was given charge of the earth and the grace God bestowed on him when He granted him forgiveness. In the same vein, the story of Moses and the Children of Israel provides a reminder of God’s grace, God’s covenant with them, their salvation from Pharaoh, their prayer for rain and how they were given manna and quails for food. It also mentions Moses’ appointment with his Lord and how the Children of Israel took to worshipping the calf in his absence, God’s forgiveness and binding covenant under the mountain, their breach of the Sabbath and the story of the cow.
خطاب من العلاء
An Address From On High
هل تعلّمتَ قصة موسى؟ عندما رأى ناراً، قال لأهله: «امكثوا، إني آنستُ ناراً، لعلي آتيكم منها بقبسٍ، أو أجد على النار هدىً».
Have you learnt the story of Moses? When he saw a fire, he said to his family: ‘Wait here! I perceive a fire. Perhaps I can bring you a lighted torch, or find some guidance at the fire.’” (Verses 9-10)
سُئِلَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ سؤالًا على سبيل الاستفهام الإنكاري: هل سمعتَ بقصة موسى؟ وكيف تعكس هذه القصة فضلَ الله ونعمتَه، والهدايةَ التي يمنحها لمن اصطفاهم رُسلًا؟
The Prophet is asked a rhetorical question about whether or not he had heard of Moses’ history and how it reflects God’s grace and the guidance He provides for those whom He chooses as His messengers.
هنا نرى موسى (عليه السلام) على الطريق بين مدين ومصر، قرب جبل الطور، عائدًا مع زوجته بعد أن أتمّ الأجل الذي اتفق عليه مع النبي شعيب. وكان هذا الاتفاق يقضي بأن يزوّجه شعيب إحدى ابنتيه مقابل أن يعمل عنده أجيرًا مدة ثماني سنين أو عشر. ومن المرجّح أنه قضى عشر سنين قبل أن يشعر أنه يستطيع أن يرحل مع زوجته ليعود إلى البلاد التي نشأ فيها، حيث كان بنو إسرائيل، قوم موسى، يعيشون في ظل الاستعباد. 1
Here we see Moses (peace be upon him) on the road between Madyan and Egypt, close to Mount Sinai, returning with his wife after he had completed the term he had agreed with the Prophet Shu`ayb. This agreement meant that Shu`ayb would give him one of his two daughters in marriage in return for eight or ten years during which he would be his assistant. He most probably spent ten years before he felt that he could leave with his wife to return to the country where he grew up. There the Children of Israel, Moses’ people, lived in subjugation. 1
لماذا يعود إلى مصر بعد أن فرّ إليها بعد قتله مصريًا وجده يتخاصم مع إسرائيلي؟ لقد وجد مع ذلك ملاذًا آمنًا عند شعيب، حميه. فلماذا يترك ذلك المكان الآمن ويعود إلى مصر؟
Why is he returning to Egypt having fled there after killing an Egyptian whom he found quarrelling with an Israelite? He had after all found safe refuge with Shu`ayb, his father-in-law. So why would he leave that place of security and return to Egypt?
هنا نرى الحنينَ البشريَّ إلى الوطن أداةً استخدمها اللهُ لیُوصِلَ موسىٰ إلى المكان الذي كان سيؤدّي فيه دورًا مهمًّا. وهكذا هي الحياة. نحن نتحرّك بالمشاعر والأهواء والطموحات والآمال والذكريات، لكنّ هذه كلَّها ليست إلّا الأسبابَ الظاهرةَ للنتيجة المرجوّة. إنها ما نراه على السطح، أمّا تحتها فالمشيئةُ التي لا تُدركها أيُّ بصيرة، وهي مشيئةُ الله، وهو العزيزُ الذي يُنجِزُ كلَّ ما يشاء.
Here we see human homesickness as the tool used by God to bring Moses to the place where he was to play an important role. Thus is life. We are motivated by feelings, passions, aspirations, hopes and memories, but all these are merely the outward causes of the desired result. They are what we see on the surface, but below them is the will that no sight can see. It is God’s will, and He is the Almighty who accomplishes everything He wants.
١ وَرَدَ وَصْفٌ لِلْحَالِ الَّتِي عَاشَهَا بَنُو إِسْرَائِيلَ فِي سُورَةِ الْقَصَصِ، وَهِيَ سُورَةٌ نَزَلَتْ قَبْلَ هَذِهِ السُّورَةِ.
1 An account of the situation the Children of Israel lived under occurs in Sūrah 28, The Story, which was revealed earlier than the present sūrah.
لمزيد من النقاش حول صفة الكلام، يُرجى الرجوع إلى القسم 1.5 من كتاب «A Critique of ‘In the Shade of the Qur’ān’».
§ For further discussion on the Kalām attribute, please refer to section 1.5 of A Critique of ‘In the Shade of the Qur’ān.’
مهمة موسى عليه السلام محددة
Moses’ Mission Defined
هذا خطابٌ استجاب له الكونُ كلُّه. وفيه أعطى اللهُ رسولَه المختار الحقيقةَ الأساسية في توحيده. لا بد أن موسى نسي نفسه والغايةَ التي قصد من أجلها النارَ. فكان الآن لا يتبع إلا هذا الصوتَ القادمَ إليه من عليائه. كان منتبهاً للتعليمات الإلهية الموجهة إليه. وإذ هو مستغرقٌ هكذا، وعقلُه وروحُه كلاهما منصرفان إليه كلياً، يُوجَّه إليه سؤالٌ لا يحتاج إلى جواب منه: ﴿وَمَا تِلْكَ بِيَمِينِكَ يَا مُوسَىٰ﴾ (الآية 17)
This was an address to which the whole universe responded. In it, God gave His chosen messenger the fundamental truth of His oneness. Moses must have forgotten all about himself and the purpose for which he aimed towards the fire. He was now only following this voice coming to him from on high. He was attentive to the divine instructions being given to him. As he is so absorbed, with his mind and soul fully attentive to it, he is asked a question which requires no answer from him: “Now, what is this in your right hand, Moses?” (Verse 17)
فلا شك أن موسى كان العصا في يده، لكن أين كان ذهنه في تلك اللحظة؟ حسنًا، تذكّر فأجاب: ﴿قَالَ هِيَ عَصَايَ أَتَوَكَّأُ عَلَيْهَا وَأَهُشُّ بِهَا عَلَىٰ غَنَمِي وَلِيَ فِيهَا مَآرِبُ أُخْرَىٰ﴾ (الآية ١٨)
Of course Moses had his staff in his hand, but where was his mind at that moment? Well, he remembers and gives his reply: “He answered: It is my staff; upon it I lean, and with it I beat down the leaves for my sheep; and other uses have I for it.” (Verse 18)
لم يكن السؤال عن الاستعمالات التي كان يستعملها لعصاه، بل عن الشيء الذي كان يمسكه. ومع ذلك، أدرك موسى عليه السلام أنه لم يُسأل عن تسمية الشيء الذي في يده، بل عن بيان ما كان يفعله به، ولذلك جاء جوابه مبيّناً الأغراض التي كان يستعمله فيها. فكان يتوكأ عليها عند المشي، ويهشّ بها على أوراق الشجر حتى تتساقط فتأكلها غنمه. ونعلم أن موسى عليه السلام كان يرعى الغنم لشعيب عليه السلام، وهو حمه (أبو زوجته). ويُروى أنه أُعطي عدداً من الغنم أجراً له. وكان له استعمالات أخرى للعصا أشار إليها إجمالاً دون تفصيل، لأن ما ذكره من قبل يدل عليها دلالة واضحة.
The question did not ask about the uses he had for his staff, but rather about the object he was holding. Nevertheless, Moses realizes that he was not being asked to name the object in his hand, but to state what he did with it. Hence his answer outlining the purposes for which he used it. He used it for support when walking and beat the leaves of the trees so that they fell and were eaten by his sheep. We know that Moses tended sheep for Shu`ayb, his father-in-law. It is also reported that he had a number of sheep given him as his share. Furthermore, he had other uses for his staff to which he refers in general without going into specifics, because what he has already stated gives a clear indication of them.
لكن القدرة الجبارة تفعل بعصاه ما لم يكن يتخيله أبدًا. ويأتي هذا ضمن إعداده لمهمته: ﴿قَالَ أَلْقِهَا يَا مُوسَىٰ * فَأَلْقَاهَا فَإِذَا هِيَ حَيَّةٌ تَسْعَىٰ * قَالَ خُذْهَا وَلَا تَخَفْ ۖ سَنُعِيدُهَا سِيرَتَهَا الْأُولَىٰ﴾ (الآيات 19-21)
طلبات منظورة
Requests Granted
فَيَطْلُبُ مُوسَىٰ مِنْ رَبِّهِ أَنْ يَشْرَحَ لَهُ صَدْرَهُ، لِيَكُونَ الأَمْرُ الشَّاقُّ الَّذِي أَمَامَهُ مُمْتِعًا فِي أَدَائِهِ، وَيُحَفِّزَهُ عَلَى مُوَاصَلَتِهِ دُونَ عَائِقٍ. ثُمَّ يَدْعُو اللهَ أَنْ يُيَسِّرَ مُهِمَّتَهُ. وَإِذَا يَسَّرَ اللهُ لأَحَدٍ مُهِمَّةً فَإِنَّهَا حَتْمًا تَنْجَحُ، إِذْ مَا الَّذِي يَسْتَطِيعُ الإِنْسَانُ أَنْ يُنْجِزَهُ بِنَفْسِهِ، إِلاَّ أَنْ يُيَسِّرَ اللهُ لَهُ الأُمُورَ؟ وَكَيْفَ يُحَقِّقُ النَّجَاحَ وَلَيْسَ لَدَيْهِ إِلاَّ قُدْرَةٌ مَحْدُودَةٌ وَعِلْمٌ قَاصِرٌ، وَالطَّرِيقُ أَمَامَهُ طَوِيلٌ وَصَعْبٌ وَمَجْهُولٌ؟
So, Moses requests his Lord to open up his heart, so that the hard task before him would be a pleasure to undertake. It would also motivate him to carry on with it without impediment. He further prays to God to facilitate his task. When God facilitates a task for anyone, it is certain to succeed. For, what can man accomplish on his own, unless God facilitates matters for him? How can he achieve success when he has only limited ability and deficient knowledge while the road ahead is long, difficult and unknown.
أوَّلُ ما دعا به موسىٰ عليه السلام طلبُ انشراحِ الصدر الذي يشعر به بوضوح، ثم أن يُيسِّر الله له الأمور. وماذا يستطيع الإنسان أن يفعل من دون مثل هذه المعونة، معتمداً على قدرته الضئيلة وعلمه المحدود؟ لكن موسىٰ يطلب المزيدَ ليساعده في مهمته. فقد أراد أن يُطلَق لسانه حتى يفهم الناسُ كلامَه بسهولة عند حديثه. وقد رُوي أنه كان يعاني من نوعٍ من عيوب النطق. والأرجح أن هذا هو المقصود هنا. ويدعم ذلك ما نُقل عنه من قوله: ﴿وَأَخِي هَارُونُ هُوَ أَفْصَحُ مِنِّي لِسَانًا﴾ [القصص: 34]. والدعاءُ الذي دعا به موسىٰ هنا كان في صورته العامة أولاً.
The first thing Moses prayed for was heart reassurance that he would clearly feel, and then that God should facilitate things for him. What can man do without such help, relying on his little ability and limited knowledge? But Moses requests more to help him with his task. He wanted his tongue to be freed so that people could understand him easily when he spoke. It has been reported that he suffered from some sort of speech impediment. Most probably this is what he means here. It is further supported by what he is quoted as saying: “My brother Aaron is far better in speech than I am.” (28: 34) The prayer Moses said here was made first in general terms.
ثم يضيف التفاصيل التي يرى أنها ضرورية للمهمة التي أمامه.
Now he adds details which he feels necessary for the task ahead.
أولاً يطلب من أهله مُعيناً، وكان ذلك هارون. كان يعلم أن هارون فصيحُ اللسان، شجاعٌ، ومع ذلك كان قادراً على ضبط مشاعره.
First he asks for a helper from his own family, and that was Aaron. He knew Aaron to be outspoken, courageous and yet someone who could control his feelings.
تذكير بالنعم السابقة
Reminder Of Past Favours
فَأَجَابَ اللهُ بِأَنَّ جَمِيعَ طَلَبَاتِ مُوسَىٰ قَدْ أُجِيبَتْ. وَكَانَ هَذَا مِنْ فَضْلِ اللهِ عَلَيْهِ، مِنَ الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ. وَمَعَ ذَلِكَ فَقَدْ ذُكِّرَ أَيْضًا بِنِعَمِ اللهِ السَّابِقَةِ عَلَيْهِ. وَمِثْلُ هَذَا التَّذْكِيرِ يُطَمْئِنُ مُوسَىٰ يَقِينًا إلَىٰ أَنَّهُ مَعَ عَوْنِ اللهِ يَسْتَطِيعُ أَنْ يُوَاجِهَ أَيَّ سُلْطَةٍ أَوْ طَاغِيَةٍ. ﴿وَلَقَدْ مَنَنَّا عَلَيْكَ مَرَّةً أُخْرَىٰ﴾ (الآية ٣٧). إنَّ الَّذِي مَنَحَهُ كُلَّ هَذِهِ الْحِمَايَةِ وَالْعَوْنِ لَنْ يَخْذُلَهُ الْآنَ. فَقَدْ كَانَتْ نِعَمُهُ فِي الْمَاضِي مُتَتَابِعَةً، فَمِنَ الْبَعِيدِ أَنْ تَنْقَطِعَ الْآنَ بَعْدَ أَنْ كُلِّفَ مُوسَىٰ بِرِسَالَةٍ مِنَ اللهِ.
God responded by saying that all Moses’ requests were granted. This was an act of grace by the One who is Most Merciful. But with this he is also given a reminder of God’s past favours. Such a reminder is certain to reassure Moses that with God’s support he can face any power or dictator. “And indeed We bestowed Our favour upon you in a time gone by.” (Verse 37) The One who granted him all this protection and support will not let him down now. In the past, His favours were continuous, so it is unlikely that they will stop now after Moses has been assigned a mission by God.
أُولَى النِّعَمِ المَذْكُورَةِ هِيَ النِّعْمَةُ التِي أُعْطِيَتْ لأُمِّهِ، وَهِيَ مِمَّا تَحْتَاجُهُ أَيُّ امْرَأَةٍ فِي حَالِهَا. ثُمَّ أَوْحَى إِلَيْهَا وَحْيُهَا: «أَلْقِيهِ فِي التَّابُوتِ ثُمَّ أَلْقِيهِ فِي الْيَمِّ فَلْيُلْقِهِ الْيَمُّ بِالسَّاحِلِ». (الآية 39)
The favour mentioned first is that given to his mother which any woman in her condition would have needed. Her inspiration then told her: “Place [your child] in a chest and throw it into the river. The river will cast him ashore.” (Verse 39)
نلاحظ هنا أن النص يصف أفعالًا قاسية وعنيفة: طفلٌ يُدفَع إلى صندوقٍ خشبي، ثم يُلقى الصندوق في النهر. ثم يَقذف النهرُ الصندوقَ والطفلَ الذي بداخله إلى الشاطئ. لكن ماذا بعد ذلك؟ إلى رعاية مَن سيُسلَّم هذا الطفل؟ الجواب: «يَأْخُذْهُ عَدُوٌّ لِي وَعَدُوٌّ لَهُ» (الآية 39). ووسط هذا كله يُقال لموسى أيضًا: «وَأَلْقَيْتُ عَلَيْكَ مَحَبَّةً مِنِّي وَلِتُصْنَعَ عَلَىٰ عَيْنِي» (الآية 39).
We note here that the text describes rough and violent actions: a child being pushed into a wooden chest, and the chest thrown into the river. Then the river casts the box and the child inside onto the shore. But what then? To whose care will this child be entrusted? The answer is: “One who is an enemy to Me and an enemy to him will pick him up.” (Verse 39) Amidst all this Moses is also told: “I lavished My love on you, so that you may be reared under My watchful eye.” (Verse 39)
كل هذا جانب من جوانب العناية الإلهية التي تحوّل الحبّ والرحمة إلى درعٍ يحمي الطفل من جميع الضربات والأمواج والتيارات. ولا تستطيع أيّ قوّةٍ من قوى الشر أن تُلحق الأذى بمن يتلقّى مثل هذا الحبّ، وإن كان مجرّد رضيعٍ لا يتجاوز عمره بضعة أيام، لا يستطيع الإشارة إلى حاجاته ولا التعبير عن مشاعره.
قصة موسى علیه السلام: بيان مهمته
Moses’ Mission Outlined
بَعْدَ أَنْ بَيَّنَ اللهُ ذَلِكَ لِمُوسَىٰ بِوُضُوحٍ، أَعْطَاهُ تَعْلِيمَاتِهِ الْأُولَىٰ.
Having made this very clear to Moses, God gives him his first instructions:
اِذْهَبَا أَنتُمَا وَأَخُوكُمَا بِآيَاتِي وَلَا تَنِيَا فِي ذِكْرِي اذْهَبَا إِلَىٰ فِرْعَوْنَ إِنَّهُ طَغَىٰ فَقُولَا لَهُ قَوْلًا لَّيِّنًا لَّعَلَّهُ يَتَذَكَّرُ أَوْ يَخْشَىٰ
Go forth, then, you and your brother, with My signs, and never slacken in remembering Me. Go forth, both of you, to Pharaoh; for he has transgressed all bounds of equity! But speak to him mildly, so that he may yet take heed, or may be filled with apprehension. (Verses 42-44)
يُؤمَرُ موسى بأن يذهب مع أخيه هارون، مزوَّدَين بالآيات التي أعطاهما الله. وقد رأى اثنتين من هذه الآيات في التحوّل الذي أصاب عصاه ويده.
Moses is told to go with his brother Aaron, equipped with the signs God has given them. He has seen two of these in the transformation affecting his staff and his hand.
لَا يَنْبَغِي لَهُمَا أَنْ يَفْتُرَا فِي ذِكْرِ اللهِ، فَإِنَّ ذَلِكَ أَفْضَلُ مَا يَتَزَوَّدَانِ بِهِ وَيَسْتَعِينَانِ بِهِ. وَقَدْ ذُكِّرَ مُوسَى أَنَّ اللهَ حَفِظَهُ مِنْ فِرْعَوْنَ وَشَرِّهِ، وَهُوَ طِفْلٌ لَا حَوْلَ لَهُ وَلَا قُوَّةَ، إِذْ أُلْقِيَ فِي النِّيلِ. وَلَمْ يُصِبْهُ مِنْ تِلْكَ الشِّدَّةِ أَذًى. وَالْآنَ، وَقَدْ أَتَمَّ تَدْرِيبَهُ، فَإِنَّهُ يُقْبِلُ عَلَى مُهِمَّتِهِ بِيُسْرٍ وَطُمَأْنِينَةٍ، مُتَوَكِّلًا عَلَى رِعَايَةِ اللهِ.
They are told not to slacken in remembering God, for such remembrance is the best equipment and support they can have. Moses is reminded that God protected him from Pharaoh and his wickedness even when he was a helpless child, thrown in the Nile. Nothing of that hardship caused him any harm. Now that he has completed his training, he can approach his task with ease and reassurance, trusting to God’s care.
لَمَّا أُمِرَ مُوسَىٰ بِالذَّهَابِ إِلَىٰ فِرْعَوْنَ، قِيلَ لَهُ إِنَّ فِرْعَوْنَ قَدْ طَغَىٰ وَتَجَاوَزَ كُلَّ حَدٍّ، وَلَجَأَ إِلَى الظُّلْمِ وَالاسْتِبْدَادِ. وَمَعَ ذَلِكَ كَانَ أَمْرُهُ أَنْ يَقُولَا لَهُ قَوْلًا لَيِّنًا {فَقُولَا لَهُ قَوْلًا لَيِّنًا} (الآية 44). فَالْكَلَامُ اللَّيِّنُ اللَّطِيفُ، الَّذِي لَا يُثِيرُ التَّعَنُّتَ وَلَا الْغُرُورَ وَالْكِبْرَ الَّذِي يَتَّصِفُ بِهِ الطُّغَاةُ عَادَةً، قَدْ يُوقِظُ قَلْبَ فِرْعَوْنَ مِنْ جَدِيدٍ وَيُنَبِّهُهُ إِلَى عَوَاقِبِ أَفْعَالِهِ. وَهَكَذَا مَضَى مُوسَىٰ وَهَارُونُ فِي مُهِمَّتِهِمَا، يَرْجُوَانِ أَنْ يَتَذَكَّرَ فِرْعَوْنُ وَيَخْشَىٰ، وَلَا يَيْأَسَانِ أَبَدًا مِنْ إِصْلَاحِهِ وَاسْتِجَابَتِهِ الْإِيجَابِيَّةِ لِهِدَايَةِ اللَّهِ. فَالدَّاعِيَةُ إِلَى الْإِيمَانِ الَّذِي يَيْأَسُ مِنَ النَّاسِ وَيَظُنُّ أَنَّهُمْ لَا يَسْتَجِيبُونَ أَبَدًا لِرِسَالَتِهِ، لَا يَسْتَطِيعُ أَنْ يُبَلِّغَهَا عَلَى الْوَجْهِ الَّذِي يَنْبَغِي، وَلَا يَقْدِرُ أَنْ يَثْبُتَ عَلَيْهَا فِي مُوَاجَهَةِ الرَّفْضِ وَالتَّكْذِيبِ.
كيف تواجه الطاغية
How To Confront A Tyrant
لقد تحدّثنا حتى الآن عمّا قيل لموسى عليه السلام حين كلّمه ربّه مباشرةً وحده في الصحراء. ثم تنتقل السورة عبر الزمان والمكان، في فترة وبعد لا يمكن تحديدهما، لتُرينا موسى وهارون وهما يعرضان مخاوفهما على ربّهما بشأن المواجهة القادمة مع فرعون. وكان أكثر ما يخافانه أن يبادر إلى عقابهما وإيذائهما إيذاءً شديداً حين يدعوانه إلى الإيمان بالله.
So far we have discussed what Moses was told when God addressed him directly alone in the desert. The sūrah then takes us across time and place, covering an indeterminable period of time and distance, to show us both Moses and Aaron expressing their concerns to their Lord about their forthcoming confrontation with Pharaoh. They feared most that he might be quick to punish and harm them severely when they called on him to believe in God.
قَالَا رَبَّنَا إِنَّنَا نَخَافُ أَن يَفْرُطَ عَلَيْنَا أَوْ أَن يَطْغَىٰ ٤٥ قَالَ لَا تَخَافَا ۖ إِنَّنِي مَعَكُمَا أَسْمَعُ وَأَرَىٰ ٤٦ فَأْتِيَاهُ فَقُولَا إِنَّا رَسُولَا رَبِّكَ فَأَرْسِلْ مَعَنَا بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ وَلَا تُعَذِّبْهُمْ ۖ قَدْ جِئْنَاكَ بِآيَةٍ مِّن رَّبِّكَ ۖ وَالسَّلَامُ عَلَىٰ مَنِ اتَّبَعَ الْهُدَىٰ ٤٧ إِنَّا قَدْ أُوحِيَ إِلَيْنَا أَنَّ الْعَذَابَ عَلَىٰ مَن كَذَّبَ وَتَوَلَّىٰ ٤٨
They said: ‘Our Lord! We fear lest he hasten with insolence or tyranny against us.’ Answered He: ‘Have no fear. I shall be with you. I hear all and see all. Go, then, you two to him and say, “We are the emissaries of your Lord. Let the Children of Israel go with us, and oppress them no more. We have now come to you with a message from your Lord. Peace to all who follow [God’s] guidance. It has been revealed to us that the suffering shall befall those who deny the truth and turn away from it.”‘ (Verses 45- 48)
يقينًا لم يكن هارون مع موسى حين كلّمه ربّه أول مرة، فأكرمه بحديث طويل متبادل، بيّن فيه كل ما يلزم من المسائل، وأتاح له أن يسأل وأعطاه الأجوبة التي يحتاجها. أما أن يُجيب موسى وهارون الآن معًا، قائلين: ﴿إِنَّنَا نَخَافُ أَن يَفْرُطَ عَلَيْنَا أَوْ أَن يَطْغَىٰ﴾، فهذا يدل على أن هذا القول كان في وقت لاحق. وهذا جزء من منهج القرآن في تخطّي الزمان والمكان، فيترك فجوات في مشاهد القصة وأحداثها، تُجمع وتُفهم عند القراءة والمتابعة. وهكذا يركّز القرآن على الأحداث والأفعال والمواقف التي تُلهم القارئ والسامع.
For certain, Aaron was not with Moses when his Lord first spoke to him, favouring him with a long interactive discourse, clarifying all necessary issues and allowing him to ask questions and giving him the answers he needed. The fact that now both Moses and Aaron make the reply together, saying, “We fear lest he hasten with insolence or tyranny against us”. This, then, suggests that this statement was made at a later time. This is part of the Qur’ānic method of skipping over time and place, leaving gaps in the scenes and events of a story, which are gathered and understood as one reads on. Thus, the Qur’ān concentrates on events, actions and attitudes which inspire the reader and listener.
دعوة الطاغية إلى الإيمان
Calling On A Tyrant To Believe
لم تذكر السورة كيف دخل موسى وهارون على فرعون، ومع ذلك فقد دخلا. ولا شك أن ربهما كان معهما يسمع ويرى ما يجري، ولا ريب أنه كان يوجّه كلامهما. لكن أيّ قوة وأيّ سلطان كان في يد موسى وهارون ليبلّغا فرعون، على عظمته، ما أمرهما ربهما بتبليغه إياه؟ وقد صوّرت السورة حوارًا حيًّا بين موسى وفرعون، بدأ بهذا السؤال والجواب: «قَالَ»
The sūrah does not mention how Moses and Aaron were admitted into Pharaoh’s presence, but nonetheless they were. For certain, their Lord was with them hearing and seeing what took place, and no doubt guiding their communication. But what power, and what authority was at the disposal of Moses and Aaron to enable them to communicate to Pharaoh, great as he might have been, what God, their Lord, commanded them to convey to him? The sūrah paints a vivid picture of the dialogue between Moses and Pharaoh, starting with this question and answer: “[Pharaoh] said:
"فمَنْ رَبُّكُمَا يَا مُوسَىٰ؟" قَالَ: "رَبُّنَا الَّذِي أَعْطَىٰ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ خَلْقَهُ ثُمَّ هَدَىٰ". (الآيتان 49-50) ومن الواضح أن فرعون لا يريد أن يُقرّ بربوبية الله، التي كان النبيّان قد بيّناها له حين قالا إنهما "رسولا ربِّك". وقد أدرك فرعون أنّ موسى ﷺ هو الداعية الرئيس للرسالة؛ ولهذا وجّه إليه سؤاله: "فمَنْ رَبُّكُمَا يَا مُوسَىٰ؟" (الآية 49)، أي: باسم مَن تخاطبني لتطالبني بإطلاق سراح بني إسرائيل؟
‘Who, now, is this Lord of you two, Moses?’ He replied: ‘Our Lord is He who gives everything its distinctive nature and form, and further guides them.’” (Verses 49-50) It is clear that Pharaoh does not wish to acknowledge God’s Lordship, which the two prophets had made clear to him saying they were ‘the emissaries of your Lord.’ Pharaoh realized that Moses was the main advocate of the message. Hence, he puts his question to him: “Who, now, is this Lord of you two, Moses?” (Verse 49) In whose name are you addressing me to demand the release of the Israelites?
قال موسى مؤكدًا صفات الله من الخلق والإيجاد والهداية والتدبير: ﴿رَبُّنَا الَّذِي أَعْطَى كُلَّ شَيْءٍ خَلْقَهُ ثُمَّ هَدَىٰ﴾ (الآية 50). وهكذا الأمر: إن ربنا هو الذي أعطى كل شيء وجوده على الصورة والطبيعة التي هو عليها. ثم يهدي كل واحد إلى أن يؤدي دوره الخاص، ويزوده بجميع الوسائل التي تمكّنه من ذلك. وقد جاءت في نص هذه الآية أداة العطف «ثُمَّ» الدالة على التراخي، فتفصل بين خلق كل شيء وإعطائه الهداية. وقد تُرجمت هذه الأداة في الترجمة بكلمة «ثم» لتبيين المعنى الحقيقي للآية.
Moses replies emphasizing God’s attributes of creation, initiation and providing guidance and balance: “Our Lord is He who gives everything its distinctive nature and form, and further guides them.” (Verse 50) Thus it is: our Lord is the one who has given everything its existence in the form and the nature it has. He then guides each and everyone to fulfil their respective roles, providing them all with the means for such fulfilment. The Arabic text of this verse uses the conjunctive, thumma, or then, separating the creation of everything and imparting guidance to it. This conjunctive is rendered in the translation as ‘further’ to indicate the true meaning of the verse.
حجةٌ أقوى من أن تُرَدّ
An Argument Too Powerful
إن الأرض بأسرها مهدٌ للبشرية في كل مكان وفي كل زمان. وهي في الحقيقة كمهد الطفل تمامًا؛ فبنو آدم أبناء الأرض، ينشأون في حجرها ويتغذون من ثمارها. وفي الوقت نفسه، جُعلت ممهَّدةً لهم ليمشوا عليها، ويزاولوا شؤون حياتهم، ويزرعوها، وينتفعوا بكنوزها. وقد جعلها الله على هذا النحو يوم أعطى كل مخلوقاته طبيعتها وصورها. فقد منحَ الأرضَ بنيتها التي تمكّنها من حفظ نوع الحياة الذي قدّره لها أن تزدهر فيها. وكذلك منح الإنسانَ طبيعته وصورته اللتين تجعلانه قادرًا على العيش على الأرض التي جعلها الله مهدًا له. والمعنيان اللذان تفيدهما الآية مترابطان ترابطًا وثيقًا.
The whole earth is a cradle for mankind at all places and in all times. It is indeed the same as a child’s cradle; for human beings are the children of the earth in whose lap they grow up and on whose produce they feed. At the same time, it has been levelled for them so that they can walk on it, pursue their life affairs, cultivate it and benefit by its treasures. God made it so on the day He gave nature and forms to all His creatures. Thus, He gave the earth its structure which enables it to sustain the type of life He assigned to prosper on it. Similarly, He gave human beings their nature and form which make them able to live on the earth He made a cradle for them. The two senses imparted by the verse are closely interlinked.
تتجلّى صورة المهد وصفةُ الاستواء بأوضح صورها في مصر، بوادیها الخصيب الذي لا يحتاج أهلُه فيه إلا إلى أدنى جهد ليُخرج لهم ثمارَه الوفيرة. فوادي مصر كلُّه كمهدٍ دافئ يحتضن طفلًا صغيرًا.
Both the cradle image and the quality of being level are most clearly seen in Egypt, with its highly fertile valley which requires only the minimum effort from its people to yield its rich produce. The whole valley of Egypt is like a warm cradle nurturing a small child.
الخالقُ الحكيمُ الذي بسط الأرضَ جعل فيها كذلك سُبُلًا يسلكها الناس، وأنزل من السماء ماءً. ومن المطر المنهمر من السماء تتكوّن الأنهار فتجري لتوفير الريّ. ومن هذه الأنهار طبعًا النيلُ الجاري قريبًا من المكان الذي كان فيه قصرُ فرعون. ومع هذه الوفرة من الماء تنبت النباتات على أزواج متنوعة كثيرة.
The wise Creator who has levelled the earth has also opened up on it paths for people to travel and has sent down waters from the sky. It is from the rain pouring from the sky that rivers form and run to provide irrigation. One of these is, of course, the Nile running close to where Pharaoh had his palace. With such plentiful water, plants are brought forth in a great variety of pairs.
ۺقد شاءت حكمةُ اللهِ أن تنمو النباتاتُ، كسائرِ الكائناتِ الحيّةِ، أزواجًا. وإنّ هذه الازدواجيةَ ظاهرةٌ ثابتةٌ تسري على جميعِ المخلوقاتِ الحيّةِ. ففي أغلبِ الحالاتِ تحملُ النباتاتُ الخلايا المذكّرةَ والمؤنّثةَ في الفرعِ الواحدِ نفسِه، إلا أنّ هناك أنواعًا يحملُ فيها فرعٌ الخلايا المذكّرةَ وحدَها، ويحملُ آخرُ الخلايا المؤنّثةَ وحدَها، كما هو الشأنُ في أغلبِ أنواعِ الحيواناتِ. وفي ذلك تناغمٌ تامٌّ يسري على جميعِ الكائناتِ الحيّةِ. ومن هنا قولُه تعالى: {إنّ في ذلك لآياتٍ لأولي النُّهى} [طه: 54]. وإنّه لا يتأمّلُ عقلٌ سليمٌ في مثلِ هذه الظواهرِ إلا خلُصَ إلى أنّها من صنعِ الخالقِ الحكيمِ، الذي أعطى كلَّ كائنٍ حيٍّ طبيعتَه وصورتَه، وهداه جميعًا.
كيف تتجنب الجدال الخاسر
How To Avoid A Losing Argument
فرعون ببساطة توقّف عن الجدال. فقد أدرك أنّ موسى عليه السلام يملك الحجّة الأقوى، المدعومة بالبرهان الأوضح، وهو آيات الله المنتشرة في الكون كلّه، إلى جانب معجزتيه الخاصّتين. فلجأ حينئذٍ إلى حيلة قديمة، كثيراً ما يستعملها الطغاة ومعارضو رسالات الله. فوجّه أصبع الاتهام إلى موسى عليه السلام، واصفاً إيّاه بالساحر، زاعماً أنّه إنّما حوّل العصا إلى حيّة، وجعل يده تبدو بيضاء متلألئة لا عيب فيها، بالسحر. وقد كان السحر أوّل ما خطر ببال فرعون، لانتشاره الواسع في مصر. وكانت المعجزتان اللتان أُعطيهما موسى تبدوان في الظاهر شبيهتين بالسحر، وهو ليس إلا خداعاً للحواسّ قد يؤدّي أحياناً إلى مشاعر زائفة، فيُنتج آثاراً محسوسة. فبتأثير السحر قد يرى المرء أشياء غير حاضرة، أو يراها على غير صورتها. وقد يتأثّر الإنسان الواقع تحت سحر جسدياً ونفسياً، كأنّ السحر أثّر فيه حقيقةً. أمّا آيات موسى عليه السلام فلم تكن من هذا الضرب، بل كانت آيات أعطاها الله له، خالقِ كلّ شيء، القادرِ على إحداث التحوّلات المؤقّتة والدائمة على حدّ سواء.
Pharaoh simply stopped arguing. He realized that Moses had the stronger case, supported by the clearest proof, namely, God’s signs seen everywhere in the universe, as well as his own two special signs. Hence, he resorted to an old ploy, often used by tyrants and opponents of God’s messages. He pointed an accusing finger at Moses, describing him as a sorcerer, claiming that it was through sorcery that Moses turned the staff into a snake and made his hand look shining white, without blemish. Magic was the thought presenting itself immediately to Pharaoh, because it was widely practised in Egypt. The two signs given to Moses seemed, on the surface, similar to magic, which is no more than the deception of the senses that could sometimes lead to false feelings so as to produce tangible effects. Thus, under the influence of magic, a man may see things that are not present, or he may see them in a form other than their own. At times a person who is under a magical spell may be physically and psychologically affected, as though the spell has had its effect on him in reality. But Moses’ signs were not of this sort. They were signs given to him by God, the Creator of all things, the One who can bring about both temporary and permanent transformations.
قَالَ: أَجِئْتَنَا يَا مُوسَىٰ لِتُخْرِجَنَا مِنْ أَرْضِنَا بِسِحْرِكَ؟ (الآية ٥٧) يَبْدُو أَنَّ اضْطِهَادَ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ كَانَ مَدْفُوعًا بِأَسْبَابٍ سِيَاسِيَّةٍ، إِذْ خَشِيَ فِرْعَوْنُ أَنْ تَتَزَايَدَ أَعْدَادُهُمْ فَيَكْتَسِبُوا قُوَّةً عَدَدِيَّةً. فَمِنْ أَجْلِ الاحْتِفَاظِ بِالسُّلْطَةِ وَتَثْبِيتِ حُكْمِهِ أَوْ مُلْكِهِ، يَرْتَكِبُ الطُّغَاةُ أَبْشَعَ الجَرَائِمِ وَأَلَدَّهَا لاَ إِنْسَانِيَّةً، غَيْرَ آبِهِينَ بِالاعْتِبَارَاتِ الأَخْلاَقِيَّةِ وَالقِيَمِيَّةِ. وَهُمْ مُسْتَعِدُّونَ لإِسْكَاتِ صَوْتِ ضَمِيرِهِمْ وَشَرَفِهِمْ حَتَّى ذَاتِهِ. وَهكَذَا انْتَهَجَ فِرْعَوْنُ سِيَاسَةَ إِضْعَافِ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ وَإِذْلاَلِهِمْ، فَقَتَلَ أَبْنَاءَهُمُ الذُّكُورَ وَاسْتَحْيَا نِسَاءَهُمْ، وَأَكْرَهَ كِبَارَهُمْ عَلَى الأَعْمَالِ الشَّاقَّةِ. لِذَلِكَ طَالَبَ مُوسَىٰ وَهَارُونُ بِإِطْلاَقِهِمْ، قَائِلَيْنِ لَهُ: ﴿فَأَرْسِلْ مَعَنَا بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ وَلاَ تُعَذِّبْهُمْ﴾ (الآية ٤٧). وَكَانَ رَدُّهُ عَلَى طَلَبِهِمَا دَالًّا عَلَى مَخَاوِفِهِ:
في مواجهة السحرة
In Confrontation With The Sorcerers
فَتَوَلَّىٰ فِرْعَوْنُ فَجَمَعَ كَيْدَهُ ثُمَّ أَتَىٰ۔ (الآية ٦٠) في هذه الآية القصيرة تُجمل السورة كلَّ ما قاله فرعون، والنصيحةَ التي أُسديت إليه من أهل الحلّ والعقد في حكومته، والمحاورةَ مع السحرة، وتشجيعَه لهم ووعدَه إياهم بالمكافأة الجزيلة، وكذلك المكائدَ التي دبّرها هو ومستشاروه في النهاية. والحق أن هذه الآية القصيرة، التي لا تتجاوز ستّ كلمات في النص العربي، تُظهر ثلاث حركات متتابعة: انصراف فرعون إلى مكانه الخاص، ورسمه لخطته، ثم إقباله على المواجهة.
“Thereupon Pharaoh withdrew and put together the artful scheme which he would pursue; and then turned up.” (Verse 60) In this short verse the sūrah sums up all that Pharaoh said, the advice he was given by the powerful elite among his government, the discussion with the sorcerers and his encouragement and promises of rich reward to them, as well as the schemes he and his advisers finally plotted. Indeed, this short verse, comprising only six words in the Arabic text, shows three successive movements: Pharaoh’s withdrawal into his own quarters, mapping out his strategy and turning up for the confrontation.
قَبْلَ أَنْ يَبْدَأَ المُوَاجَهَةُ، شَعَرَ مُوسَىٰ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ بِأَنَّهُ يَنْبَغِي أَنْ يُقَدِّمَ لِلسَّحَرَةِ نَصِيحَةً صَادِقَةً وَمُخْلِصَةً. فَحَذَّرَهُمْ مِنْ أَنْ يَخْتَلِقُوا عَلَى اللهِ الكَذِبَ وَيَنْسِبُوا إِلَيْهِ البَاطِلَ، رَاجِيًا بِذٰلِكَ أَنْ يَقْبَلُوا هُدَىٰ اللهِ وَيَتْرُكُوا السِّحْرَ الَّذِي هُوَ الكَذِبُ الصُّرَاحُ: ﴿قَالَ لَهُم مُّوسَىٰ وَيْلَكُمْ لَا تَفْتَرُوا عَلَى اللَّهِ كَذِبًا فَيُسْحِتَكُم بِعَذَابٍ ۖ وَقَدْ خَابَ مَنِ افْتَرَىٰ﴾ (الآية 61)
Before the confrontation began, Moses felt that he should give the sorcerers some honest and sincere advice. Thus, he warned them against attributing false fabrications to God. So doing, he hoped that they would accept God’s guidance and abandon sorcery, which is blatant falsehood: “Moses said to them: Woe betide you! Do not invent any falsehood against God, lest He afflict you with most grievous suffering. He who contrives such a lie is sure to come to grief” (Verse 61)
قد يكون للنصيحة الصادقة أثرٌ في القلوب التي تُوجَّه إليها، وقد كان ذلك هو الحال هنا، إذ تأثّر بعض السحرة بكلام موسى عليه السلام وبدأوا يُعيدون النظر. أما الذين كانوا حريصين على إتمام المواجهة فقد أخذوا يتجادلون معهم سرًّا، خشية أن يسمعهم موسى. ﴿فَتَنَازَعُوا أَمْرَهُمْ بَيْنَهُمْ وَأَسَرُّوا النَّجْوَىٰ﴾ (الآية 62).
A sincere piece of advice can touch the hearts of those it addresses. This might have been the case here, for some of the sorcerers were touched by Moses’ words and began to have second thoughts. Those who were keen to go through with the showdown however began to argue with them in whispers, fearing that Moses would overhear them. “So they debated among themselves as to what to do; but they kept their counsel secret.” (Verse 62)
طاغيةٌ يتوعّد
A Tyrant’s Threat
هل يدرك الطغاة هذا التفاعل الداخلي؟ هل يعون كيف يمكن أن تتحوّل القلوب؟ فمع تاريخ طويل من الطغيان والظلم، يرون فيه أتباعهم ينحنون لكل أمر لهم، ويسارعون إلى تحقيق رغبتهم عند أدنى إشارة، ينسى الطغاة أن الله هو الذي يقلّب القلوب والعقول. ولا يستطيعون أن يتصوروا أنه عندما يستجيب القلب للاتصال بالله، يكتمل الرابط. فالمؤمن حينئذٍ يستمد القوة والنور منه وحده. ولذلك لا يمكن لأحد أن يُخضع مثل هذا المؤمن لسلطانه. ومن هنا جاء رد فعل فرعون: ﴿قَالَ آمَنتُمْ لَهُ قَبْلَ أَنْ آذَنَ لَكُمْ إِنَّهُ لَكَبِيرُكُمُ الَّذِي عَلَّمَكُمُ السِّحْرَ فَلَأُقَطِّعَنَّ أَيْدِيَكُمْ وَأَرْجُلَكُم مِّنْ خِلَافٍ وَلَأُصَلِّبَنَّكُمْ فِي جُذُوعِ النَّخْلِ وَلَتَعْلَمُنَّ أَيُّنَا أَشَدُّ عَذَابًا وَأَبْقَىٰ﴾ (طه: 71).
Do tyrants understand this inner reaction? Do they realize how hearts can be transformed? With a long history of tyranny and injustice, during which they see their subordinates bow to their every command, hasten to fulfil their desire at the slightest indication, tyrants forget that it is God who changes hearts and minds. They cannot appreciate that when a heart responds to contact with God, the bond is complete. The believer, then, derives strength and light from Him alone. Thus, no one can subjugate such a believer to his own power. Hence, Pharaoh’s reaction: “Said [Pharaoh]: Do you believe in him before I have given you permission? Surely, he must be your master who has taught you witchcraft! I shall most certainly cut off your hands and feet on opposite sides, and I shall most certainly crucify you on the trunks of the palm-trees. You will then come to know for certain which of us can inflict a more severe and longer lasting punishment.” (Verse 71)
"أَآمَنْتُمْ لَهُ قَبْلَ أَنْ آذَنَ لَكُمْ؟" (الآية ٧١) وهذه هي المقولة التي يقولها الطاغية الذي لا يستطيع أن يفهم كيف يتملّك الإيمانُ القلوبَ على نحوٍ لا تستطيع معه أن تصرفه عنها. فإن القلوب، كما قال النبي ﷺ، بين إصبعين من أصابع الرحمن، يُقلِّبها كيف يشاء.
“Do you believe in him before I have given you permission?” (Verse 71) Such is the retort of a tyrant who cannot understand how others feel faith touch their hearts such that they cannot turn it away. After all, people’s hearts are, as the Prophet says, held between two of God’s, the Most Merciful’s, fingers and He turns them around as He wills.
"إِنَّهُ لَكَبِيرُكُمُ الَّذِي عَلَّمَكُمُ السِّحْرَ" (الآية ٧١). لم يكن لفرعون تفسيرٌ لخضوع السَّحَرة لموسى سوى هذا. لم يستطع أن يتصوّر أنَّ الإيمان قد مسَّ قلوبهم، ولم يدرك أنَّ يدَ الله قد رفعت الغطاءَ الذي كان يحجب أبصارهم، وأنهم أصبحوا الآن يرون الأشياءَ على حقيقتها.
“Surely, he must he your master who has taught you witchcraft!” (Verse 71) For Pharaoh, this was the only reason for the sorcerer’s submission to Moses. He could not perceive of faith touching their hearts. He could not understand that God’s hand had lifted the cover blurring their vision and that they could now see things for what they were.
القلوب التي لامسها الإيمان
Hearts Touched By Faith
But it was too late for Pharaoh. Faith had touched the hearts of those sorcerers, and the small, insignificant person within each of them was now in firm contact with the great source of real power. Hence, they were now very strong, while all earthly powers were weak. Indeed, the whole life on earth is too small when compared to the broad, bright horizons to which those believing hearts now looked up. All that pertains to life on earth is of no consequence: "They answered: Never shall we prefer you to all the evidence of the truth that has come to us, nor to Him who has brought us into being! Decree, then, whatever you are going to decree. You can only decree on what pertains to this worldly life. As for us, we have come to believe in our Lord, hoping that He may forgive us our faults and all that magic to which you have forced us. God is certainly the best and He is Everlasting." (Verses 72-73)
But it was too late for Pharaoh. Faith had touched the hearts of those sorcerers and the small, insignificant person within each of them was now in firm contact with the great source of real power. Hence, they were now very strong, while all earthly powers were weak. Indeed the whole life on earth is too small when compared to the broad, bright horizons to which those believing hearts now looked up. All that pertains to life on earth is of no consequence: “They answered: Never shall we prefer you to all the evidence of the truth that has come to us, nor to Him who has brought us into being! Decree, then, whatever you are going to decree. You can only decree on what pertains to this worldly life. As for us, we have come to believe in our Lord, hoping that He may forgive us our faults and all that magic to which you have forced us. God is certainly the best and He is Everlasting.” (Verses 72-73)
هذا هو التغيير الذي يُحدثه الإيمان في قلوب الناس الذين كانوا، حتى لحظة قبل ذلك، خاضعين لفرعون، يرون أن أعلى ما يطمحون إليه هو القرب منه ونيل عطائه. والآن هم مستعدون لمواجهته بعزيمة تضع سلطانه وعرشه وثروته في موضعها الصحيح: ﴿قَالُوا لَن نُّؤْثِرَكَ عَلَىٰ مَا جَاءَنَا مِنَ الْبَيِّنَاتِ وَالَّذِي فَطَرَنَا ۚ فَاقْضِ مَا أَنتَ قَاضٍ ۖ إِنَّمَا تَقْضِي هَٰذِهِ الْحَيَاةَ الدُّنْيَا﴾ (الآية 72). إن تلك البيّنات أغلى في نظرهم بكثير، والله، خالقهم، أحبّ إليهم من كل شيء. ﴿فَاقْضِ مَا أَنتَ قَاضٍ﴾ (الآية 72). وهذا تحدٍّ لفرعون أن يفعل أسوأ ما عنده، فهو لا يستطيع أن يوقفهم. ﴿إِنَّمَا تَقْضِي هَٰذِهِ الْحَيَاةَ الدُّنْيَا﴾ (الآية 72).
This is the sort of change faith brings about in the hearts of people who, until a moment earlier, were submissive to Pharaoh, considering their highest achievement to be close to him, receiving his favours. Now they are ready to confront him with a determination that puts his power, throne and wealth in proper perspective: “Never shall we prefer you to all the evidence of the truth that has come to us, nor to Him who has brought us into being!” (Verse 72) Such evidence is much more precious in our view, and God, our Creator, is far dearer to us than anything else. “Decree, then, whatever you are going to decree.” (Verse 72) This is a challenge to Pharaoh to do his worst. He cannot stop them. “You can only decree on what pertains to this worldly life.” (Verse 72)
غرق فرعون وجنوده
The Drowning Of Pharaoh And His Army
ستُسدَل الستائر من جديد لتُرفع على مشهد جديد من تاريخ موسى. والآن نرى انتصار الإيمان والحق في الحياة العملية، بعد أن انتصرا فكرةً وعقيدةً. فما رأيناه حتى الآن هو انتصار الآية التي أُعطيها موسى على السحر، وانتصار الإيمان الجديد في قلوب السحرة على آمالهم في الكسب ومخاوفهم من الخسارة، وعلى تهديدات فرعون وعقابه. والآن نرى انتصارًا متصلًا بذلك: انتصار الحق على الباطل، والهدى على الضلال، والإيمان على الطغيان. وكل هذا يقع في الواقع العملي بعد أن تحقق في ضمائر الناس. بل إن دعاة الحق لا يستطيعون أن يُظهروا علوّ مكانتهم الأخلاقية علنًا حتى ينتصروا على أنفسهم في كل إغراء.
The curtains are drawn only to lift again on a new scene in Moses’ history. Now we see the triumph of faith and truth in practical life, after their victory as an idea and belief. What we have seen so far is the triumph of the sign given to Moses over sorcery, the new faith in the sorcerers’ hearts over their hopes of gain and fears of loss as well as over Pharaoh’s threats and punishment. Now we see a related victory for truth over falsehood, guidance over error, and faith over tyranny. All this takes place in real life after it has been achieved in people’s consciences. In fact advocates of the truth cannot openly demonstrate their high moral ground until they have triumphed within themselves over all temptation.
الحق والإيمان لهما حقيقة معيّنة، فإذا تجسّدت هذه الحقيقة في الضمير، وجدت طريقها إلى الحياة الواقعية. أما إذا بقي الإيمان مظهرًا خارجيًا لا يمسّ القلب، وبقي الحق شعارًا يُرفع دون أن يترسخ في قلوب الناس وعقولهم، فقد ينتصر عندئذٍ الظلم والباطل.
Truth and faith have a certain reality which, once materialized within one’s conscience, finds its way into real life. Should faith remain an outward appearance that does not touch the heart, and truth remain a raised slogan that has not sunk deep into people’s hearts and minds, then tyranny and falsehood may be victorious.
إنهم يستطيعون تحقيق مثل هذا النصر بالقوة المادية التي تحت أيديهم، وهي قوة لا يمكن أن يضاهيها مجرد المظهر الخارجي للإيمان وشعارات الحق. ولا تصبح الأخيرة أقوى من القوة المادية التي يستطيع الباطل والطغيان حشدها إلا حين تترسخ حقاً في القلوب والعقول. وهذه هي الحقيقة التي نراها بوضوح في موقف موسى من السحرة وحيلهم، ثم في موقف السحرة من فرعون وأشراف قومه لاحقاً. وهذه هي مقدمة النصر، كما نرى في المشهد التالي من السورة.
They can achieve such a victory with the physical power under their command, one which cannot be matched by the mere appearance of faith and slogans of truth. It is only when the latter are truly established in hearts and minds that they become stronger than the physical might which falsehood and tyranny can muster. This is the fact which we clearly see in Moses’ attitude towards the sorcerers and their ploys, and later in the sorcerers’ attitude towards Pharaoh and his noblemen. This is the prelude to victory as we see in the next scene in the sūrah.
عندما يتدخل الله
When God Intervenes
لقد كان الله هو الذي أدار المعركة بين الإيمان والطغيان. لم يُطلب من المؤمنين أن يفعلوا شيئًا سوى اتباع الوحي الذي أُوحي إلى موسى ﷺ والخروج ليلًا. ولم يكن المؤمنون أندادًا للكافرين من حيث القوة المادية. فقد كان موسى ﷺ وقومه ضعفاء لا حول لهم، بينما كان فرعون وجنوده يملكون القوة المادية كلها. ومن ثم لم يكن ممكنًا أن تقع معركة بين الطرفين. فتولّى الله الأمر بنفسه، ولكن بعدما استقرت حقيقة الإيمان تمامًا في قلوب أولئك الذين لم تكن قوتهم إلا ما استمدّوه من الإيمان. وهكذا نرى الطاغية يُلقي تهديده ويُنذر المؤمنين بالهلاك: ﴿لَأُقَطِّعَنَّ أَيْدِيَكُمْ وَأَرْجُلَكُم مِّنْ خِلَافٍ وَلَأُصَلِّبَنَّكُمْ فِي جُذُوعِ النَّخْلِ﴾ [الآية 71]. فيردّ المؤمنون، وقلوبهم مملوءة بالإيمان: ﴿فَاقْضِ مَا أَنتَ قَاضٍ إِنَّمَا تَقْضِي هَٰذِهِ الْحَيَاةَ الدُّنْيَا﴾ [الآية 72].
It was God who conducted the battle between faith and tyranny. The believers were not required to do anything other than follow the inspiration received by Moses and to move out at night. The believers were no match for the unbelievers in terms of material power. Moses and his men were weak and powerless, while Pharaoh and his army held all the material power. Hence, a battle between the two parties could not take place. Therefore, God took over, but only after the truth of faith was fully engrained in the hearts of those whose only strength was that which they derived from faith. Thus we see the tyrant delivering his threat and warning the believers of doom: “I shall most certainly cut off your hands and feet on opposite sides, and I shall most certainly crucify you on the trunks of the palm trees.” (Verse 71) To this, the believers, with their hearts full of faith, reply: “Decree, then, whatever you are going to decree. You can only decree on what pertains to this worldly life.” (Verse 72)
الحقيقة البسيطة في الأمر أنه لما بلغت المعركة بين الإيمان والطغيان هذا المبلغ في القلوب، رفع الله تعالى بنفسه راية الحق وأعلاها، وتُركت راية الباطل مطروحة تُداس، وقد وقع كل ذلك دون أن يبذل المؤمنون في سبيله أيَّ جهد البتّة.
The simple truth of the matter is that when the battle between faith and tyranny reached this level in people’s hearts, God himself took up the banner of truth and hoisted it high, leaving the banner of falsehood trampled upon. All this took place without the believers exerting any effort whatsoever.
ونستفيد أيضًا من هذه القصة أن بني إسرائيل حين قبلوا الذل الذي فرضه عليهم فرعون، بسبب حملته الاضطهادية التي كان يقتل فيها رجالهم ويستحيي نساءهم، لم يتدخل الله لنصرتهم، إذ اكتفوا بالخضوع لاستعباده، خائفين من فرعون وسلطانه. ولكن لما كان الإيمان راسخًا في قلوب الذين آمنوا بموسى وبرسالته، ولما كانوا مستعدين لتحمل العذاب ورؤوسهم مرفوعة، معلنين رفضهم لفرعون وإيمانهم بالله، عندئذ تدخل الله وأدار المعركة، فتحقق النصر في ساحة القتال كما تحقق من قبل في قلوبهم وأرواحهم.
We also learn from this account that when the Children of Israel accepted the humiliation Pharaoh imposed on them, by virtue of his persecution campaign, killing their men and sparing their women, God did not interfere on their side. They simply accepted their subjugation, fearing Pharaoh and his power. But when faith was paramount in the hearts of those who believed in Moses and his message, and when they were ready to withstand the torture with their heads held high, declaring their rejection of Pharaoh and their belief in God, then God intervened and conducted the battle. Thus, victory was achieved on the battlefield as it was earlier achieved within their hearts and souls.
ثمنُ تدخّلِ الله
The Price For God’s Intervention
ولكن للذين نجَوا وأُعطوا النصر يُقدَّم التذكير والتحذير، حتى لا ينسَوا ولا يتركوا سلاحهم الأهمّ.
Yet to those who were saved and granted victory a reminder and a warning are given so that they do not forget or abandon their most important weapon:
يَا بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ! لَقَدْ أَنْجَيْنَاكُم مِّنْ عَدُوِّكُمْ، ثُمَّ وَاعَدْنَاكُمْ جَانِبَ الطُّورِ الْأَيْمَنَ، وَنَزَّلْنَا عَلَيْكُمُ الْمَنَّ وَالسَّلْوَىٰ.
Children of Israel! We saved you from your enemy, and then We made a covenant with you on the right flank of Mount Sinai. We sent down manna and quails for you.
{كُلُوا مِنْ طَيِّبَاتِ مَا رَزَقْنَاكُمْ وَلَا تَطْغَوْا فِيهِ فَيَحِلَّ عَلَيْكُمْ غَضَبِي ۖ وَمَنْ يَحْلِلْ عَلَيْهِ غَضَبِي فَقَدْ هَوَىٰ * وَإِنِّي لَغَفَّارٌ لِّمَن تَابَ وَآمَنَ وَعَمِلَ صَالِحًا ثُمَّ اهْتَدَىٰ}
Eat of the wholesome things which We have provided for you and do not transgress, lest you should incur My wrath. He that incurs My wrath has indeed thrown himself into utter ruin; but I certainly forgive all sins for anyone who repents, believes and does righteous deeds, and thereafter keeps to the right path. (Verses 80-82)
لقد تجاوزوا منطقة الخطر وانطلقوا نحو جبل سيناء، تاركين فرعون وجنوده غرقى. وكان نجاتهم حدثاً قريباً يتذكرونه جيداً، لكنه يُسجَّل هنا تذكيراً لهم، لكي يشكروا.
They have passed the danger zone and have surged on towards Mount Sinai, leaving Pharaoh and his army drowned. Their deliverance was a recent event which they remember well, but it is recorded here as a reminder, so that they may give thanks.
المیعاد الذی یقع فی جانب الطور الأیمن یُذکر هنا کما لو کان حدثًا قد تمّ، مع أنه کان لقاءً أعدّ له موسى علیه السلام نفسه خلال مدةٍ امتدّت أربعین لیلة. وبعدها كان يتلقّى الألواح والأحكام المسطورة فيها. وكانت هذه الشريعة تنظّم حياة القوم الموكَل إليهم رسالة في الأرض المقدسة بعد خروجهم من مصر.
The appointment at the right hand side of Mount Sinai is mentioned here as though it is an accomplished event, when it was a meeting for which Moses had to prepare himself for over a period of forty nights. He would then receive the tablets and the laws recorded therein. This was a law to regulate the lives of the people entrusted with a mission in the Holy Land after their departure from Egypt.
أن يُعطَوا المنّ، وهو طعام حلو يتجمّع على الأوراق، والسلوى، وهي طائر يسهل صيده وأكله، كان جانبًا آخر من فضل الله، ومن عنايته بهم في الصحراء القاحلة التي وجدوا أنفسهم فيها.
The fact that they were given manna, a sweet type of food that gathers on leaves, and quails, a type of bird that is easy to catch and eat, was another aspect of God’s grace, of His taking care of them in the barren desert where they found themselves.
الوعود: مُنجَزة أم مكسورة
Promises Fulfilled Or Broken
اللہ تعالیٰ نے موسیٰ کے لیے طور پر چالیس دن کے بعد اپنے ساتھ ملاقات کا وقت مقرر فرمایا، جب انہیں وہ احکام دیے جانے تھے جن میں ان کاموں کا بیان تھا جو ان کی قوم کو اس فتح کے بعد ادا کرنے تھے جو انہیں عطا کی گئی تھی۔ فتح اپنے ساتھ اپنی ذمہ داریاں لاتی ہے، اسی طرح ایمان بھی۔ اس لیے ضروری تھا کہ موسیٰ ذہنی طور پر تیار اور آمادہ ہوں تاکہ اللہ کے احکام وصول کر سکیں۔
God has appointed a time for Moses to meet Him at the Mount after forty days, when he would be given the commandments outlining the tasks his people have to fulfil after the victory they were given. Victory carries with it its own responsibilities, as does faith. Hence, it was necessary for Moses to be psychologically prepared and ready to receive God’s commandments.
فَصَعِدَ مُوسَىٰ الْجَبَلَ، تَارِكًا قَوْمَهُ فِي أَسْفَلِهِ، بَعْدَ أَنْ طَلَبَ مِنْ أَخِيهِ هَارُونَ أَنْ يَخْلُفَهُ فِيهِمْ. وَكَانَ مُوسَىٰ يَشْتَاقُ شَوْقًا شَدِيدًا إِلَىٰ هَذَا اللِّقَاءِ، حَيْثُ يَقِفُ بَيْنَ يَدَيْ رَبِّهِ وَيُكَلِّمُهُ. وَقَدْ كَانَ لَهُ هَذِهِ التَّجْرِبَةُ مَرَّةً مِنْ قَبْلُ، وَكَانَ حَرِيصًا عَلَىٰ أَنْ يَعِيشَهَا مَرَّةً أُخْرَىٰ. لِذَلِكَ أَسْرَعَ إِلَىٰ الْوُقُوفِ بَيْنَ يَدَيْ رَبِّهِ. وَلَمْ يَكُنْ يَعْلَمُ شَيْئًا عَمَّا اقْتَرَفَهُ قَوْمُهُ بَعْدَ أَنْ فَارَقَهُمْ.
Thus, Moses went up the Mount, leaving his people at the bottom, after asking his brother Aaron to deputize for him. Moses longed dearly for this encounter, when he would stand in front of his Lord and address Him. He had had this experience once before and was keen to experience it again. Hence, he made haste to stand in the presence of his Lord. He was however totally unaware of what his people had perpetrated after he had left.
يُخبِرُهُ رَبُّهُ بالخبر، مُبيِّنًا ما قد وقع. ويُعرَضُ علينا المشهد، ونستمع إلى الحوار.
His Lord tells him the news, pointing out what has taken place. The scene is shown to us and we listen to the conversation:
[وَقَالَ]: ﴿وَمَا أَعْجَلَكَ عَن قَوْمِكَ يَا مُوسَىٰ﴾؟ قَالَ: ﴿هُمْ أُولَاءِ عَلَىٰ أَثَرِي وَعَجِلْتُ إِلَيْكَ رَبِّ لِتَرْضَىٰ﴾. قَالَ: ﴿فَإِنَّا قَدْ فَتَنَّا قَوْمَكَ مِن بَعْدِكَ وَأَضَلَّهُمُ السَّامِرِيُّ﴾. (الآيات ٨٣-٨٥)
[And God said]: Now what has caused you, Moses, to leave your people behind in so great a haste?’ He answered: ‘They are treading in my footsteps, while I have hastened to You, my Lord, so that You might be well pleased with me.’ Said He: ‘Then [know that] in your absence We have put your people to a test, and the Sāmiriy has led them astray.’ (Verses 83-85)
فيتعرض موسى لصدمة مروِّعة. كان قد استعجل لقاء ربه، بعد أربعين يومًا من الاستعداد الدقيق، متشوقًا إلى الاستماع إلى توجيهاته ووصاياه التي تشكّل أساس نمط الحياة الجديد لبني إسرائيل. وكان ذلك نمطَ حياةٍ يليق بأمةٍ تحررت من أغلال الاستعباد، لتصبح حاملةً لرسالة إلهية.
تبرير الخطأ المتعمّد
Justifying Deliberate Error
مُغضَبًا وحزينًا مملوءً بالأسى، سأل موسى قومه: ﴿أَلَمْ يَعِدْكُمْ رَبُّكُمْ وَعْدًا حَسَنًا؟﴾ (الآية ٨٦). فقد وعدهم الله بالنصر وبدخول الأرض المقدسة جماعةً تؤمن بوحدانيته. ولم يكونوا قد شهدوا إلا منذ وقت قريب الخطوات الأولى نحو التحقق الكامل لهذا الوعد. ولذلك عاتبهم قائلًا: ﴿أَفَطَالَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْعَهْدُ أَمْ أَرَدْتُمْ أَن يَحِلَّ عَلَيْكُمْ غَضَبٌ مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ؟﴾ (الآية ٨٦). وكان فعلهم شبيهًا بفعل من يريد أن ينزل غضب الله على رأسه، فيفعل عن قصد وعمد ما يستوجبه. وسأل موسى عليه السلام إن كان هذا هو السبب الذي جعلهم ينقضون عهدهم معه بالمحافظة على الطريق الذي أراهم إياه حتى عودته.
Enraged and full of sorrow, Moses asked his people: “Did not your Lord hold out a goodly promise to you?” (Verse 86) God had promised them victory and to enter the Holy Land as a community believing in His oneness. Only very recently had they witnessed the initial steps towards the complete fulfilment of this promise. Hence, he remonstrated with them: “Did, then, [the fulfilment of] this promise seem to you too long in coming? Or are you determined to see your Lord’s condemnation fall upon you?” (Verse 86) Their action was akin to that perpetrated by one who wants to bring God’s condemnation on his head, so he wilfully and deliberately does what incurs it. Moses asked them if this was why they broke their promise to him to maintain the path he had shown them until his return.
لقد قدّموا له عذرًا عجيبًا كشف عن آثار طول عيشهم في الذلّ والخضوع على عقليّتهم. وهو عذر مضحك: «مَا أَخْلَفْنَا مَوْعِدَكَ بِمَلْكِنَا» [طه: 87]. أي: لم نُخلف وعدك باختيارنا، بل كان ذلك خارجًا عن قدرتنا وسيطرتنا.
They gave him a singular excuse which exposed the effects on their mentality of their long time living in subservience. It is a ludicrous excuse: “We did not break our promise to you of our own free-will.” (Verse 87) It was beyond our ability and control.
“لَكِنَّا حُمِّلْنَا أَوْزَارًا مِّن زِينَةِ الْقَوْمِ فَقَذَفْنَاهَا} [أي: في النار]. (الآية 87) كانوا قد حملوا معهم أحمالاً من الحلي استعاروها من نساء المصريين، والآن يقولون إنهم أرادوا التخلص من هذه الحلي كلها لأنها أُخذت بغير حق. وأخذ السامريّ هذه الحلي الذهبية وصنع منها العجل الذهبي. والسامريّ إما أن يكون رجلاً من السامرة كان معهم، أو أحدهم المعروف بهذه النسبة. ولما صنع العجل، جعل فيه ثقوباً عمداً، حتى إذا هبّت الريح أحدثت صوتاً كالخوار، مع أنه لا حياة فيه ولا روح، بل هو مجرد جسم جامد. ولكن ما إن رأوا هذا العجل الذهبي يصدر مثل ذلك الصوت حتى نسوا ربهم الحق الذي أنقذهم من ذلهم، فأخذوا بأسخف وأشنع غفلة يعبدون العجل، مكررين القول السخيف بأن موسى قد ضل حين ذهب إلى الجبل يبحث عن إلهه، والحال أن الإله كان معهم هنا كما زعموا. قالوا: {هَٰذَا إِلَٰهُكُمْ وَإِلَٰهُ مُوسَىٰ فَنَسِيَ}. (الآية 88)
“But we were loaded with the burdens of the [Egyptian] people’s ornaments, and so we threw them [into the fire].” (Verse 87) They had carried with them loads of jewellery borrowed from Egyptian women. Now they say they wanted to get rid of all these because they were taken unlawfully. The Sāmiriy took these gold articles and made of them the golden calf. The Sāmiriy was either a man from Samaria accompanying them or one of them known by this appellation. When he made the calf, he purposely placed some holes in it, so that when the wind blew, it produced a lowing sound, despite the fact that it had no life or soul. It was merely an inanimate object. But no sooner did they see such a golden calf making such a noise than they forgot their true Lord who had saved them from their humiliation. Most stupidly and inexcusably they started to worship the calf, repeating the ludicrous statement that Moses had been misled when he went to the mountain looking for his deity, while the deity was there with them, as they claimed. They said: “This is your deity and the deity of Moses; but he has forgotten.” (Verse 88)
فتنة العجل الذهبي
Temptation Of The Golden Calf
ثم يتوجه موسى بكل غضبه إلى السامريّ، مرتكبِ الفتنة كلها. ولم يبدأ بمخاطبته أولاً لأن القوم أنفسهم كان ينبغي أن يكونوا أعلم من أن يتبعوا من جاء بفكرة شنيعة. وكان هارون، بوصفه قائدهم الموثوق، مسؤولاً كذلك عن أن لا يزلّوا إن واجهتهم الفتنة. أما السامريّ فأقل شأناً، إذ لم يستعمل القوة الغاشمة لإجبارهم على اتباعه، ولا ألقى حجاباً على ملكاتهم العقلية، وإنما عرض عليهم فتنة فوقعوا فيها.
Now Moses addresses all his anger to the Sāmiriy, the perpetrator of the whole trouble. He did not speak to him first because the people themselves should have known better than to follow someone who came up with an outrageous idea. Aaron, as their trusted leader, was also responsible for making sure that they did not slip, should they be faced with temptation. The Sāmiriy takes less importance, since he did not use brute force to compel them to follow his lead, nor did he cast a screen over their faculties of thinking. He simply presented a temptation and they fell for it.
كان بإمكانهم بكل سهولة أن يبقوا على هدي نبيهم الأول موسى، وأن ينتفعوا بنصيحة نبيهم الثاني هارون. ومن ثم، فالمسؤولية تقع عليهم أولاً، ثم على قائدهم، وأخيراً على مُحدِث الفتنة.
They could very easily have remained true to the guidance of their first prophet, Moses, and benefited by the counsel of their second prophet, Aaron. Hence, responsibility lay with them in the first place, then with their leader, and finally with the perpetrator of the trouble.
قَالَ فَمَا خَطْبُكَ يَا سَامِرِيُّ؟ (الآية ٩٥) كيف حدث كل هذا بسببك؟ وصيغة السؤال تدل على خطورة الأمر كله.
“Said [Moses]: What is then your case, Sāmiriy?” (Verse 95) How come all this has happened because of you? The way the question is phrased is indicative of the seriousness of the whole affair.
قَالَ بَصُرْتُ بِمَا لَمْ يَبْصُرُوا بِهِ، فَقَبَضْتُ قَبْضَةً مِّنْ أَثَرِ الرَّسُولِ فَنَبَذْتُهَا، وَكَذٰلِكَ سَوَّلَتْ لِي نَفْسِي۔ (طه: ٩٦)
He answered: I have gained insight into something which they were unable to see; and so I took a handful of dust from the trail of the messenger and flung it away; for thus has my mind prompted me to act. (Verse 96)
هناك روايات كثيرة تحاول أن تفسّر جواب السامري: ماذا رأى؟ ومن كان الرسول الذي أخذ قبضة من أثره؟ وما علاقة ذلك بالعجل الذي صنعه؟ وكيف أثّر إلقاء هذه القبضة في العجل الذي صنعه؟
There are countless reports that try to explain the Sāmiriy’s answer: What did he see? Who was the messenger of whose trail he took a handful? What did this have to do with the calf he made and how did throwing this handful affect the calf he made?